Inverse Correlation Between Grip Strength and Serum Phosphorus: A Retrospective Observational Study in Japanese Elderly with Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes

Factors Associated with Reduced Heart Rate Variability in the General Japanese Population: The Iwaki Cross-Sectional Research Study

Although many studies have reported factors associated with reduced heart rate variability (HRV) in Western populations, evidence is limited among Asian populations. Therefore, we investigated the factors associated with reduced HRV values in a general Japanese population by measuring HRV among the participants of the Iwaki Health Promotion Project who underwent medical examination in 2019. We performed 90-s HRV measurements in 1065 participants. Of these, we evaluated the coefficient of variation in R–R intervals (CVRR) and standard deviation in R–R intervals (SDNN). Blood was collected under a fasting condition, and investigations of glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, renal function, liver function, advanced glycation end products, and blood pressure were performed. A multivariate regression analysis of the association between CVRR or SDNN and blood test parameters and blood pressure in 987 participants with adequately completed HRV assessments showed that reduced CVRR or SDNN was associated with higher levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), glycoalbumin, blood glucose, triglycerides, creatinine, plasma pentosidine, and diastolic blood pressure. In the general Japanese population, higher levels of HbA1c, glycoalbumin, blood glucose, triglycerides, creatinine, plasma pentosidine, and diastolic blood pressure are associated with reduced CVRR or SDNN, which are typical HRV parameters.

The prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Sarcopenia was a frequent chronic complication in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and previous evidence showed conflicting results regarding the prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in T2DM. In the current study, we aimed at systematically exploring the prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in patients with T2DM.

METHODS

PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched to identify observational studies which investigated the prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in patients with T2DM. The quality of individual included studies was evaluated using The Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Pooled effects regarding prevalence and associated factors were calculated using random-effects models. The potential publication bias was assessed via funnel plot and Egger test.

RESULTS

Twenty-eight studies involving 16,800 patients were included in our meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with T2DM was 18% (95% CI 0.15-0.22; I² = 97.4%). The pooled results showed that elder age (OR 4.73; 95% CI 4.30-5.19; I² = 85.6%), male gender, chronic hyperglycemia (higher HbA1c) (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.05-2.47; I² = 99.2%) and osteoporosis (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.05-2.47; I² = 99.2%) was predictors for sarcopenia, whereas patients with lower BMI (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.05-2.47; I² = 99.2%) and metformin administrations (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.05-2.47; I² = 99.2%) were not prone to get sarcopenia. The funnel plot and statistical tests showed no obvious publication bias.

CONCLUSIONS

Sarcopenia was frequent in T2DM patients. Elder age, male gender and chronic hyperglycemia, Osteoporosis were significant risk factors for Sarcopenia. Lower BMI and metformin administrations were associated with lower risk of sarcopenia.

What can hand grip strength tell us about type 2 diabetes?: mortality, morbidities and risk of diabetes

INTRODUCTION

Hand grip strength (HGS) has been determined as a simple and cost effective method for evaluating overall skeletal muscle strength and quality. It has been used in numerous clinical studies to examine the association between skeletal muscle and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Previous studies have shown that HGS is significantly associated with mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with T2D. As the prevalence of T2D has seen a steady increase globally, HGS measurement can be useful and essential in managing T2D.

AREAS COVERED

This narrative review summarizes the current evidence regarding the association between HGS and T2D. HGS has been considered a useful tool for identifying risks for T2D, CVD, and mortality and evaluating skeletal muscle strength and quality.

OPINION

HGS should be measured in all patients with T2D together with height, weight, and waist circumference. However, there is yet no standard method used in measuring for HGS. T2D patients with a low HGS can engage in resistance training more effectively with appropriate advice based on HGS. Future studies clarifying the genetic association between skeletal muscle and T2D are needed to provide individualized exercise therapy.