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Ji S, Liu Z, Liu P. Effects of the grade/price and thickness of cigarette on the PM2.5 concentration of smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27610-0. [PMID: 37204582 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to promote sales of high-grade/price and slim cigarettes with lower tar and nicotine content, the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration (STMA) also known as the China National Tobacco Corporation (CNTC), whose monopoly controls all aspects of tobacco production, marketing, and distribution in China, have advertised them as safe cigarettes that cause less tobacco smoke pollution (TSP). However, cigarette smoke contains thousands of harmful components, and the effects of only tar and nicotine cannot be used to represent TSP. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of cigarette grade/price and size on TSP by measuring PM2.5 concentrations for three different grades/prices and two sizes of popular cigarettes in China. The results showed that cigarette grade/price did not significantly affect PM2.5 levels in regular (R) or slim (S) cigarettes in either sidestream or mainstream smoke. However, cigarette size had a significant effect on PM2.5 levels, with R cigarette PM2.5 being 116% higher than S cigarette PM2.5 in sidestream smoke. In mainstream smoke, this difference decreased to 31%, although R-cigarette PM2.5 levels remained higher. While S cigarette PM2.5 levels were lower than those of R cigarettes, this did not necessarily mean that S cigarettes were less harmful. The harmfulness of smoke is not only manifested in PM2.5 but also in other particulate matter such as PM10 and PM1.0. At the same time, it is also affected by smoking habits. Therefore, further experiments are required to evaluate the potential harmfulness of S cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhe Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, Shandong Province, Taian, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Taian City Central Hospital, Taian 271000, Shandong Province, Taian, China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, Shandong Province, Taian, China.
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2
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Cooper GE, Mayall J, Donovan C, Haw TJ, Budden KF, Hansbro NG, Blomme EE, Maes T, Kong CW, Horvat JC, Khakoo SI, Wilkinson TMA, Hansbro PM, Staples KJ. Antiviral Responses of Tissue-resident CD49a + Lung Natural Killer Cells Are Dysregulated in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207:553-565. [PMID: 36170617 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202205-0848oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Tissue-resident natural killer (trNK) cells have been identified in numerous organs, but little is known about their functional contribution to respiratory immunity, in particular during chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objectives: To investigate the phenotype and antiviral responses of trNK cells in murine cigarette smoke-induced experimental COPD and in human lung parenchyma from COPD donors. Methods: Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 12 weeks to induce COPD-like lung disease. Lung trNK cell phenotypes and function were analyzed by flow cytometry in both murine and human disease with and without challenge with influenza A virus. Measurements and Main Results: In the mouse lung, CD49a+CD49b+EOMES+ and CD49a+CD49b-EOMESlo NK cell populations had a distinct phenotype compared with CD49a- circulating NK cells. CD49a+ NK cells were more extensively altered earlier in disease onset than circulating NK cells, and increased proportions of CD49a+ NK cells correlated with worsening disease in both murine and human COPD. Furthermore, the presence of lung disease delayed both circulating and trNK cell functional responses to influenza infection. CD49a+ NK cells markedly increased their NKG2D, CD103, and CD69 expression in experimental COPD after influenza infection, and human CD49a+ NK cells were hyperactive to ex vivo influenza infection in COPD donors. Conclusions: Collectively, these results demonstrate that trNK cell function is altered in cigarette smoke-induced disease and suggests that smoke exposure may aberrantly prime trNK cell responsiveness to viral infection. This may contribute to excess inflammation during viral exacerbations of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Cooper
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jemma Mayall
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chantal Donovan
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatt J Haw
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kurtis F Budden
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evy E Blomme
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tania Maes
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chia Wei Kong
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jay C Horvat
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Salim I Khakoo
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M A Wilkinson
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, and
- Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karl J Staples
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, and
- Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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3
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Hussein T. Indoor Exposure and Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose Rate during Smoking and Incense Stick Burning-The Jordanian Case as an Example for Eastern Mediterranean Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:587. [PMID: 36612906 PMCID: PMC9819828 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking and incense burning are commonly used in Jordanian microenvironments. While smoking in Jordan is prohibited inside closed spaces, incense burning remains uncontrolled. In this study, particle size distributions (diameter 0.01-25 µm) were measured and inhaled deposited dose rates were calculated during typical smoking and incense stick-burning scenarios inside a closed room, and the exposure was summarized in terms of number and mass concentrations of submicron (PNSub) and fine particles (PM2.5). During cigarette smoking and incense stick-burning scenarios, the particle number concentrations exceeded 3 × 105 cm-3. They exceeded 5 × 105 cm-3 during shisha smoking. The emission rates were 1.9 × 1010, 6.8 × 1010, and 1.7 × 1010 particles/s, respectively, for incense, cigarettes, and shisha. That corresponded to about 7, 80, and 120 µg/s, respectively. Males received higher dose rates than females, with about 75% and 55% in the pulmonary/alveolar during walking and standing, respectively. The total dose rates were in the order of 1012-1013 #/h (103-104 µg/h), respectively, for PNSub and PM2.5. The above reported concentrations, emissions rates, and dose rates are considered seriously high, recalling the fact that aerosols emitted during such scenarios consist of a vast range of toxicant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Hussein
