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Albalawi FE, Alsharif I, Moawadh MS, Alkhoshaiban A, Falah Alshehri F, Albalawi AE, Althobaiti NA, Alharbi ZM, Almohaimeed HM. Immunomodulatory effects of Kaempferol on microglial and Macrophage cells during the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112021. [PMID: 38626549 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) stands as a prevalent secondary complication of diabetes, notably Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D), characterized by immune system involvement potentially impacting the retinal immune response mediated by microglia. Early stages of DR witness blood-retinal barrier permeabilization, facilitating peripheral immune cell interaction with the retinal immune system. Kaempferol (Kae), known for its potent anti-inflammatory activity, presents a promising avenue in DR treatment by targeting the immune mechanisms underlying its onset and progression. Our investigation delves into the molecular intricacies of innate immune cell interaction during DR progression and the attenuation of inflammatory processes pivotal to its pathology. METHODS Employing in vitro studies, we exposed HAPI microglial and J774.A1 macrophage cells to pro-inflammatory stimuli in the presence or absence of Kae. Ex vivo and in vivo experiments utilized BB rats, a T1D animal model. Retinal explants from BB rats were cultured with Kae, while intraperitoneal Kae injections were administered to BB rats for 15 days. Quantitative PCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and Spectral Domain - Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) facilitated survival assessment, cellular signaling analysis, and inflammatory marker determination. RESULTS Results demonstrate Kae significantly mitigates inflammatory processes across in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo DR models, primarily targeting immune cell responses. Kae administration notably inhibits proinflammatory responses during DR progression while promoting an anti-inflammatory milieu, chiefly through microglia-mediated synthesis of Arginase-1 and Hemeoxygenase-1(HO-1). In vivo, Kae administration effectively preserves retinal integrity amid DR progression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings elucidate the interplay between retinal and systemic immune cells in DR progression, underscoring a differential treatment response predominantly orchestrated by microglia's anti-inflammatory action. Kae treatment induces a phenotypic and functional shift in immune cells, delaying DR progression, thereby spotlighting microglial cells as a promising therapeutic target in DR management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Eid Albalawi
- Regional laboratory, blood bank and poisons centre, Sakaka 72346, Saudi Arabia; Medical College, Fahad Bin Sultan University, Tabuk 47721, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ifat Alsharif
- Department of Biology, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdoh S Moawadh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Faez Falah Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Ad Dawadimi-17464, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aishah E Albalawi
- Faculty of science, Department of Biology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47913, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A Althobaiti
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Al Quwaiiyah, Shaqra University, Al Quwaiiyah 19257, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeyad M Alharbi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hailah M Almohaimeed
- Department of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Reichert Plaska C, Heslegrave A, Bruno D, Ramos-Cejudo J, Han Lee S, Osorio R, Imbimbo BP, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Pomara N. Evidence for reduced anti-inflammatory microglial phagocytic response in late-life major depression. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:248-255. [PMID: 38795783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) but the precise mechanisms underlying this relationship are not understood. While it is well established that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble levels of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) increase during early stages of AD, how sTREM2 levels behave in subjects with MDD is not known. In a longitudinal study, we measured CSF sTREM2 levels in 27 elderly cognitively intact individuals with late-life major depression (LLMD) and in 19 healthy controls. We tested the hypothesis that, similarly to what happens in early stages of AD, CSF sTREM2 would be elevated in MDD. In addition, we compared the associations of CSF sTREM2, pro- and anti- inflammatory, and AD biomarkers in LLMD and control subjects. Surprisingly, we found that mean CSF sTREM2 levels were significantly reduced in LLMD compared to controls. This reduction was no longer significant at the 3-year follow-up visit when depression severity improved. In addition, we found that CSF sTREM2 was associated with AD biomarkers and proinflammatory cytokines in controls but not in LLMD. These findings suggest that impaired microglia phagocytic response to AD pathology may be a novel link between MDD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Reichert Plaska
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Bruno
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime Ramos-Cejudo
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; VA Boston Cooperative Studies Program MAVERIC, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ricardo Osorio
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Clinical Research Department, Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Bruno P Imbimbo
- Department of Research & Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and Department of Neurology, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Science and Technology of China and First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Nunzio Pomara
