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Domínguez-Ramírez L, Sosa-Jurado F, Díaz-Sampayo G, Solis-Tejeda I, Rodríguez-Pérez F, Pelayo R, Santos-López G, Cortes-Hernandez P. Age and Comorbidities as Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 in Mexico, before, during and after Massive Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1676. [PMID: 38006008 PMCID: PMC10674414 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During 2020-2023, Mexico had a large COVID-19 emergency with >331,000 adult deaths and one of the highest excess mortalities worldwide. Age at COVID-19 death has been lower in Mexico than in high-income countries, presumably because of the young demographics and high prevalence of chronic metabolic diseases in young and middle-aged adults. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination covered 85% of adults with at least one dose and 50% with booster(s) up to April 2022. No new vaccination efforts or updated boosters were introduced until October 2023; thus, we explored the public health impact of massive SARS-CoV-2 vaccination against ancestral strains and asked whether their real-world protection has persisted through time. We compared three periods with respect to vaccine roll-outs: before, during and after vaccine introduction in a national retrospective cohort of >7.5 million COVID-19 cases. The main findings were that after vaccination, COVID-19 mortality decreased, age at COVID-19 death increased by 5-10 years, both in populations with and without comorbidities; obesity stopped being a significant risk factor for COVID-19 death and protection against severe disease persisted for a year after boosters, including at ages 60-79 and 80+. Middle-aged adults had the highest protection from vaccines/hybrid immunity and they more than halved their proportions in COVID-19 deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenin Domínguez-Ramírez
- Population Health and Metadynamics Lab, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Atlixco, Atlixco 74360, Puebla, Mexico; (L.D.-R.); (G.D.-S.)
| | - Francisca Sosa-Jurado
- Virology Lab, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Atlixco 74360, Puebla, Mexico; (F.S.-J.); (G.S.-L.)
| | - Guadalupe Díaz-Sampayo
- Population Health and Metadynamics Lab, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Atlixco, Atlixco 74360, Puebla, Mexico; (L.D.-R.); (G.D.-S.)
| | - Itzel Solis-Tejeda
- Population Health and Metadynamics Lab, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Atlixco, Atlixco 74360, Puebla, Mexico; (L.D.-R.); (G.D.-S.)
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Pérez
- Population Health and Metadynamics Lab, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Atlixco, Atlixco 74360, Puebla, Mexico; (L.D.-R.); (G.D.-S.)
| | - Rosana Pelayo
- Oncoimmunology and Cytomics Lab, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Atlixco 74360, Puebla, Mexico;
- Unidad de Educación e Investigación, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Dirección de Prestaciones Médicas, Mexico City 06725, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Santos-López
- Virology Lab, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Atlixco 74360, Puebla, Mexico; (F.S.-J.); (G.S.-L.)
| | - Paulina Cortes-Hernandez
- Population Health and Metadynamics Lab, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Atlixco, Atlixco 74360, Puebla, Mexico; (L.D.-R.); (G.D.-S.)
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PandemonCAT: Monitoring the COVID-19 Pandemic in Catalonia, Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084783. [PMID: 35457649 PMCID: PMC9029369 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The principal objective of this paper is to introduce an online interactive application that helps in real-time monitoring of the COVID-19 pandemic in Catalonia, Spain (PandemonCAT). METHODS This application is designed as a collection of user-friendly dashboards using open-source R software supported by the Shiny package. RESULTS PandemonCAT reports accumulated weekly updates of COVID-19 dynamics in a geospatial interactive platform for individual basic health areas (ABSs) of Catalonia. It also shows on a georeferenced map the evolution of vaccination campaigns representing the share of population with either one or two shots of the vaccine, for populations of different age groups. In addition, the application reports information about environmental and socioeconomic variables and also provides an interactive interface to visualize monthly public mobility before, during, and after the lockdown phases. Finally, we report the smoothed standardized COVID-19 infected cases and mortality rates on maps of basic health areas ABSs and regions of Catalonia. These smoothed rates allow the user to explore geographic patterns in incidence and mortality rates. The visualization of the variables that could have some influence on the spatiotemporal dynamics of the pandemic is demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS We believe the addition of these new dimensions, which is the key innovation of our project, will improve the current understanding of the spread and the impact of COVID-19 in the community. This application can be used as an open tool for consultation by the public of Catalonia and Spain in general. It could also have implications in facilitating the visualization of public health data, allowing timely interpretation due to the unpredictable nature of the pandemic.
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