- Environmental and Atmospheric Research Laboratory (EARL), Department of Physics, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR/Physics), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Tapolyai M, Krivanek L, Fülöp T. Indoor air quality and the risk of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2022; 24:1012-1014. [PMID: 35904179 PMCID: PMC9380166 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Tapolyai
- Department of Nephrology, Szent Margit Hospital, Budapest, Hungary.,Medicine Services, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - László Krivanek
- Szent Kristóf Szakrendelő Közhasznú Nonprofit Kft., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Fülöp
- Medicine Services, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine - Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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5
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Joint effect of particulate matter and cigarette smoke on women's sex hormones. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:3. [PMID: 34996432 PMCID: PMC8742359 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01586-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although relationships between exposure to air pollution and reproductive health are broadly studied, mechanisms behind these phenomena are still unknown. The aim of the study was to assess whether exposure to particulate matter (PM10) and tobacco smoking have an impact on menstrual profiles of 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) and the E2/P ratio. METHODS Levels of sex hormones were measured daily in saliva during the entire menstrual cycle among 132 healthy, urban women. Exposure to smoking (active or passive) was assessed by questionnaire, whilst exposure to PM10 with municipal monitoring data. RESULTS During the early luteal phase, profiles of E2 were elevated among women with higher versus lower exposure to PM10 (p = 0.02, post-hoc tests). Among those who were exposed versus unexposed to tobacco smoking, the levels of mean E2 measured during the entire cycle were higher (p = 0.02). The difference in mean E2 levels between the group of joint exposure (i.e. to high PM10 and passive or active smoking) versus the reference group (low PM10, no smoking) was statistically significant at p = 0.03 (18.4 vs. 12.4 pmol/l, respectively). The E2/P ratios were higher among women with higher versus lower exposure to PM10 and this difference was seen only in the early luteal phase (p = 0.01, exploratory post-hoc tests). CONCLUSIONS We found that PM10 and tobacco smoking affect ovarian hormones independently and do not interact with each other. Both exposures appear to have estrogenic effects even though women's susceptibility to these effects differs across the menstrual cycle. We propose that the hormonal mechanisms are involved in observed relationships between air pollution and smoking with women's reproductive health.
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Mu N, Wang H, Chen D, Wang F, Ji L, Zhang C, Li M, Lu P. A Novel Rat Model of Dry Eye Induced by Aerosol Exposure of Particulate Matter. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:39. [PMID: 35089331 PMCID: PMC8802024 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to introduce a novel dry eye rat model induced by aerosol exposure of particulate matter (PM). Methods A total of 30 female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats divided into 3 groups: the control group, the low-level exposed group, and the high-level exposed group. The rats in the experience groups were directly exposed to PM samples in the exposure chamber over 14 days. The clinical observation, including tear volume, corneal fluorescein staining, breakup time (BUT), inflammation index, corneal irregularity score, and corneal confocal microscopy. Eyeballs were collected on day 14 for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and PAS staining. TUNEL assay, CD45, and Ki67 immunostaining was performed and corneal ultrastructural changes were detected by electron microscopy. IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and NF-κB Western blot analysis were used to observe the possible pathogenesis. Results In the PM-treated groups, the number of layers in the corneal epithelium and corneal nerve fiber length were significantly decreased compared with that of the control group. The number of corneal epithelial microvilli and chondriosome/desmosomes were drastically reduced in PM-treated groups. Confocal microscopy and CD45 immunohistochemistry showed inflammatory cell infiltration in the PM-treated groups. PM caused apoptosis of corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells while leading to abnormal epithelial cell proliferation, meanwhile, conjunctival goblet cells in the PM-treated group were also significantly reduced. PM significantly increased the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and p-NF-κB-p65 in the cornea. Conclusions Aerosol exposure of PM can reduce the stability of tear film and cause the change of ocular surface, which is similar to the performance of human dry eye, suggesting a novel animal model of dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, , Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Dongyan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Ling Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Mingxin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Peirong Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, , Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
