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Tian Y, Liu L, Gao J, Wang R. Homologous chromosome pairing: The linchpin of accurate segregation in meiosis. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:3-19. [PMID: 38032002 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis is a specialized cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms, generating haploid gametes containing half the chromosome number through two rounds of cell division. Homologous chromosomes pair and prepare for their proper segregation in subsequent divisions. How homologous chromosomes recognize each other and achieve pairing is an important question. Early studies showed that in most organisms, homologous pairing relies on homologous recombination. However, pairing mechanisms differ across species. Evidence indicates that chromosomes are dynamic and move during early meiotic stages, facilitating pairing. Recent studies in various model organisms suggest conserved mechanisms and key regulators of homologous chromosome pairing. This review summarizes these findings and compare similarities and differences in homologous chromosome pairing mechanisms across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Tian
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinmin Gao
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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2
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Fernández-Jiménez N, Martinez-Garcia M, Varas J, Gil-Dones F, Santos JL, Pradillo M. The scaffold nucleoporins SAR1 and SAR3 are essential for proper meiotic progression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1285695. [PMID: 38111849 PMCID: PMC10725928 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1285695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPCs) are embedded in the nuclear envelope (NE), regulating macromolecule transport and physically interacting with chromatin. The NE undergoes dramatic breakdown and reformation during plant cell division. In addition, this structure has a specific meiotic function, anchoring and positioning telomeres to facilitate the pairing of homologous chromosomes. To elucidate a possible function of the structural components of the NPCs in meiosis, we have characterized several Arabidopsis lines with mutations in genes encoding nucleoporins belonging to the outer ring complex. Plants defective for either SUPPRESSOR OF AUXIN RESISTANCE1 (SAR1, also called NUP160) or SAR3 (NUP96) present condensation abnormalities and SPO11-dependent chromosome fragmentation in a fraction of meiocytes, which is increased in the double mutant sar1 sar3. We also observed these meiotic defects in mutants deficient in the outer ring complex protein HOS1, but not in mutants affected in other components of this complex. Furthermore, our findings may suggest defects in the structure of NPCs in sar1 and a potential link between the meiotic role of this nucleoporin and a component of the RUBylation pathway. These results provide the first insights in plants into the role of nucleoporins in meiotic chromosome behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Fernández-Jiménez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Martinez-Garcia
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Félix Gil-Dones
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Pradillo
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Fernández-Álvarez A. Beyond tradition: exploring the non-canonical functions of telomeres in meiosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1278571. [PMID: 38020928 PMCID: PMC10679444 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1278571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The telomere bouquet is a specific chromosomal configuration that forms during meiosis at the zygotene stage, when telomeres cluster together at the nuclear envelope. This clustering allows cytoskeleton-induced movements to be transmitted to the chromosomes, thereby facilitating homologous chromosome search and pairing. However, loss of the bouquet results in more severe meiotic defects than can be attributed solely to recombination problems, suggesting that the bouquet's full function remains elusive. Despite its transient nature and the challenges in performing in vivo analyses, information is emerging that points to a remarkable suite of non-canonical functions carried out by the bouquet. Here, we describe how new approaches in quantitative cell biology can contribute to establishing the molecular basis of the full function and plasticity of the bouquet, and thus generate a comprehensive picture of the telomeric control of meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Fernández-Álvarez
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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4
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Herruzo E, Sánchez-Díaz E, González-Arranz S, Santos B, Carballo JA, San-Segundo PA. Exportin-mediated nucleocytoplasmic transport maintains Pch2 homeostasis during meiosis. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011026. [PMID: 37948444 PMCID: PMC10688877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The meiotic recombination checkpoint reinforces the order of events during meiotic prophase I, ensuring the accurate distribution of chromosomes to the gametes. The AAA+ ATPase Pch2 remodels the Hop1 axial protein enabling adequate levels of Hop1-T318 phosphorylation to support the ensuing checkpoint response. While these events are localized at chromosome axes, the checkpoint activating function of Pch2 relies on its cytoplasmic population. In contrast, forced nuclear accumulation of Pch2 leads to checkpoint inactivation. Here, we reveal the mechanism by which Pch2 travels from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm to maintain Pch2 cellular homeostasis. Leptomycin B treatment provokes the nuclear accumulation of Pch2, indicating that its nucleocytoplasmic transport is mediated by the Crm1 exportin recognizing proteins containing Nuclear Export Signals (NESs). Consistently, leptomycin B leads to checkpoint inactivation and impaired Hop1 axial localization. Pch2 nucleocytoplasmic traffic is independent of its association with Zip1 and Orc1. We also identify a functional NES in the non-catalytic N-terminal domain of Pch2 that is required for its nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and proper checkpoint activity. In sum, we unveil another layer of control of Pch2 function during meiosis involving nuclear export via the exportin pathway that is crucial to maintain the critical balance of Pch2 distribution among different cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Herruzo
