Healthcare Resource Utilization for Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Older Adults

Age-related changes of inflammatory cytokines in nasal secretion of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

BACKGROUND

Patient-specific factors are highly involved in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) 's course and treatment response. However, the effects of aging on the pathophysiology of CRS remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the age-related changes in nasal secretion inflammatory characteristics in patients with CRS.

METHODS

The levels of 12 inflammatory cytokines in nasal mucus samples obtained from 31 patients diagnosed with CRS were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The associations between age and inflammatory cytokine levels were determined by Spearman correlation coefficient analysis. In addition, the relationships between inflammatory markers and demographic evaluation variables such as the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) score and disease duration were examined to determine whether the levels of inflammatory cytokines influence the assessment of disease severity in CRS patients.

RESULTS

Compared to younger patients with CRS, aged CRS patients exhibited a significant reduction in IL-6 levels (p < 0.01), while levels of IL-10 (p < 0.01), IL-13 (p < 0.01), and Eotaxin (p < 0.05) were markedly elevated. Notably, the Eotaxin level demonstrated a significant decline with age among CRS patients younger than 60 years old (r = -0.79, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the increased mucus TNF-α level was significantly correlated with the prolongation of the disease course in aged CRS patients, with a clinically relevant difference of 7.78 months (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

We have revealed age-specific changes in the inflammatory characteristics of CRS patients, providing new and interesting findings for the development of personalized treatment methods tailored to this high-risk population.

Histopathological Differences in Adult and Elderly Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis

BACKGROUND

Adult and elderly patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) undergo similar therapeutic management. Few studies have undertaken sinonasal tissue-level comparisons of these groups. This study examines histopathological differences between adults (>18, <65 years) and the elderly (≥65 years) with CRS, with the goal of optimizing medical management.

METHODS

In a retrospective cohort analysis, demographic factors, comorbidities, and a structured histopathological report of 13 variables were compared across adult and elderly patients with CRS who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery. These cohorts of adult and elderly patients included patients with and without nasal polyps (NP).

RESULTS

Three hundred adult (158 aCRSsNP, 142 aCRSwNP) and 77 elderly (38 eCRSsNP, 39 eCRSwNP) patients were analyzed. Mean age of the adult cohort was 44.4 ± 12.4 years, while that of the elderly cohort was 71.9 ± 5.9 years (P < .001). Significantly more adults compared to elderly individuals demonstrated a positive atopic status (79.7% vs 64.0%, P = .004). Elderly patients exhibited higher rates of comorbid diabetes mellitus than adult patients (21.6% vs 10.3%, P = .009). Adults exhibited more tissue eosinophilia (43.4% vs 28.6%, P = .012) and presence of eosinophil aggregates (25.0% vs 14.3%, P = .029) compared to elderly patients, regardless of NP status. Conversely, the elderly demonstrated significantly more fungal elements (11.7% vs 3.0%, P = .004), and trended toward increased overall inflammation (63.6% vs 55.3%, P = .118) and tissue neutrophilia (35.1% vs 27.3%, P = .117), compared to adults.

CONCLUSION

Sinonasal tissue of adult and elderly patients with CRS demonstrates clear histopathological differences. Patient comorbidities, in addition to histopathological characterizations, may provide further context for management optimization.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

2.

SHORT SUMMARY

Sinonasal tissue samples from adult and elderly patients with CRS demonstrate clear histopathological differences. These patient populations also exhibit unique comorbidities. These distinctions have the potential to inform and optimize management of this condition.

Managing Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps in the Elderly: Challenges and Solutions

The proportion of the population over 65 years old continues to grow. Chronic rhinosinusitis is common in this population and causes a reduction in quality of life and an increase in health care utilization. Diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps follows the same principles for elderly patients as in the general population, but the elderly population presents some diagnostic challenges worth considering. Presbynasalis, the anatomic and functional changes of the nose and paranasal sinuses associated with aging must be accounted for when caring for these patients. In addition, polypharmacy and other medical issues that can cause similar symptoms must be considered. Medical therapy is generally similar to the general population but with additional concerns given the propensity for geriatric patients to be on multiple medications and to suffer from multiple medical issues. Sinus surgery should be considered following the same indications as in the general population. While some authors have found higher complication rates in endoscopic sinus surgery, others have found higher rates of success. As always, the risks of surgery must be considered with the possible benefits on a patient-to-patient basis.

Age-Associated Changes of Nasal Bacterial Microbiome in Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Age-related changes in nasal bacterial microbiota of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify distinct characteristics of nasal bacterial microbiota between aged and younger patients with CRS through 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery were recruited and separated into aged (≥60 years, median age = 66 years, N = 17) and younger (<60 years, median age = 35.5 years, N = 14) patients. Diversity, bacterial composition and metabolic activities of nasal microbiota between aged and younger patients were compared. Results have shown that levels of OTUs (p = 0.0173) and microbiota diversity (all p < 0.05) decreased significantly in aged patients. The abundance of phylum Actinobacteria, and genus Corynebacterium were significantly higher in aged patients, while the abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and genus Fusobacterium, Peptoniphilus were significantly higher in younger patients. In addition, predicted functional profiles have revealed that 41 KEGG pathways involving in 12 metabolic pathways, 4 genetic information processing, 3 environmental information processing, 4 cellular processes, 8 organismal systems, 6 human diseases, and 4 unclassified pathways were identified. Among which, the vast majority of metabolic activities are involved in replication and repair, membrane transport, translation, and the metabolism of amino acid, carbohydrate, energy, cofactors and vitamins, and nucleotide. On the level of the thirdly bacterial metabolic pathways, purine metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis are significantly up-regulated while carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotesand methane metabolism are significantly down-regulated in aged patients. Overall, our analysis revealed that age-related physiological and pathological changes on the nasal mucosal surface may alter the host immune response and be highly associated with the nasal bacterial microbiota of patients with CRS. However, future studies are needed to elucidate the causal relationship.