Influence of Maternal Active and Secondhand Smoking during Pregnancy on Childhood Obesity at 3 Years of Age: A Nested Case-Control Study from the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS)

Sex differences in the association between smoking exposure and prevalence of wheeze and asthma in 3-year-old children

OBJECTIVE

We examined independent and joint associations between prenatal and postnatal smoking exposure and the prevalence of wheeze and asthma among 3-year-old Japanese children. Sex differences were also investigated.

METHODS

Smoking exposure, allergic symptoms, and potential confounding factor data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Wheeze was defined on the basis of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood criteria. Physician-diagnosed asthma was considered to be present if a physician had diagnosed the child with asthma any time before the survey was administered.

RESULTS

There were 6402 pediatric participants in this study. Maternal smoking throughout pregnancy and household smoking exposure during the first year of life were associated with an increased prevalence of wheeze among girls but not boys (adjusted odds ratio (OR) [95% CI] = 2.00 [1.13-3.42] and 1.34 [1.07-1.68], respectively). Girls exposed to both prenatal maternal smoking and postnatal household smoking exposure had a significantly higher prevalence of wheeze and physician-diagnosed asthma compared with girls without these exposures (adjusted OR [95% CI] = 2.06 [1.39-3.01] and 1.86 [1.01-3.26], respectively). No association was observed between perinatal smoking exposure and the prevalence of wheeze or asthma among boys. Significant interactions between sex and smoking exposure affecting wheeze and asthma were also found (p for interaction = 0.0003 and 0.01, respectively).

CONCLUSION

We found a positive association between perinatal smoking exposure and the prevalence of wheeze and asthma only among girls. Effects of perinatal smoking exposure on wheeze and asthma might be sex specific. Further research is required.