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), CSIC-USAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | - Beatriz Santos
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), CSIC-USAL, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética. University of Salamanca. Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús A. Carballo
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), CSIC-USAL, Salamanca, Spain
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5
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Guo C, Xiao Y, Gu J, Zhao P, Hu Z, Zheng J, Hua R, Hai Z, Su J, Zhang JV, Yeung WSB, Wang T. ClpP/ClpX deficiency impairs mitochondrial functions and mTORC1 signaling during spermatogenesis. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1012. [PMID: 37798322 PMCID: PMC10556007 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Caseinolytic protease proteolytic subunit (ClpP) and caseinolytic protease X (ClpX) are mitochondrial matrix peptidases that activate mitochondrial unfolded protein response to maintain protein homeostasis in the mitochondria. However, the role of ClpP and ClpX in spermatogenesis remains largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated the importance of ClpP/ClpX for meiosis and spermatogenesis with two conditional knockout (cKO) mouse models. We found that ClpP/ClpX deficiency reduced mitochondrial functions and quantity in spermatocytes, affected energy supply during meiosis and attenuated zygotene-pachytene transformation of the male germ cells. The dysregulated spermatocytes finally underwent apoptosis resulting in decreased testicular size and vacuolar structures within the seminiferous tubules. We found mTORC1 pathway was over-activated after deletion of ClpP/ClpX in spermatocytes. Long-term inhibition of the mTORC1 signaling via rapamycin treatment in vivo partially rescue spermatogenesis. The data reveal the critical roles of ClpP and ClpX in regulating meiosis and spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, Reproductive Medicine Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China.
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, Reproductive Medicine Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, Reproductive Medicine Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Peikun Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, Reproductive Medicine Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jiahuan Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Renwu Hua
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, Reproductive Medicine Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhuo Hai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, Reproductive Medicine Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Jiaping Su
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, Reproductive Medicine Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Jian V Zhang
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - William S B Yeung
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, Reproductive Medicine Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Tianren Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, Reproductive Medicine Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China.
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6
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Liu C, Rex R, Lung Z, Wang JS, Wu F, Kim HJ, Zhang L, Sohn LL, Dernburg AF. A cooperative network at the nuclear envelope counteracts LINC-mediated forces during oogenesis in C. elegans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabn5709. [PMID: 37436986 PMCID: PMC10337908 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn5709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Oogenesis involves transduction of mechanical forces from the cytoskeleton to the nuclear envelope (NE). In Caenorhabditis elegans, oocyte nuclei lacking the single lamin protein LMN-1 are vulnerable to collapse under forces mediated through LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complexes. Here, we use cytological analysis and in vivo imaging to investigate the balance of forces that drive this collapse and protect oocyte nuclei. We also use a mechano-node-pore sensing device to directly measure the effect of genetic mutations on oocyte nuclear stiffness. We find that nuclear collapse is not a consequence of apoptosis. It is promoted by dynein, which induces polarization of a LINC complex composed of Sad1 and UNC-84 homology 1 (SUN-1) and ZYGote defective 12 (ZYG-12). Lamins contribute to oocyte nuclear stiffness and cooperate with other inner nuclear membrane proteins to distribute LINC complexes and protect nuclei from collapse. We speculate that a similar network may protect oocyte integrity during extended oocyte arrest in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshu Liu
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3) and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Rachel Rex
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zoe Lung
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - John S. Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Fan Wu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Hyung Jun Kim
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3) and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Liangyu Zhang
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3) and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Lydia L. Sohn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Abby F. Dernburg
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3) and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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7
