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Kim YH, Kim SH. Development and validation of a method for preparing heated tobacco product aerosol condensate (HTPAC) for large-scale toxicity data acquisition. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115621. [PMID: 37879201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
A method of preparing heated tobacco product aerosol condensate (HTPAC) was developed to expedite HTP toxicity evaluation, and the effectiveness was assessed. To prepare HTPAC, HTP aerosol was generated and collected using a Cambridge filter (particulate phase) and Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS; gaseous phase). The aerosol collected on the Cambridge filter was extracted using methanol, which was thereafter removed by nitrogen purging. The HTP aerosol residue was mixed with DPBS loaded with the collected HTP vapor, ultimately yielding HTPAC. Nicotine and formaldehyde, key harmful compounds in HTP aerosol, were detected in HTPAC (901 ± 224 and 22.2 ± 3.90 µg stick-1, respectively, comparable to those in HTP aerosol (990-1350 (nicotine) and 2.33-21.9 µg stick-1 (formaldehyde)). Propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin, which influence the amount of HTP aerosol, were detected at similar levels in HTPAC and HTP aerosol (propylene glycol = 616 ± 57.1 (HTPAC) and 320-630 µg stick-1 (aerosol) and vegetable glycerin = 2418 ± 224 (HTPAC) and 1667-4000 µg stick-1 (aerosol)). Known components of HTP aerosol (hydroxyacetone, acetic acid, triacetin, and 2-furanmethanol) were also detected in HTPAC. Consequently, HTPAC offers an effective method for concentrating harmful compounds found in HTP aerosols. This, in turn, facilitates comprehensive toxicity assessments, paving the way for guidelines ensuring the safe utilization of HTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental, Resources and Energy Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
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Furuta Y, Manita D, Hirowatari Y, Shoji K, Ogata H, Tanaka A, Kawabata T. Postprandial Fatty Acid Metabolism with Coconut Oil in Young Females: A Randomized, Single-blind, Cross-over Trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2023:S0002-9165(23)46271-5. [PMID: 36948274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 84% of fatty acids contained in coconut oil (CO) are saturated fatty acids (SFA), and approximately 47% of the SFA are lauric acid with 12 carbon atoms. Lauric acid carbon chain length is intermediate between medium and long chain fatty acids. We examined how CO acts on lipid-related substances in the blood to determine whether its properties were similar to medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) or long-chain fatty acids (LCFA). METHODS This is a randomized controlled single-blind crossover study. 15 females were enrolled, using three test meals containing 30-g each of three different oils: CO (CO-meal), medium-chain triacylglycerol-oil (MCT-meal), and long-chain triacylglycerol-oil (LCT-meal). Blood samples were collected at fasted baseline and every 2 h for 8 h after the intake of each test meal. RESULTS Repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the ketone bodies and triglyceride (TG) showed an interaction between time and the test meal (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). In subsequent Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test of the ketone bodies, statistically significant differences were observed between the CO-meal and the LCT-meal (P < 0.05) 83.8 (95% CI, 14.7,153.0) and between the MCT-meal and the LCT-meal (P < 0.05) 79.2 (95% CI, 10.0,148.4). The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) and maximum increase in very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol (IDL-C) were the lowest for CO-meal intakes. CONCLUSIONS The characteristics of lauric acid contained in coconut oil, including the kinetics of β-oxidation and effects on blood TG, were very similar to those of MCFA. Moreover, regarding the iAUC and peak increment, VLDL-C and IDL-C were the lowest with the CO-meal. These results suggest that the intake of CO after fasting does not increase the TG, VLDL-C, and IDL-C, and may help prevent dyslipidemia. This trial was registered at UMIN as UMIN000019959.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Furuta
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan; , , , ,.
| | - Daisuke Manita
- Tosoh Corporation, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase-shi, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Saitama Prefectural University, 820 Sannomiya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama 343-8540 Japan.
| | - Yuji Hirowatari
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Saitama Prefectural University, 820 Sannomiya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama 343-8540 Japan.
| | - Kumiko Shoji
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan; , , , ,.
| | - Hiromitsu Ogata
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan; , , , ,.
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan; , , , ,.
| | - Terue Kawabata
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan; , , , ,.
