Virucidal Activity of Different Mouthwashes against the Salivary Load of SARS-CoV-2: A Narrative Review

Experimentally Justified Choice of Optimal Antiseptic Solution for Hygienic Care of Oral Cavity and Dentures

INTRODUCTION: The range of antiseptic agents used in clinical practice, is rather wide. However, only single studies are devoted to comparative characteristics of their effectiveness in the conditions of the oral cavity. AIM: To choose the optimal antiseptic dental cleaner by experimental study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An aqueous solution of Furacilin (0.02%), chlorhexidine bigluconate (0.05%), Miramistin (0.01%), cetylpyridinium chloride (0.05%), hydrogen peroxide (3%), Iodinol, Rotokan, distilled water were used as washing liquids for elimination of dental plaque. The model of the dentition was created from quartz plates with an imitation of fresh plaque. Biomaterial imitating dental plaque included two solutions: 1) a strong fresh infusion of black tea leaves, cooled to +25C; 2) oatmeal jelly with temperature from +60C to +65C. The authors method of screening dental cleaners was used, based on comparing the transparency of the laboratory model of the dentition before and after exposure to the test solution by determination with an amperemeter of strength of the electric current in the photosensor device from the oxyhemograph sensor after white light emitted by a mini-emitter passed through biological material and plates and fell on it. RESULTS: The cleaning capacity of distilled water is the lowest (p 0.050.001). Rotokan, Furacilin and Iodinol have a low cleaning capacity, and Iodinol can cause a burn of the gingival cuff in case of high reaction to it, and allergic reactions. Hydrogen peroxide has an average degree of efficiency, but it dries the oral mucosa. Chlorhexidine bigluconate has the highest cleaning effect, Miramistin and cetylpyridinium chloride are slightly inferior to it (p 0.05). By the cleaning capacity, chlorhexidine bigluconate solution is significantly superior to hydrogen peroxide (p 0.05), Iodinol (p 0.02), Furacilin (p 0.02), Rotokan (p 0.01). CONCLUSION: The described method received the patent for invention of the Russian Federation No. 2019121293. Experimental studies have shown the best cleaning effect of 0.05% solution of chlorhexidine bigluconate.

Antiviral effect of cetylpyridinium chloride in mouthwash on SARS-CoV-2

Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a quaternary ammonium compound, which is present in mouthwash, is effective against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. This study was conducted to explore the antiviral effect of CPC on SARS-CoV-2. There are few reports on the effect of CPC against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 at low concentrations such as 0.001%–0.005% (10–50 µg/mL). Interestingly, we found that low concentrations of CPC suppressed the infectivity of human isolated SARS-CoV-2 strains (Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, and Gamma) even in saliva. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CPC shows anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects without disrupting the virus envelope, using sucrose density analysis and electron microscopic examination. In conclusion, this study provided experimental evidence that CPC may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection even at lower concentrations.

Is Chlorhexidine in Dentistry an Ally or a Foe? A Narrative Review

Chlorhexidine has been one of the most effective and popular antiseptic substances used in medicine for decades. In dentistry, it has been used in endodontics, periodontology, surgery, and general dentistry. It is also widely used daily by patients in mouth rinses, gels, or toothpastes. Because of its multiple uses, we should follow all types of research reporting its potential adverse effects. This article aims to review the most up-to-date studies regarding chlorhexidine and its possible side effects, in the period of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, as the use of different antiseptic substances has rapidly increased.