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Munan S, Mondal A, Shailja S, Pati S, Samanta A. Unique Synthetic Strategy for Probing in Situ Lysosomal NO for Screening Neuroinflammatory Phenotypes against SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Phagocytotic Microglia. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7479-7486. [PMID: 38689560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of microglia, brain immune cells promote nitrergic stress by overproducing nitric oxide (NO), leading to neuroinflammation. Furthermore, NO has been linked to COVID-19 progression, which has caused significant morbidity and mortality. SARS-CoV-2 infection activates inflammation by releasing excess NO and causing cell death in human microglial clone 3 (HMC3). In addition, NO regulates lysosomal functions and complex machinery to neutralize pathogens through phagocytosis. Therefore, developing lysosome-specific NO probes to monitor phagocytosis in microglia during the COVID-19 infection would be a significant study. Herein, a unique synthetic strategy was adopted to develop a NO selective fluorescent probe, PDM-NO, which can discriminate activated microglia from their resting state. The nonfluorescent PDM-NO exhibits a turn-on response toward NO only at lysosomal pH (4.5-5.5). Quantum chemical calculations (DFT/TD-DFT/PCM) and photophysical study revealed that the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process is pivotal in tuning optical properties. PDM-NO demonstrated good biocompatibility and lysosomal specificity in activated HMC3 cells. Moreover, it can effectively map the dynamics of lysosomal NO against SARS-CoV-2 RNA-induced neuroinflammation in HMC3. Thus, PDM-NO is a potential fluorescent marker for detecting RNA virus infection and monitoring phagocytosis in HMC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Munan
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics (MST) Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University (SNIoE), Delhi NCR, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Abir Mondal
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University (SNIoE), Delhi NCR, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Singh Shailja
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Soumya Pati
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University (SNIoE), Delhi NCR, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Animesh Samanta
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics (MST) Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University (SNIoE), Delhi NCR, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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Tang Y, Wu X, Li J, Li Y, Xu X, Li G, Zhang P, Qin C, Wu LJ, Tang Z, Tian DS. The Emerging Role of Microglial Hv1 as a Target for Immunomodulation in Myelin Repair. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1176-1203. [PMID: 38029392 PMCID: PMC11081154 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), the myelin sheath ensures efficient interconnection between neurons and contributes to the regulation of the proper function of neuronal networks. The maintenance of myelin and the well-organized subtle process of myelin plasticity requires cooperation among myelin-forming cells, glial cells, and neural networks. The process of cooperation is fragile, and the balance is highly susceptible to disruption by microenvironment influences. Reactive microglia play a critical and complicated role in the demyelination and remyelination process. Recent studies have shown that the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 is selectively expressed in microglia in CNS, which regulates intracellular pH and is involved in the production of reactive oxygen species, underlying multifaceted roles in maintaining microglia function. This paper begins by examining the molecular mechanisms of demyelination and emphasizes the crucial role of the microenvironment in demyelination. It focuses specifically on the role of Hv1 in myelin repair and its therapeutic potential in CNS demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yuanwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Gaigai Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhouping Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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5
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Sharma M, Pal P, Gupta SK. The neurotransmitter puzzle of Alzheimer's: Dissecting mechanisms and exploring therapeutic horizons. Brain Res 2024; 1829:148797. [PMID: 38342422 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) represents a complex interplay of neurological pathways and molecular mechanisms, with significant impacts on patients' lives. This review synthesizes the latest developments in AD research, focusing on both the scientific advancements and their clinical implications. We examine the role of microglia in AD, highlighting their contribution to the disease's inflammatory aspects. The cholinergic hypothesis, a cornerstone of AD research, is re-evaluated, including the role of Alpha-7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in disease progression. This review places particular emphasis on the neurotransmission systems, exploring the therapeutic potential of GABAergic neurotransmitters and the role of NMDA inhibitors in the context of glutamatergic neurotransmission. By analyzing the interactions and implications of neurotransmitter pathways in AD, we aim to shed light on emerging therapeutic strategies. In addition to molecular insights, the review addresses the clinical and personal aspects of AD, underscoring the need for patient-centered approaches in treatment and care. The final section looks at the future directions of AD research and treatment, discussing the integration of scientific innovation with patient care. This review aims to provide a comprehensive update on AD, merging scientific insights with practical considerations, suitable for both specialists and those new to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Pal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sukesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, USA.
