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Ando S, Ishioka Y, Kambayashi S, Kano K, Fujibayashi M, Costello JT, Sudo M. Combined effects of electrical muscle stimulation and cycling exercise on cognitive performance. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1408963. [PMID: 38827991 PMCID: PMC11140777 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1408963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a combination of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) and cycling exercise is beneficial for improving cognitive performance. Eighteen participants (7 females and 11 males) performed a Go/No-Go task before and 2 min after i) cycling exercise (EX), ii) a combination of EMS and cycling (EMS + EX) and iii) a control (rest) intervention in a randomized controlled crossover design. In the EX intervention, the participants cycled an ergometer for 20 min with their heart rate maintained at ∼120 beats·min-1. In the EMS + EX intervention, the participants cycled an ergometer simultaneously with EMS for 20 min, with heart rate maintained at ∼120 beats·min-1. In the Control intervention, the participants remained at rest while seated on the ergometer. Cognitive performance was assessed by reaction time (RT) and accuracy. There was a significant interaction between intervention and time (p = 0.007). RT was reduced in the EX intervention (p = 0.054, matched rank biserial correlation coefficient = 0.520). In the EMS + EX intervention, RT was not altered (p = 0.243, Cohen's d = 0.285) despite no differences in heart rate between the EX and EMS + EX interventions (p = 0.551). RT was increased in the Control intervention (p = 0.038, Cohen's d = -0.529). These results indicate that combining EMS and cycling does not alter cognitive performance despite elevated heart rate, equivalent to a moderate intensity. The present findings suggest that brain activity during EMS with cycling exercise may be insufficient to improve cognitive performance when compared to exercise alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Ishioka
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sari Kambayashi
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kano
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Joseph T. Costello
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Mizuki Sudo
- Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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Yamada Y, Kataoka R, Bell ZW, Wong V, Spitz RW, Song JS, Abe T, Loenneke JP. Improved interference control after exercise with blood flow restriction and cooling is associated with but not mediated by increased lactate. Physiol Behav 2023; 270:114291. [PMID: 37442356 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the effects of recumbent sprint interval exercise with and without blood flow restriction and body cooling on interference control and whether the changes in interference control can be explained by the changes in blood lactate. METHODS 85 participants (22 SD 3 years old) completed 1 familiarization visit and then 5 experimental visits in a randomized order: exercise only (Ex), exercise with blood flow restriction (ExB), exercise with cooling (ExC), and exercise with blood flow restriction and cooling (ExBC), and non-exercise control (Con). Measurements of blood lactate and the Stroop Color Word Test were performed before and after exercise. Each bout began with a 15-minute low-moderate intensity warm-up, followed by five 20-second "all out" sprints separated by 40 s of active recovery. Bayes Factors (BF10) quantified evidence for or against the null hypothesis. Within-subject mediation analysis quantified the indirect effect of changes in blood lactate (mediator) on the change in interference control (each exercise condition vs. Con). RESULTS Bayesian pairwise comparisons found that only ExC [σ: -0.37 (-0.59, -0.15)] and ExBC [σ: -0.3 (-0.53, -0.09)] produced changes in incongruent reaction time different from that of Con. There was also evidence that all exercise conditions increased blood lactate (BF10 = 8.65e+29 - 1.9e+32) and improved congruent reaction time (BF10 = 4.01 - 15.371) compared to that of Con. There was no evidence to show that changes in lactate mediated the change in incongruent reaction time. CONCLUSIONS Both exercise with body cooling and when body cooling was combined with blood flow restriction presented favorable changes in incongruent reaction time (a marker of interference control), which might not be explained by the changes in systemic blood lactate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States of America
| | - Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States of America
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education. Exercise Metabolism and Nutrition Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Oquebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States of America
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States of America
| | - Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States of America
| | - Takashi Abe
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1360, Japan
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States of America.
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González-Fernández FT, Delgado-García G, Coll JS, Silva AF, Nobari H, Clemente FM. Relationship between cognitive functioning and physical fitness in regard to age and sex. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:204. [PMID: 37120530 PMCID: PMC10148392 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships among physical cognitive ability, academic performance, and physical fitness regarding age and sex in a group of 187 students (53.48% male, 46.52% female) from one town of Norwest of Jaén, Andalusia (Spain), aged between 9 and 15 years old (M = 11.97, SD = 1.99). The D2 attention test was used in order to analyze selective attention and concentration. Physical fitness, reflected on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), was evaluated using the 6 min Walking Test (6MWT). The analysis taken indicated a significant relationship between physical fitness level, attention, and concentration, as in the general sample looking at sex (finding differences between boys and girls in some DA score in almost all age categories [p < 0.05]) and at age category (finding some differences between the younger age category groups and the older age category groups in some DA scores (p < 0.05), not finding any significant interaction between sex and age category (p > 0.05). In sum, the present study revealed that students with better aerobic fitness can present better-processed elements and smaller omission errors. Moreover, girls and older students seem to present better cognitive functioning scores than boys and younger. Our findings suggest that more research is necessary to elucidate the cognitive function between ages, sexes, and physical fitness and anthropometry levels of students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Delgado-García
- SER Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez (Affiliated to Pontifical, University of Comillas), Palma, 07013, Spain
| | - Jesús Siquier Coll
- SER Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez (Affiliated to Pontifical, University of Comillas), Palma, 07013, Spain
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 56199-11367, Ardabil, Iran.
- Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal
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Mancı E, Herold F, Günay E, Güdücü Ç, Müller NG, Bediz CŞ. The Influence of Acute Sprint Interval Training on the Cognitive Performance of Male Basketball Players: An Investigation of Expertise-Related Differences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4719. [PMID: 36981625 PMCID: PMC10048824 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Highly developed cognitive abilities are an important prerequisite for reaching elite athletic levels. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an acute sprint interval training (SIT) session on the cognitive performance of amateur and elite players. Eighteen amateur and ten elite male basketball players were included in this study. They were asked to perform an acute SIT consisting of the Wingate Test (i.e., four bouts of 30 s all-out sprints) on a cycle ergometer, interspersed with 4 min of active recovery. Before and after the acute SIT, three cognitive tests (i.e., Change Detection Test, Timewall Test, Mackworth Clock Test) were performed. Exercise-induced changes in cognitive performance and between-group differences were analyzed. We did not observe significant between-group differences in the performance of any cognitive test at the pretest, but elite basketball players outperformed the amateur players in specific measures of the Change Detection Test and Timewall Test after the acute SIT (p < 0.05). In addition, for the Clock Test, only the elite basketball players' performance improved from pre- to posttest. The current study's findings suggest that male elite basketball players, compared to amateur basketball players, can preserve their cognitive performance after an acute bout of SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egemen Mancı
- Faculty of Sport Science, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35320, Turkey
| | - Fabian Herold
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Erkan Günay
- Faculty of Sport Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
| | - Çağdaş Güdücü
- Department of Biophysics, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35320, Turkey
| | - Notger G. Müller
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cem Ş. Bediz
- Department of Physiology, University of Kyrenia, Kyrenia 99138, Cyprus
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Seo Y. Added Inspiratory Resistance Does Not Impair Cognitive Function and Mood State. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2743. [PMID: 36768115 PMCID: PMC9916233 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated cognitive function and mood state with inspiratory resistance before and after maximal exercise in hypoxia. Nine healthy men (age = 25 ± 2 years) performed the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics-4th Edition (ANAM4) of the Stroop color-word test (SCWT) and total mood disturbance (TMD) before and after an incremental cycling exercise until volitional fatigue with four different inspiratory resistances (0, 1.5, 4.5, 7.5 cm H2O·L-1·s-1). There was no significant difference in the interference score of SCWT and TMD at normobaric, hypoxic conditions at four different inspiratory resistances. However, the interference score of SCWT was improved following maximal cycling exercise, whereas TMD was not improved. Inspiratory resistance did not have a deleterious effect on cognitive function and mood state in normobaric hypoxia after maximal cycling exercise. However, following maximal cycling exercise, cognitive function was improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsuk Seo
- Sports AIX Graduate Program, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Sudo M, Costello JT, McMorris T, Ando S. The effects of acute high-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive performance: A structured narrative review. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:957677. [PMID: 36212191 PMCID: PMC9538359 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.957677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that acute moderate-intensity exercise improves cognitive performance. However, the effects of acute high-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive performance have not been well characterized. In this review, we summarize the literature investigating the exercise-cognition interaction, especially focusing on high-intensity aerobic exercise. We discuss methodological and physiological factors that potentially mediate cognitive performance in response to high-intensity exercise. We propose that the effects of high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance are primarily affected by the timing of cognitive task (during vs. after exercise, and the time delay after exercise). In particular, cognitive performance is more likely to be impaired during high-intensity exercise when both cognitive and physiological demands are high and completed simultaneously (i.e., the dual-task paradigm). The effects may also be affected by the type of cognitive task, physical fitness, exercise mode/duration, and age. Second, we suggest that interactions between changes in regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygenation, cerebral metabolism, neuromodulation by neurotransmitters/neurotrophic factors, and a variety of psychological factors are promising candidates that determine cognitive performance in response to acute high-intensity exercise. The present review has implications for recreational, sporting, and occupational activities where high cognitive and physiological demands are required to be completed concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Sudo
- Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Mizuki Sudo,
| | - Joseph T. Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Terry McMorris
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
- Soichi Ando,
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Brain hemodynamic changes during sprint interval cycling exercise and recovery periods. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ando S, Komiyama T, Tanoue Y, Sudo M, Costello JT, Uehara Y, Higaki Y. Cognitive Improvement After Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Is Not Associated With Peripheral Biomarkers. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:853150. [PMID: 35368295 PMCID: PMC8967356 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.853150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of peripheral biomarkers following acute physical exercise on cognitive improvement has not been systematically evaluated. This study aimed to explore the role of peripheral circulating biomarkers in executive performance following acute aerobic and resistance exercise. Nineteen healthy males completed a central executive (Go/No-Go) task before and after 30-min of perceived intensity matched aerobic and resistance exercise. In the aerobic condition, the participants cycled an ergometer at 40% peak oxygen uptake. In the resistance condition, they performed resistance exercise using elastic bands. Before and after an acute bout of physical exercise, venous samples were collected for the assessment of following biomarkers: adrenaline, noradrenaline, glucose, lactate, cortisol, insulin-like growth hormone factor 1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Reaction time decreased following both aerobic exercise and resistance exercise (p = 0.04). Repeated measures correlation analysis indicated that changes in reaction time were not associated with the peripheral biomarkers (all p > 0.05). Accuracy tended to decrease in the resistance exercise condition (p = 0.054). Accuracy was associated with changes in adrenaline [rrm(18) = −0.51, p = 0.023], noradrenaline [rrm(18) = −0.66, p = 0.002], lactate [rrm(18) = −0.47, p = 0.035], and brain-derived neurotrophic factor [rrm(17) = −0.47, p = 0.044] in the resistance condition. These findings suggest that these peripheral biomarkers do not directly contribute to reduction in reaction time following aerobic or resistance exercise. However, greater sympathoexcitation, reflected by greater increase in noradrenaline, may be associated with a tendency for a reduction in accuracy after acute resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Soichi Ando,
| | - Takaaki Komiyama
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiya Tanoue
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sudo
- Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Shinjuku City, Japan
| | - Joseph T. Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshinari Uehara
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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