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Delineating the Bacteriome of Packaged and Loose Smokeless Tobacco Products Available in North India. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4129-4144. [PMID: 35604437 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco product (STP) consumption is a significant public health threat across the globe. STPs are not only a storehouse of carcinogens and toxicants but also harbor microbes that aid in the conversion of tobacco alkaloids to carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), thereby posing a further threat to the health of its consumers. The present study analyzed the bacterial diversity of popular dry and loose STPs by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. This NGS-based investigation revealed four dominant phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria and identified 549 genera, Prevotella, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus constituting the core bacteriome of these STPs. The most significantly diverse bacteriome profile was displayed by the loose STP Mainpuri kapoori. The study further predicted the functional attributes of the prevalent genera by Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) algorithm. Genes encoding for nitrate and nitrite reduction and transport enzymes, antibiotic resistance, multi-drug transporters and efflux pumps, secretion of endo- and exotoxin, and other pro-inflammatory molecules were identified. The loose STPs showed the highest level of nitrogen metabolism genes which can contribute to the synthesis of TSNAs. This study reveals the bacteriome of Indian domestic loose STPs that stagger behind in manufacturing and storage stringencies. Our results raise an alarm that the consumption of STPs harboring pathogenic genera can potentially lead to the onset of several oral and systemic diseases. Nevertheless, an in-depth correlation analysis of the microbial diversity of STPs and their elicit impact on consumer health is warranted. KEY POINTS: • Smokeless tobacco harbors bacteria that aid in synthesis of carcinogenic nitrosamines. • Most diverse bacteriome profile was displayed by loose smokeless tobacco products. • Pathogenic genera in these products can harm the oral and systemic health of users.
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Ahmed AS, Aldubayan MA, Ahmed HA, Refaat AM, Alsalloumi AS, Almasuood RA, Elgharabawy RM. Impact of smoking on heavy metal contamination and DNA fragmentation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:13931-13941. [PMID: 33201507 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco is smoked by different techniques through cigarette and shisha smoking. The prevalence of tobacco is considered one of the major threats to public health. This study aims to assess the effect of cigarette, shisha, and mixed (cigarette/shisha) smoking on heavy metal contamination in hair samples, hair loss, and DNA fragmentation, to correlate age, incidence of hair loss, and smoking duration with the amount of accumulated metals and the DNA fragmentation, and to correlate the level of heavy metal contamination with DNA fragmentation. This study was implemented in Saudi Arabia among sixty males divided into four groups (15/group): control and cigarette, shisha, and mixed smokers. Heavy metal contamination in hair samples and urinary DNA levels were assayed. All metal and urinary DNA levels were significantly elevated in cigarette, shisha, and mixed smokers compared to non-smokers. Hair loss was also higher among smokers especially among participants with high DNA concentrations. There were positive significant correlations of age and incidence of hair loss with urinary DNA concentration. There were positive significant correlations between urinary DNA concentration and all heavy metal levels. Cigarette, shisha, and mixed smoking trigger metal contamination, DNA fragmentation, and hair loss. Moreover, hair loss was observed to be associated with Sb, Cd, and Ni as well as urinary DNA level, while age was associated only with lead and urinary DNA levels. The duration of smoking had a major impact on Pb and Sb levels. Finally, contamination with all six metals was significantly associated with DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira S Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
- Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Maha A Aldubayan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem A Ahmed
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Refaat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Rehab M Elgharabawy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Qasim H, Alarabi AB, Alzoubi KH, Karim ZA, Alshbool FZ, Khasawneh FT. The effects of hookah/waterpipe smoking on general health and the cardiovascular system. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:58. [PMID: 31521105 PMCID: PMC6745078 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hookah or waterpipe smoking or use is an emerging trend in the US population, especially among the youth. The misperception of hookah being less harmful than cigarettes and the availability of different but "appealing" flavors are considered among the main reasons for this trend. Hookah users however are exposed to many of the same toxic compounds/by-products as cigarette users, but at dramatically higher levels, which might lead to more severe negative health effects. In fact, hookah users are at risks of infections, cancers, lung disease, and other medical conditions. Moreover, because of the overlapping toxicant/chemical profile to conventional cigarettes, hookah smoke effects on the cardiovascular system are thought to be comparable to those of conventional cigarettes. A major source of tobacco addiction is nicotine, whose levels in hookah are extremely variable as they depend on the type of tobacco used. Taken together, in this review of literature, we will provide insights on the negative health effects of hookah in general, with a focus on what is known regarding its impact on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Qasim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79902, USA
| | - Ahmed B Alarabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79902, USA
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Zubair A Karim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79902, USA
| | - Fatima Z Alshbool
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79902, USA.
| | - Fadi T Khasawneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79902, USA.