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6
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Guo Z, Long T, Yao J, Li Y, Xiao L, Chen M. Potential antidepressant effects of Traditional Chinese botanical drug formula Chaihu-Shugan-San and its active ingredients. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1337876. [PMID: 38628641 PMCID: PMC11019007 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1337876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Depression is a severe mental disorder that poses a significant threat to both the physical and mental wellbeing of individuals. Currently, there are various methods for treating depression, including traditional Chinese herbal formulations like Chaihu-Shugan-San (CSS), which have shown effective antidepressant effects in both clinical and animal research. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of evidence related to CSS, considering both preclinical and clinical studies, to uncover its potential multi-level, multi-pathway, and multi-target mechanisms for treating depression and identify its active ingredients. Methods: A thorough search was conducted in electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CNKI, and Wanfang, using keywords such as "Chaihu Shugan" and "depression" to retrieve relevant literature on CSS and its active ingredients. The review process adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. Results: This review consolidates the mechanisms underlying antidepressant effects of CSS and its active ingredients. It emphasizes its involvement in the regulation of monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems, synaptic plasticity, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, among other aspects. Conclusion: CSS exerts a pivotal role in treating depression through various pathways, including the monoaminergic neurotransmitter system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, synaptic plasticity, inflammation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, and the brain-gut axis. This review facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the current state of CSS research, fostering an in-depth exploration of the etiological mechanisms of depression and the potential discovery of novel antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Guo
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Tianjian Long
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianping Yao
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yamin Li
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu Xiao
- Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Min Chen
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macao SAR, China
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7
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Firth W, Robb JL, Stewart D, Pye KR, Bamford R, Oguro-Ando A, Beall C, Ellacott KLJ. Regulation of astrocyte metabolism by mitochondrial translocator protein 18 kDa. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38482552 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The mitochondrial translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) has been linked to functions from steroidogenesis to regulation of cellular metabolism and is an attractive therapeutic target for chronic CNS inflammation. Studies in Leydig cells and microglia indicate that TSPO function may vary between cells depending on their specialized roles. Astrocytes are critical for providing trophic and metabolic support in the brain. Recent work has highlighted that TSPO expression increases in astrocytes under inflamed conditions and may drive astrocyte reactivity. Relatively little is known about the role TSPO plays in regulating astrocyte metabolism and whether this protein is involved in immunometabolic processes in these cells. Using TSPO-deficient (TSPO-/- ) mouse primary astrocytes in vitro (MPAs) and a human astrocytoma cell line (U373 cells), we performed extracellular metabolic flux analyses. We found that TSPO deficiency reduced basal cellular respiration and attenuated the bioenergetic response to glucopenia. Fatty acid oxidation was increased, and lactate production was reduced in TSPO-/- MPAs and U373 cells. Co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that TSPO forms a complex with carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a in U373 and MPAs, presenting a mechanism wherein TSPO may regulate FAO in these cells. Compared to TSPO+/+ cells, in TSPO-/- MPAs we observed attenuated tumor necrosis factor release following 3 h lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, which was enhanced at 24 h post-LPS stimulation. Together these data suggest that while TSPO acts as a regulator of metabolic flexibility, TSPO deficiency does not appear to modulate the metabolic response of MPAs to inflammation, at least in response to the model used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyn Firth
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Josephine L Robb
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Daisy Stewart
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Katherine R Pye
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Rosemary Bamford
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig Beall
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kate L J Ellacott
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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8
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Bedolla AM, McKinsey GL, Ware K, Santander N, Arnold TD, Luo Y. A comparative evaluation of the strengths and potential caveats of the microglial inducible CreER mouse models. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113660. [PMID: 38217856 PMCID: PMC10874587 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent proliferation of new Cre and CreER recombinase lines provides researchers with a diverse toolkit to study microglial gene function. To determine how best to apply these lines in studies of microglial gene function, a thorough and detailed comparison of their properties is needed. Here, we examined four different microglial CreER lines (Cx3cr1YFP-CreER(Litt), Cx3cr1CreER(Jung), P2ry12CreER, and Tmem119CreER), focusing on (1) recombination specificity, (2) leakiness (the degree of tamoxifen-independent recombination in microglia and other cells), (3) the efficiency of tamoxifen-induced recombination, (4) extraneural recombination (the degree of recombination in cells outside of the CNS, particularly myelo/monocyte lineages), and (5) off-target effects in the context of neonatal brain development. We identify important caveats and strengths for these lines, which will provide broad significance for researchers interested in performing conditional gene deletion in microglia. We also provide data emphasizing the potential of these lines for injury models that result in the recruitment of splenic immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Bedolla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gabriel L McKinsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kierra Ware
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nicolas Santander
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Thomas D Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
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Twitto-Greenberg R, Liraz-Zaltsman S, Michaelson DM, Liraz O, Lubitz I, Atrakchi-Baranes D, Shemesh C, Ashery U, Cooper I, Harari A, Harats D, Schnaider-Beeri M, Shaish A. 9-cis beta-carotene-enriched diet significantly improved cognition and decreased Alzheimer's disease neuropathology and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease-like mouse models. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 133:16-27. [PMID: 38381472 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