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7
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Pollard KM. Perspective: The Lung, Particles, Fibers, Nanomaterials, and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587136. [PMID: 33391263 PMCID: PMC7775503 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that a wide range of factors including drugs, chemicals, microbes, and other environmental agents can induce pre-clinical autoimmunity. However, only a few have been confidently linked to autoimmune diseases. Among these are exposures to inhaled particulates that are known to be associated with autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. In this article, the potential of particle, fiber, and nanomaterial exposures to induce autoimmunity is discussed. It is hypothesized that inhalation of particulate material known to be associated with human autoimmune diseases, such as cigarette smoke and crystalline silica, results in a complex interplay of a number of pathological processes, including, toxicity, oxidative stress, cell and tissue damage, chronic inflammation, post-translational modification of self-antigens, and the formation of lymphoid follicles that provide a milieu for the accumulation of autoreactive B and T cells necessary for the development and persistence of autoimmune responses, leading to disease. Although experimental studies show nanomaterials are capable of inducing several of the above features, there is no evidence that this matures to autoimmune disease. The procession of events hypothesized here provides a foundation from which to pursue experimental studies to determine the potential of other environmental exposures to induce autoimmunity and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Michael Pollard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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8
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Song SJ, Hyun SW, Lee TG, Park B, Jo K, Kim CS. New application for assessment of dry eye syndrome induced by particulate matter exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111125. [PMID: 32949841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a multifactorial condition characterized by insufficient tear lubrication and eye irritation. Air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), are an emerging threat to human health causing DES and other diseases. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of DES induced by PM exposure remain to be fully elucidated. Recent studies have attempted to create DES animal model using PM exposure. In this study, we explored a novel in vivo exposure model of DES, utilizing an inhalation device (aerosol exposure system) to reproduce the natural exposure to atmospheric PM. Rats were exposed to urban PM (UPM) using this aerosol system for 5 h per day over 5 days. Tear volume in UPM-exposed rats decreased significantly, whereas corneal irregularity and lissamine green staining significantly increased following UPM exposure. Additional effects observed following UPM exposure included apoptosis in the corneal epithelium and a decrease in the number of goblet cells in the conjunctiva. UPM also affected the stability of the tear film by disrupting its mucin-4 layer. In conclusion, aerosol exposure systems have proven effective as assessment tools for DES caused by PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Song
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Wang Hyun
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gu Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongkyun Park
- Non-clinical Research Collaboration Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhyung Jo
- Non-clinical Research Collaboration Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Sik Kim
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea; Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
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Poorolajal J, Assari MJ, Mohammadi Y, Gohari-Ensaf F. Impact of cigarettes’ filter length and diameter on cigarette smoke emissions. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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10
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High Particulate Matter Burden of Cigarettes from the United Arab Emirates and Germany: Are There Country-Specific Differences? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072415. [PMID: 32252343 PMCID: PMC7177534 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the big tobacco companies offer the same cigarette brands across countries, little is known about the potential regional differences of the particulate matter (PM) emissions of apparently equal brands. PM emissions of three cigarette brands (Marlboro Gold, Winston Red resp. Classic, Parliament Platinum resp. Night Blue) from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Germany were analysed. Second-hand smoke was produced in a 2.88 m3 measuring cabin by an automatic environmental tobacco smoke emitter. PM size fractions PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were detected in real-time using laser aerosol spectrometry. Depending on the PM fraction Marlboro cigarettes from UAE showed 33%-35% higher PM amounts. Moreover, Winston cigarettes from UAE showed distinctly higher PM values (28-31%) than the German counterparts. The "lighter" Parliament from UAE emitted 3%-9% more PM than the German one. The measured mean PM10 values laid between 778 and 1163 µg/m3 (mean PM2.5: 777-1161 µg/m3; mean PM1: 724-1074 µg/m3). That means smoking in enclosed rooms causes massive PM burden. The PM emission of equal or similar tobacco products from different countries can differ distinctly. Hence, the declaration of PM emission values, besides nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide amounts, should be obligatory worldwide. Furthermore, complete information about the ingredients and production processes of tobacco products should be provided to health officials and the public. This can help to minimise or ban substances or product designs that make smoking even more harmful, and to enhance the awareness of the risks of smoking.