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Kassem NO, Kassem NO, Liles S, Reilly E, Kas-Petrus F, Posis AIB, Hovell MF. Waterpipe device cleaning practices and disposal of waste associated with waterpipe tobacco smoking in homes in the USA. Tob Control 2019; 29:s123-s130. [PMID: 31326957 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify postsmoking waterpipe tobacco (WPT) waste and describe postsmoking waterpipe (WP) device cleaning practices and disposal of associated waste in home settings. METHODS We analysed data from a US convenience sample of 50 exclusive WPT smokers, mean age 25.3 years. Data were collected at a home visit during which participants smoked one WPT head and completed a self-administered questionnaire on WP cleaning practices and disposal of waste associated with WPT use. Research assistants provided and prepared a WP for participants by weighing and loading 10 g of WPT in the WP head and placing 470 mL of water in the WP bowl. At the completion of the smoking session, research assistants measured the remaining WPT and water. Descriptive analyses were performed. RESULTS Of the 10 g of fresh WPT used for each smoking session, 70.1% (mean=7.01 g) was discarded postsmoking as waste; for each 470 mL of water used in the WP bowl, 94.3% (mean=443 mL) was discarded. WP device cleaning practices ranged from never cleaning the device to cleaning it after each smoking session. Respondents reported discarding smoked WPT residue in the trash (81.6%) or the kitchen sink (14.3%) and discarding postsmoking charcoal in the trash (57.6%), the kitchen sink (27.3%) or backyard soil (9.1%). Respondents reported discarding smoked WP water in the kitchen sink (76.5%), bathroom sink (14.7%), toilet (2.9%) and backyard soil (5.9%). CONCLUSIONS Interventions and regulations are needed to inform proper WP device cleaning practices and disposal of waste associated with WPT use. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03253653.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Of Kassem
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Noura O Kassem
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sandy Liles
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Erin Reilly
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Flora Kas-Petrus
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Melbourne F Hovell
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
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Naddafi K, Nabizadeh R, Baghani AN, Fazlzadeh M. Bioaerosols in the waterpipe cafés: genera, levels, and factors influencing their concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:20297-20307. [PMID: 31098913 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted in order to assess the exposure to bacterial and fungal bioaerosols in the air of waterpipe cafés (AWPCs), in the hose of waterpipe (HWP), and in the water bowl of the waterpipe (WBWP) and to investigate the factors influence increasing the contamination levels in waterpipe cafés in Ardabil. From all the 50 cafés studied, the samples were taken from air and from water contained in water bowl and hose for bacterial and fungal analyses. The results demonstrated that the mean numbers of bacteria and fungi in the indoor air of café, hose, and water bowl were 33.90 ± 14.86 and 25.24 ± 1.99 CFU/m3, 72.16 ± 29.55 and 72.78 ± 42.45 CFU/plate, 53.7 ± 25.46 and 25.26 ± 13.94 CFU/ml, respectively. The predominant bacterial genera in waterpipe cafés were Pseudomonas and Bacillus in air, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas in the hose, and Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas in the water bowl, respectively. The predominant fungal species in waterpipe cafés were Penicillium and Cladosporium in air, yeast and Fusarium in the hose, and Paecilomyces and yeast in the water bowl, respectively. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the mean concentrations of bacterial aerosol and qualitative variables such as type of heating system, materials of wall and ceiling, traditional restaurants, interior supermarkets, moisturized walls, the number of people, area of cafés, and temperature. But there was no significant relationship between these variables and the mean concentration of fungal aerosols. The results also showed that the levels of bioaerosols were high in the air, hose, and water bowl of the waterpipe. Therefore, cafés can be a potential source for the transmission of pathogenic agents and increase the risk of respiratory diseases among waterpipe smoking individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Norouzian Baghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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Kassem NO, Jackson SR, Kassem NO, Liles S, Posis AIB, Hovell MF. College Student Beliefs and Behavior Regarding Sharing When Smoking Hookahs. Am J Health Behav 2019; 43:133-144. [PMID: 30522572 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.43.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: We examined college students' beliefs and behavior regarding sharing when smoking a hookah, a practice that may involve substantial risk of disease transmission. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional Web-based survey of undergraduate ever users of hookah (N = 970) at a US university in 2007. Results: Hookah sharing started at initiation of hookah use. The first-time participants smoked hookah, 96.9% shared it, and 97.5% were with friends either in a hookah lounge (59.5%) or at a friend's home (30%). Participants shared a hookah when they first smoked it because sharing was acceptable with friends, family, or trusted others, normative etiquette, not problematic/harmful, cheaper, or the only smoking option. Participants did not use a mouth tip when they first smoked a hookah because it is not necessary with friends/family, there was no tip available, they were unaware of tips, or did not want to use one. Conclusions: Overwhelmingly, hookah sharing started at smoking initiation. Efforts are needed to create an environment in which sharing hookah practices are less acceptable such as increasing awareness of potential health risks of sharing, particularly among youth, and providing disposable hoses, disposable mouth tips, and proper hookah device cleaning practices in private and public hookah venues settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada O.F. Kassem
- Associate Director, Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA;,
| | - Sheila R. Jackson
- Data Manager, Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Noura O. Kassem
- Study Coordinator, Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Sandy Liles
- Data Analyst, Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Alexander Ivan B. Posis