A significant progressive decline in beta-carotene (βC) levels in the brain is associated with cognitive impairment and a higher prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we investigated whether the administration of 9-cis beta-carotene (9CBC)-rich powder of the alga Dunaliella bardawil, the best-known source of βC in nature, inhibits the development of AD-like neuropathology and cognitive deficits. We demonstrated that in 3 AD mouse models, Tg2576, 5xFAD, and apoE4, 9CBC treatment improved long- and short-term memory, decreased neuroinflammation, and reduced the prevalence of β-amyloid plaques and tau hyperphosphorylation. These findings suggest that 9CBC has the potential to be an effective preventive and symptomatic AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Twitto-Greenberg
- The Bert W. Strassburger Metabolic Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; The Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Sigal Liraz-Zaltsman
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Institutes for Health and Medical Professions, Department of Sports Therapy, Ono Academic College, Kyrat-Ono, Israel
| | - Daniel M Michaelson
- The Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ori Liraz
- The Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Irit Lubitz
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | - Chen Shemesh
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Uri Ashery
- The Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Itzik Cooper
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Institutes for Health and Medical Professions, Department of Sports Therapy, Ono Academic College, Kyrat-Ono, Israel
| | - Ayelet Harari
- The Bert W. Strassburger Metabolic Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Dror Harats
- The Bert W. Strassburger Metabolic Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Aviv Shaish
- The Bert W. Strassburger Metabolic Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Life Sciences, Achva Academic College, Be'er-Tuvia Regional Council, Israel.
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Fang S, Wu Z, Guo Y, Zhu W, Wan C, Yuan N, Chen J, Hao W, Mo X, Guo X, Fan L, Li X, Chen J. Roles of microglia in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression and their therapeutics. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1193053. [PMID: 37881439 PMCID: PMC10597707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis generates functional neurons from neural progenitor cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) to complement and repair neurons and neural circuits, thus benefiting the treatment of depression. Increasing evidence has shown that aberrant microglial activity can disrupt the appropriate formation and development of functional properties of neurogenesis, which will play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of depression. However, the mechanisms of the crosstalk between microglia and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression are not yet fully understood. Therefore, in this review, we first introduce recent discoveries regarding the roles of microglia and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the etiology of depression. Then, we systematically discuss the possible mechanisms of how microglia regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression according to recent studies, which involve toll-like receptors, microglial polarization, fractalkine-C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cytokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and the microbiota-gut-brain axis, etc. In addition, we summarize the promising drugs that could improve the adult hippocampal neurogenesis by regulating the microglia. These findings will help us understand the complicated pathological mechanisms of depression and shed light on the development of new treatment strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Fang
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibin Wu
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yali Guo
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunmiao Wan
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Naijun Yuan
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Shenzhen People’s Hospital, 2Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianbei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhi Hao
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Mo
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Fan
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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11
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Pesämaa I, Müller SA, Robinson S, Darcher A, Paquet D, Zetterberg H, Lichtenthaler SF, Haass C. A microglial activity state biomarker panel differentiates FTD-granulin and Alzheimer's disease patients from controls. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:70. [PMID: 37775827 PMCID: PMC10543321 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00657-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the emergence of microglia-modulating therapies there is an urgent need for reliable biomarkers to evaluate microglial activation states. METHODS Using mouse models and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (hiMGL), genetically modified to yield the most opposite homeostatic (TREM2-knockout) and disease-associated (GRN-knockout) states, we identified microglia activity-dependent markers. Non-targeted mass spectrometry was used to identify proteomic changes in microglia and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Grn- and Trem2-knockout mice. Additionally, we analyzed the proteome of GRN- and TREM2-knockout hiMGL and their conditioned media. Candidate marker proteins were tested in two independent patient cohorts, the ALLFTD cohort (GRN mutation carriers versus non-carriers), as well as the proteomic data set available from the EMIF-AD MBD study. RESULTS We identified proteomic changes between the opposite activation states in mouse microglia and CSF, as well as in hiMGL cell lysates and conditioned media. For further verification, we analyzed the CSF proteome of heterozygous GRN mutation carriers suffering from frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We identified a panel of six proteins (FABP3, MDH1, GDI1, CAPG, CD44, GPNMB) as potential indicators for microglial activation. Moreover, we confirmed three of these proteins (FABP3, GDI1, MDH1) to be significantly elevated in the CSF of Alzheimer's (AD) patients. Remarkably, each of these markers differentiated amyloid-positive cases with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from amyloid-negative individuals. CONCLUSIONS The identified candidate proteins reflect microglia activity and may be relevant for monitoring the microglial response in clinical practice and clinical trials modulating microglial activity and amyloid deposition. Moreover, the finding that three of these markers differentiate amyloid-positive from amyloid-negative MCI cases in the AD cohort suggests that these proteins associate with a very early immune response to seeded amyloid. This is consistent with our previous findings in the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Disease Network (DIAN) cohort, where soluble TREM2 increases as early as 21 years before symptom onset. Moreover, in mouse models for amyloidogenesis, seeding of amyloid is limited by physiologically active microglia further supporting their early protective role. The biological functions of some of our main candidates (FABP3, CD44, GPNMB) also further emphasize that lipid dysmetabolism may be a common feature of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Pesämaa
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Stephan A Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Robinson
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians- University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alana Darcher
- Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominik Paquet
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians- University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany.