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Braun M, Langenstein A, Klingelhöfer D, Zulauf N, Müller R, Groneberg DA. Particulate matter emissions of less harmful-looking super-slim size cigarettes appealing to women: a laser spectrometric analysis of second-hand smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:1069-1077. [PMID: 31820227 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Slim tobacco products shall appear by their look less harmful. In 2013, the European Union ministers discussed to ban them. However, only a ban on small package sizes was realized. To add more data for exposure risk assessment of slim tobacco products, the particulate matter (PM) amount in second-hand smoke (SHS) of super-slim size cigarettes compared with a king size brand was investigated. PM amount of four super-slim size cigarette types of the brand Couture was analysed in comparison with the king-size reference cigarette. Therefore, SHS was produced in an enclosed space with a volume of 2.88 m3 by an automatic environmental tobacco smoke emitter. PM size fractions PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 were measured in real time using a laser aerosol spectrometer. SHS of Couture Gold contained about 36% and Couture Purple about 28% more PM than the reference cigarette. In contrast, Couture Green emitted about 37% and Couture Silver about 53% less PM than the reference cigarette. Depending on the brand, the PM2.5 mean concentrations increased up to 1538 μg/m3. This exceeds the 24-h mean concentration of at most 25 μg/m3 according to the WHO Air quality guidelines about 62-fold. Smoking in enclosed rooms leads to a massive increase of PM. The PM pollution by slim-size tobacco products are substantial and sometimes higher than by king size tobacco products. Therefore, SHS exposure from slim-size tobacco products is not less harmful to health. Decision makers should take this aspect in consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Braun
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Amelie Langenstein
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Doris Klingelhöfer
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicole Zulauf
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ruth Müller
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David A Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Braun M, Koger F, Klingelhöfer D, Müller R, Groneberg DA. Particulate Matter Emissions of Four Different Cigarette Types of One Popular Brand: Influence of Tobacco Strength and Additives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E263. [PMID: 30658514 PMCID: PMC6352107 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The inhalation of particulate matter (PM) in second-hand smoke (SHS) is hazardous to health of smokers and non-smokers. Tobacco strength (amount of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide) and different additives might have an effect on the amount of PM. This study aimed to investigate the influence of tobacco strength or additives on PM. Four cigarette types of the brand Marlboro with different strengths and with or without additives were analyzed in comparison to the 3R4F reference cigarette. SHS was generated by an automatic environmental tobacco smoke emitter (AETSE) in an enclosed space with a volume of 2.88 m³. PM concentrations (PM10, PM2.5, PM₁) were measured with a laser aerosol spectrometer followed by statistical analysis. The two strongest Marlboro brands (Red and Red without additives) showed the highest PM concentrations of all tested cigarettes. The measured mean concentrations Cmean of PM10 increased up to 1458 µg/m³ for the Marlboro Red without additives (PM2.5: 1452 µg/m³, PM₁: 1263 µg/m³). The similarly strong Marlboro Red showed very similar PM values. The second strongest type Marlboro Gold showed 36% (PM10, PM2.5) and 32% (PM₁) lower values, respectively. The "lightest" type Marlboro Silver Blue showed 54% (PM10, PM2.5) or 50% (PM₁) lower PM values. The results indicate that the lower the tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide amounts, as well as the longer the cigarette filter, the lower are the PM levels. An influence of additives could not be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Braun
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Friedemann Koger
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Doris Klingelhöfer
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Ruth Müller
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Medical Entomology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerpen, Germany.