- Research Assistant, Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Melbourne F. Hovell
- Director, Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
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Azab MA, Khabour OF, Alzoubi KH, Alzubi MA, Masadeh MM, Shakhatreh MAK. Chromosomal damage at bone-marrow cells is induced by exposure of rats to waterpipe water filtrate. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 41:394-398. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1452933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Azab
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Omar F. Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad A. Alzubi
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Integrative Life Sciences Doctoral Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Majed M. Masadeh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Muhamad Ali K. Shakhatreh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Shakhatreh MAK, Khabour OF, Alzoubi KH, Masadeh MM, Hussein EI, Bshara GN. Alterations in oral microbial flora induced by waterpipe tobacco smoking. Int J Gen Med 2018; 11:47-54. [PMID: 29440924 PMCID: PMC5799848 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s150553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Waterpipe smoking is a global health problem and a serious public concern. Little is known about the effects of waterpipe smoking on oral health. In the current study, we examined the alterations of oral microbial flora by waterpipe smoking. Methods One hundred adult healthy subjects (59 waterpipe smokers and 41 non-smokers) were recruited into the study. Swabs were taken from the oral cavity and subgingival regions. Standard culturing techniques were used to identify types, frequency, and mean number of microorganisms in cultures obtained from the subjects. Results It was notable that waterpipe smokers were significantly associated with a history of oral infections. In subgingiva, Acinetobacter and Moraxella species were present only in waterpipe smokers. In addition, the frequency of Candida albicans was higher in the subgingiva of waterpipe smokers (p = 0.023) while the frequency of Fusobacterium nucleatum was significantly lower in the subgingiva of waterpipe smokers (p = 0.036). However, no change was observed in other tested bacteria, such as Campylobacter species; Viridans group streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and Staphylococcus aureus. In oral cavity and when colony-forming units were considered, the only bacterial species that showed significant difference were the black-pigmented bacteria (p < 0.001). Conclusion This study provides evidence indicating that some of the oral microflora is significantly altered by waterpipe smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Majed M Masadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Emad I Hussein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - George N Bshara
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Irbid, Jordan
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Ali M, Jawad M. Health Effects of Waterpipe Tobacco Use: Getting the Public Health Message Just Right. Tob Use Insights 2017; 10:1179173X17696055. [PMID: 28579844 PMCID: PMC5428225 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x17696055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many public health messages benchmark the harms of waterpipe tobacco against those of cigarettes, usually using numerical magnitudes of risk. This approach, although well intentioned, could be perceived as alarmist, damaging scientific credibility, and giving an unintended impression that one tobacco product is less harmful than the other. This commentary makes clear the harm waterpipe tobacco smoking poses to public health by describing its mechanism of use, consumption uptake, toxicologic profile, and documented health outcomes, as well as challenge existing thinking that toxicologic assessments are the most appropriate way to frame waterpipe tobacco health promotion messages. How can we describe the health effects of waterpipe tobacco without undermining its toxicity nor falling into the temptation of alarmist messaging? Several recommendations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Jawad
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Die Wasserpfeife (Shisha) – Innenraumluftqualität, Human-Biomonitoring und Gesundheitseffekte. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2016; 59:1593-1604. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-016-2462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Martinasek MP, Gibson-Young LM, Davis JN, McDermott RJ. Waterpipe tobacco smoking impact on public health: implications for policy. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2015; 8:121-9. [PMID: 26346473 PMCID: PMC4556249 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s68267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Given the increasing evidence of its negative health effects, including contributions to both infectious and chronic diseases, waterpipe tobacco smoking raises public health concerns beyond even those presented by traditional smoking. Methods Identification of Clean Indoor Air Acts (CIAAs) from each of the 50 United States and District of Columbia were retrieved and examined for inclusion of regulatory measures where waterpipe tobacco smoking is concerned. Several instances of exemption to current CIAAs policies were identified. The cumulative policy lens is presented in this study. Results States vary in their inclusion of explicit wording regarding CIAAs to the point where waterpipe tobacco smoking, unlike traditional smoking products, is excluded from some legislation, thereby limiting authorities’ ability to carry out enforcement. Conclusion Consistent, comprehensive, and unambiguous legislative language is necessary to prevent establishments where waterpipe tobacco smoking occurs from skirting legislation and other forms of regulatory control. Stricter laws are needed due to the increasing negative health impact on both the smoker and the bystander. Actions at both the federal and state levels may be needed to control health risks, particularly among youth and young adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Martinasek
- Public Health Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Linda M Gibson-Young
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Texas A&M University: Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Janiece N Davis
- Department of Health - Palm Beach County, West Palm beach, FL, USA
| | - Robert J McDermott
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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