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Seuret-Jiménez D, Trutié-Carrero E, Nieto-Jalil JM, García-Aquino ED, Díaz-González L, Carballo-Sigler L, Quintana-Fuentes D, Gaggero-Sager LM. Feature Extraction of a Non-Stationary Seismic-Acoustic Signal Using a High-Resolution Dyadic Spectrogram. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6051. [PMID: 37447901 DOI: 10.3390/s23136051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Using a novel mathematical tool called the Te-gram, researchers analyzed the energy distribution of frequency components in the scale-frequency plane. Through this analysis, a frequency band of approximately 12 Hz is identified, which can be isolated without distorting its constituent frequencies. This band, along with others, remained inseparable through conventional time-frequency analysis methods. The Te-gram successfully addresses this knowledge gap, providing multi-sensitivity in the frequency domain and effectively attenuating cross-term energy. The Daubechies 45 wavelet function was employed due to its exceptional 150 dB attenuation in the rejection band. The validation process encompassed three stages: pre-, during-, and post-seismic activity. The utilized signal corresponds to the 19 September 2017 earthquake, occurring between the states of Morelos and Puebla, Mexico. The results showcased the impressive ability of the Te-gram to surpass expectations in terms of sensitivity and energy distribution within the frequency domain. The Te-gram outperformed the procedures documented in the existing literature. On the other hand, the results show a frequency band between 0.7 Hz and 1.75 Hz, which is named the planet Earth noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Seuret-Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Campus Chamilpa, Ave. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62209, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Trutié-Carrero
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Campus Chamilpa, Ave. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62209, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Nieto-Jalil
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlix-Cáyotl, Puebla CP 72453, Mexico
| | - Erick Daniel García-Aquino
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Campus Chamilpa, Ave. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62209, Mexico
| | - Lorena Díaz-González
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Campus Chamilpa, Ave. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62209, Mexico
| | - Laura Carballo-Sigler
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Campus Chamilpa, Ave. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62209, Mexico
| | - Daily Quintana-Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Campus Chamilpa, Ave. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62209, Mexico
| | - Luis Manuel Gaggero-Sager
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Campus Chamilpa, Ave. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62209, Mexico
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The Avalanche of Les Fonts d’Arinsal (Andorra): An Example of a Pure Powder, Dry Snow Avalanche. GEOSCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences10040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On 8th February 1996, in the north-western part of Andorra in the Pyrenees, the Les Fonts d’Arinsal (LFd’A) pure powder avalanche was triggered, descending some 1200 m to the bottom of the Arinsal valley and continuing up the opposite slope for about 200 m. This size 4–5 avalanche reached velocities of up to 80 ms−1, devastated 18 ha of forest, involved a minimum volume of up to 1.8 × 106 m−3 and caused major damage to eight buildings. Fortunately, no one was injured thanks to an evacuation, but 322 people lost their properties. This study describes the physical characteristics of the LFd’A avalanche path and provides data on earlier avalanches, the meteorological synoptic situation and snowpack conditions that generated the avalanche episode, the warning and preventive actions carried out, the effects and evidence of the large avalanche, and the defence system implemented afterwards. A discussion of the avalanche dynamics based on observations and damage, including the role of snow entrainment, the total lack of characteristic dense flow deposits, as well as the evidence of a two-phase flow (fluidisation and suspension), is presented. This case study is an example of a paradigmatic large, pure powder, dry-snow avalanche, which will be useful for model calibration.
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