| | - David A Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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13
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Braun M, Fromm EL, Gerber A, Klingelhöfer D, Müller R, Groneberg DA. Particulate matter emissions of four types of one cigarette brand with and without additives: a laser spectrometric particulate matter analysis of secondhand smoke. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024400. [PMID: 30782733 PMCID: PMC6340634 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inhaled particulate matter (PM) in secondhand smoke (SHS) is deleterious for smokers and non-smokers. Different additives in cigarettes might effect the amount of PM. This study aimed to assess the influence of additives on the PM emissions from different cigarette types in SHS. DESIGN An experimental study of PM measuring in SHS of cigarettes without exposition of any person. METHOD The concentrations of PM (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1) in SHS of four different types of cigarettes of the brand Lucky Strike, two types with additives (Original Red, Original Blue) and two types without additives (Straight Red, Straight Blue), in comparison to the reference cigarette 3R4F were analysed. An automatic environmental tobacco smoke emitter generated SHS in an enclosed space with a volume of 2.88 m3. PM was measured with a laser aerosol spectrometer (Grimm model 1.109). Afterwards, the measuring values of the four Lucky Strike brands and the reference cigarette were statistically evaluated and visualised. RESULTS Lucky Strike Straight Blue, a cigarette type without additives and lower tar amount, showed 10% to 25% lower PM mean values compared with the other tested Lucky Strike products, but 21% (PM1) respectively 27% (PM2.5,PM10) higher mean values than the reference cigarette. The PM mean of all measured smoke-free baseline values (clean air) was 1.6 µg/m³. It increased up to about 1800 µg/m³ for the reference cigarette and up to about 3070 µg/m³ for the Lucky Strike Original Blue. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study show the massive increase of PM amount by smoking cigarettes in enclosed spaces and suggest that additives in tobacco products increase the PM amount in SHS. For validation, further comparative studies are necessary focusing on the comparison of the PM concentration of cigarettes with and without additives. IMPLICATIONS Due to the exposure to SHS, 890 000 people die each year worldwide. PM in SHS endangers the health of both non-smokers and smokers. This study considers the effect of additives like aromatics and humectant agents in cigarettes on PM in SHS. Do additives in tobacco products increase the amount of PM?
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Braun
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfut am Main, Germany
| | - Elsa-Luise Fromm
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfut am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Gerber
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfut am Main, Germany
| | - Doris Klingelhöfer
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfut am Main, Germany
| | - Ruth Müller
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfut am Main, Germany
| | - David A Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfut am Main, Germany
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14
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Lawrence WR, Yang M, Zhang C, Liu RQ, Lin S, Wang SQ, Liu Y, Ma H, Chen DH, Zeng XW, Yang BY, Hu LW, Yim SHL, Dong GH. Association between long-term exposure to air pollution and sleep disorder in Chinese children: the Seven Northeastern Cities study. Sleep 2018; 41:5043503. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne R Lawrence
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY
| | - Si-Quan Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Yimin Liu
- Laboratory of Occupational Environment and Health Effects, Guangzhou Key Medical Discipline of Occupational Health Guardianship, Guangzhou Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Guangzhou No.12 Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duo-Hong Chen
- Department of Air Quality Forecasting and Early Warning, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Secondary Pollution, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Steve Hung Lam Yim
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, Stanley Ho Big Data Decision Analytics Research Centre, Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Surface bound radicals, char yield and particulate size from the burning of tobacco cigarette. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:79. [PMID: 29086875 PMCID: PMC5548703 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco smoke is a toxic gas-phase cocktail consisting of a broad range of organics, and free radical intermediates. The formation of smoke from a burning cigarette depends on a series of mechanisms, including generation of products by pyrolysis and combustion, aerosol formation, and physical mass transfer processes. Methods The current study simulates the deposition of particulate matter on the human lung surface by trapping the tobacco smoke particulates in situ on silica gel. To mimic this phenomenon, the cigarette was smoked directly on siliga gel. The surface morphology of smoke condensate trapped on silica gel, and pure silica gel (control) was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to explore the presence of free radicals on the particulate matter trapped on silica. Standard procedures for cigarette smoking (ISO 3402:1999) were adopted. The char yields of tobacco cigarette in the temperature range 200–700 °C was also investigated in an inert atmosphere using a quartz reactor. Results SEM images showed the surface morphology of pure silica gel was smooth while silica gel on which cigarette smoke was smoked on contained particulates of various sizes. Generally, the particulate size of cigarette smoke adsorbed on silica was found to be 2.47 ± 0.0043 µm (~PM2.5). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results showed a g-value of 2.0037 typically that of a carbon-centred radical. Conclusions It is therefore evident from this investigation that cigarette smoke contains surface bound radicals considered harmful to the health of cigarette smokers. The particulate size of tobacco smoke (PM2.5) can impact severely on the lives of the cigarette smoking community because of its near ultrafine nature. This significantly small particulate size in cigarette smoke can be inhaled deeper into the lungs thus causing serious cell injury and possible tumour growth in addition to other grave diseases.Cigarette smoking and analytical techniques employed in this study ![]()
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