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Nishino M, Imaizumi H, Yokoyama Y, Katahira J, Kimura H, Matsuura N, Matsumura M. Histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 regulates the Golgi complex via the nuclear envelope-spanning LINC complex. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283490. [PMID: 37437070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is related to the higher-order structure of chromatin. Stimuli that induce cell migration change chromatin organization; such stimuli include elevated histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3). We previously showed that depletion of histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferase, SUV39H1, suppresses directional cell migration. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this association between chromatin and cell migration remains elusive. The Golgi apparatus is a cell organelle essential for cell motility. In this study, we show that loss of H3K9 methyltransferase SUV39H1 but not SETDB1 or SETDB2 causes dispersion of the Golgi apparatus throughout the cytoplasm. The Golgi dispersion triggered by SUV39H1 depletion is independent of transcription, centrosomes, and microtubule organization, but is suppressed by depletion of any of the following three proteins: LINC complex components SUN2, nesprin-2, or microtubule plus-end-directed kinesin-like protein KIF20A. In addition, SUN2 is closely localized to H3K9me3, and SUV39H1 affects the mobility of SUN2 in the nuclear envelope. Further, inhibition of cell motility caused by SUV39H1 depletion is restored by suppression of SUN2, nesprin-2, or KIF20A. In summary, these results show the functional association between chromatin organization and cell motility via the Golgi organization regulated by the LINC complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Nishino
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Imaizumi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Health Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuhki Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Medicine and Health Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Katahira
- Laboratories of Cellular Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nariaki Matsuura
- Graduate School of Medicine and Health Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miki Matsumura
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ehime, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Health Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Garner KE, Salter A, Lau CK, Gurusaran M, Villemant CM, Granger EP, McNee G, Woodman PG, Davies OR, Burke BE, Allan VJ. The meiotic LINC complex component KASH5 is an activating adaptor for cytoplasmic dynein. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202204042. [PMID: 36946995 PMCID: PMC10071310 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202204042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-driven movement of chromosomes during prophase I of mammalian meiosis is essential for synapsis and genetic exchange. Dynein connects to chromosome telomeres via KASH5 and SUN1 or SUN2, which together span the nuclear envelope. Here, we show that KASH5 promotes dynein motility in vitro, and cytosolic KASH5 inhibits dynein's interphase functions. KASH5 interacts with a dynein light intermediate chain (DYNC1LI1 or DYNC1LI2) via a conserved helix in the LIC C-terminal, and this region is also needed for dynein's recruitment to other cellular membranes. KASH5's N-terminal EF-hands are essential as the interaction with dynein is disrupted by mutation of key calcium-binding residues, although it is not regulated by cellular calcium levels. Dynein can be recruited to KASH5 at the nuclear envelope independently of dynactin, while LIS1 is essential for dynactin incorporation into the KASH5-dynein complex. Altogether, we show that the transmembrane protein KASH5 is an activating adaptor for dynein and shed light on the hierarchy of assembly of KASH5-dynein-dynactin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E.L. Garner
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Salter
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clinton K. Lau
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manickam Gurusaran
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cécile M. Villemant
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Elizabeth P. Granger
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gavin McNee
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Philip G. Woodman
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Owen R. Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian E. Burke
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victoria J. Allan
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, Singapore
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Mytlis A, Levy K, Elkouby YM. The many faces of the bouquet centrosome MTOC in meiosis and germ cell development. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 81:102158. [PMID: 36913831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic chromosomal pairing is facilitated by a conserved cytoskeletal organization. Telomeres associate with perinuclear microtubules via Sun/KASH complexes on the nuclear envelope (NE) and dynein. Telomere sliding on perinuclear microtubules contributes to chromosome homology searches and is essential for meiosis. Telomeres ultimately cluster on the NE, facing the centrosome, in a configuration called the chromosomal bouquet. Here, we discuss novel components and functions of the bouquet microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in meiosis, but also broadly in gamete development. The cellular mechanics of chromosome movements and the bouquet MTOC dynamics are striking. The newly identified zygotene cilium mechanically anchors the bouquet centrosome and completes the bouquet MTOC machinery in zebrafish and mice. We hypothesize that various centrosome anchoring strategies evolved in different species. Evidence suggests that the bouquet MTOC machinery is a cellular organizer, linking meiotic mechanisms with gamete development and morphogenesis. We highlight this cytoskeletal organization as a new platform for creating a holistic understanding of early gametogenesis, with direct implications to fertility and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishag Mytlis
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Ein-Kerem Campus, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel; Institute for Medical Research - Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Ein-Kerem Campus, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Karine Levy
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Ein-Kerem Campus, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel; Institute for Medical Research - Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Ein-Kerem Campus, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Yaniv M Elkouby
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Ein-Kerem Campus, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel; Institute for Medical Research - Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Ein-Kerem Campus, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel.
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