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Shi L, Du X, Liu H, Chen X, Ma Y, Wang R, Tian Z, Zhang S, Guo H, Zhang H. Update on the adverse effects of microcystins on the liver. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110890. [PMID: 33617868 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most common cyanobacteria toxins in eutrophic water, which have strong hepatotoxicity. In the past decade, epidemiological and toxicological studies on liver damage caused by MCs have proliferated, and new mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by MCs have also been discovered and confirmed. However, there has not been a comprehensive and systematic review of these new findings. Therefore, this paper summarizes the latest advances in studies on the hepatotoxicity of MCs to reveal the effects and mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by MCs. Current epidemiological studies have confirmed that symptoms or signs of liver damage appear after human exposure to MCs, and a long time of exposure can even lead to liver cancer. Toxicological studies have shown that MCs can affect the expression of oncogenes by activating cell proliferation pathways such as MAPK and Akt, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of cancer. The latest evidence shows that epigenetic modifications may play an important role in MCs-induced liver cancer. MCs can cause damage to the liver by inducing hepatocyte death, mainly manifested as apoptosis and necrosis. The imbalance of liver metabolic homeostasis may be involved in hepatotoxicity induced by MCs. In addition, the combined toxicity of MCs and other toxins are also discussed in this article. This detailed information will be a valuable reference for further exploring of MCs-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjia Shi
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ya Ma
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhihui Tian
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongxiang Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Chen JG, Zhu J, Zhang YH, Chen YS, Lu JH, Zhu YR, Chen HZ, Shen AG, Wang GR, Groopman JD, Kensler TW. Liver cancer mortality over six decades in an epidemic area: what we have learned. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10600. [PMID: 33604165 PMCID: PMC7866902 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver cancer is one of the most dominant malignant tumors in the world. The trends of liver cancer mortality over the past six decades have been tracked in the epidemic region of Qidong, China. Using epidemiological tools, we explore the dynamic changes in age-standardized rates to characterize important aspects of liver cancer etiology and prevention. METHODS Mortality data of liver cancer in Qidong from 1958 to 1971 (death retrospective survey) and from 1972 to 2017 (cancer registration) were tabulated for the crude rate (CR), and age-standardized rate and age-birth cohorts. The average annual percentage change was calculated by the Joinpoint Regression Program. RESULTS The natural death rate during 1958-2017 decreased from 9‰ to 5.4‰ and then increased to 8‰ as the population aged; cancer mortality rates rose continuously from 57/105 to 240/105. Liver cancer mortality increased from 20/105 to 80/105, and then dropped to less than 52/105 in 2017. Liver cancer deaths in 1972-2017 accounted for 30.53% of all cancers, with a CR of 60.48/105, age-standardized rate China (ASRC) of 34.78/105, and ASRW (world) of 45.71/105. Other key features were the CR for males and females of 91.86/105 and 29.92/105, respectively, with a sex ratio of 3.07:1. Period analysis showed that the ASRs for mortality of the age groups under 54 years old had a significant decreasing trend. Importantly, birth cohort analysis showed that the mortality rate of liver cancer in 40-44, 35-39, 30-34, 25-29, 20-24, 15-19 years cohort decreased considerably, but the rates in 70-74, and 75+ increased. CONCLUSIONS The crude mortality rate of liver cancer in Qidong has experienced trends from lower to higher levels, and from continued increase at a high plateau to most recently a gradual decline, and a change greatest in younger people. Many years of comprehensive prevention and intervention measures have influenced the decline of the liver cancer epidemic in this area. The reduction of intake levels of aflatoxin might be one of the most significant factors as evidenced by the dramatic decline of exposure biomarkers in this population during the past three decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute / Qidong People’s Hospital / Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute / Qidong People’s Hospital / Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute / Qidong People’s Hospital / Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute / Qidong People’s Hospital / Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Hua Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute / Qidong People’s Hospital / Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan-Rong Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute / Qidong People’s Hospital / Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai-Zhen Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ai-Guo Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gao-Ren Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - John D. Groopman
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Thomas W. Kensler
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Simkin J, Erickson AC, Otterstatter MC, Dummer TJB, Ogilvie G. Current State of Geospatial Methodologic Approaches in Canadian Population Oncology Research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1294-1303. [PMID: 32299848 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Geospatial analyses are increasingly used in population oncology. We provide a first review of geospatial analysis in Canadian population oncology research, compare to international peers, and identify future directions. Geospatial-focused peer-reviewed publications from 1992-2020 were compiled using PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Abstracts were screened for data derived from a Canadian cancer registry and use of geographic information systems. Studies were classified by geospatial methodology, geospatial unit, location, cancer site, and study year. Common limitations were documented from article discussion sections. Our search identified 71 publications using data from all provincial and national cancer registries. Thirty-nine percent (N = 28) were published in the most recent 5-year period (2016-2020). Geospatial methodologies included exposure assessment (32.4%), identifying spatial associations (21.1%), proximity analysis (16.9%), cluster detection (15.5%), and descriptive mapping (14.1%). Common limitations included confounding, ecologic fallacy, not accounting for residential mobility, and small case/population sizes. Geospatial analyses are increasingly used in Canadian population oncology; however, efforts are concentrated among a few provinces and common cancer sites, and data are over a decade old. Limitations were similar to those documented internationally, and more work is needed to address them. Organized efforts are needed to identify common challenges, develop leading practices, and identify shared priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Simkin
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anders C Erickson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Office of the Provincial Health Officer, Government of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael C Otterstatter
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Trevor J B Dummer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gina Ogilvie
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Buratti FM, Manganelli M, Vichi S, Stefanelli M, Scardala S, Testai E, Funari E. Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1049-1130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Svirčev Z, Drobac D, Tokodi N, Mijović B, Codd GA, Meriluoto J. Toxicology of microcystins with reference to cases of human intoxications and epidemiological investigations of exposures to cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:621-650. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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