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Kawasaki Y, Li YS, Ootsuyama Y, Fujisawa K, Omori H, Onoue A, Kubota K, Yoshino T, Nonami Y, Yoshida M, Yamato H, Kawai K. Assessment of exposure and DNA damage from second-hand smoke using potential biomarker in urine: cigarettes and heated tobacco products. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2023; 72:242-247. [DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Kawasaki
- Department of Environmental Oncology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Yun-Shan Li
- Department of Environmental Oncology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Yuko Ootsuyama
- Department of Environmental Oncology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujisawa
- Department of Environmental Oncology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Omori
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Ayumi Onoue
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Kenichi Kubota
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Health Care Center
| | - Toshimi Yoshino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Health Care Center
| | - Yoshio Nonami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Health Care Center
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Health Care Center
| | - Hiroshi Yamato
- Department of Health Development, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kawai
- Center for Stress-related Disease Control and Prevention, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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Hussein T. Indoor Exposure and Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose Rate during Smoking and Incense Stick Burning-The Jordanian Case as an Example for Eastern Mediterranean Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:587. [PMID: 36612906 PMCID: PMC9819828 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking and incense burning are commonly used in Jordanian microenvironments. While smoking in Jordan is prohibited inside closed spaces, incense burning remains uncontrolled. In this study, particle size distributions (diameter 0.01-25 µm) were measured and inhaled deposited dose rates were calculated during typical smoking and incense stick-burning scenarios inside a closed room, and the exposure was summarized in terms of number and mass concentrations of submicron (PNSub) and fine particles (PM2.5). During cigarette smoking and incense stick-burning scenarios, the particle number concentrations exceeded 3 × 105 cm-3. They exceeded 5 × 105 cm-3 during shisha smoking. The emission rates were 1.9 × 1010, 6.8 × 1010, and 1.7 × 1010 particles/s, respectively, for incense, cigarettes, and shisha. That corresponded to about 7, 80, and 120 µg/s, respectively. Males received higher dose rates than females, with about 75% and 55% in the pulmonary/alveolar during walking and standing, respectively. The total dose rates were in the order of 1012-1013 #/h (103-104 µg/h), respectively, for PNSub and PM2.5. The above reported concentrations, emissions rates, and dose rates are considered seriously high, recalling the fact that aerosols emitted during such scenarios consist of a vast range of toxicant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Hussein
- Environmental and Atmospheric Research Laboratory (EARL), Department of Physics, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR/Physics), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Folpmers S, Mook-Kanamori DO, de Mutsert R, Rosendaal FR, Willems van Dijk K, van Heemst D, Noordam R, le Cessie S. Agreement between nicotine metabolites in blood and self-reported smoking status: The Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study. Addict Behav Rep 2022; 16:100457. [PMID: 36187563 PMCID: PMC9519471 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Selfreported smoking status and nicotine metabolites information often agreed. In none of never smokers, more than two nicotine metabolites were detected. Two or more nicotine metabolites were present in all self-reported regular smokers. Metabolic information differed between self-reported regular and occasional smokers.
Introduction Self-report and nicotine detection are methods to measure smoking exposure and can both lead to misclassification. It is important to highlight discrepancies between these two methods in the context of epidemiological research. Objective The aim of this cross-sectional study is to assess the agreements between self-reported smoking status and nicotine metabolite detection. Methods Data of 599 participants from the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study were used to compare serum metabolite levels of five nicotine metabolites (cotinine, hydroxy-cotinine, cotinine N-Oxide, norcotinine, 3-hydroxy-cotinine-glucuronide) between self-reported never smokers (n = 245), former smokers (n = 283) and current smokers (n = 71). We assessed whether metabolites were absent or present and used logistic regression to discriminate between current and never smokers based on nicotine metabolite information. A classification tree was derived to classify individuals into current smokers and non/former smokers based on metabolite information. Results In 94% of the self-reported current smokers, at least one metabolite was present, versus in 19% of the former smokers and in 10% of the never smokers. In none of the never smokers, cotinine-n-oxide, 3-hydroxy-cotinine-n-glucorinide or norcotinine was present, while at least one of these metabolites was detected in 68% of the self-reported current smokers. The classification tree classified 95% of the participants in accordance to their self-reported smoking status. All self-reported smokers who were classified as non-smokers according to the metabolite profile, had reported to be occasional smokers. Conclusion The agreement between self-reported smoking status and metabolite information was high. This indicates that self-reported smoking status is generally reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Folpmers
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia le Cessie
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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