- Biomedical Centre (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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12
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Pahan P, Xie JY. Microglial inflammation modulates opioid analgesic tolerance. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1383-1392. [PMID: 37186407 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As we all know, opioids are the drugs of choice for treating severe pain. However, very often, opioid use leads to tolerance, dependence, and hyperalgesia. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying opioid tolerance and designing strategies for increasing the efficacy of opioids in chronic pain are important areas of research. Microglia are brain macrophages that remove debris and dead cells from the brain and participate in immune defense of the central nervous system during an insult or injury. However, recent studies indicate that microglial activation and generation of proinflammatory molecules (e.g., cytokines, nitric oxide, eicosanoids, etc.) in the brain may contribute to opioid tolerance and other side effects of opioid use. In this review, we will summarize the evidence and possible mechanisms by which proinflammatory molecules produced by activated microglia may antagonize the analgesic effect induced by opioids, and thus, lead to opioid tolerance. We will also delineate specific examples of studies that suggest therapeutic targets to counteract the development of tolerance clinically using suppressors of microglial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Pahan
- Department of Basic Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Arkansas, Jonesboro, USA
| | - Jennifer Yanhua Xie
- Department of Basic Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Arkansas, Jonesboro, USA
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13
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Reynolds L, Luo Z, Singh K. Diabetic complications and prospective immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1219598. [PMID: 37483613 PMCID: PMC10360133 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1219598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus is increasing globally. Individuals who have been burdened with diabetes for many years often develop complications as a result of hyperglycemia. More and more research is being conducted highlighting inflammation as an important factor in disease progression. In all kinds of diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to activation of alternative glucose metabolic pathways, resulting in problematic by-products including reactive oxygen species and advanced glycation end products. This review takes a look into the pathogenesis of three specific diabetic complications; retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy as well as their current treatment options. By considering recent research papers investigating the effects of immunotherapy on relevant conditions in animal models, multiple strategies are suggested for future treatment and prevention of diabetic complications with an emphasis on molecular targets associated with the inflammation.
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14
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Cheung G, Lin YC, Papadopoulos V. Translocator protein in the rise and fall of central nervous system neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1210205. [PMID: 37416505 PMCID: PMC10322222 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1210205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocator protein (TSPO), a 18 kDa protein found in the outer mitochondrial membrane, has historically been associated with the transport of cholesterol in highly steroidogenic tissues though it is found in all cells throughout the mammalian body. TSPO has also been associated with molecular transport, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and energy metabolism. TSPO levels are typically low in the central nervous system (CNS), but a significant upregulation is observed in activated microglia during neuroinflammation. However, there are also a few specific regions that have been reported to have higher TSPO levels than the rest of the brain under normal conditions. These include the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the olfactory bulb, the subventricular zone, the choroid plexus, and the cerebellum. These areas are also all associated with adult neurogenesis, yet there is no explanation of TSPO's function in these cells. Current studies have investigated the role of TSPO in microglia during neuron degeneration, but TSPO's role in the rest of the neuron lifecycle remains to be elucidated. This review aims to discuss the known functions of TSPO and its potential role in the lifecycle of neurons within the CNS.
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15
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Pesämaa I, Müller SA, Robinson S, Darcher A, Paquet D, Zetterberg H, Lichtenthaler SF, Haass C. A MICROGLIAL ACTIVITY STATE BIOMARKER PANEL DIFFERENTIATES FTD-GRANULIN AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE PATIENTS FROM CONTROLS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.15.545187. [PMID: 37398209 PMCID: PMC10312678 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.15.545187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Background With the emergence of microglia-modulating therapies there is an urgent need for reliable biomarkers to evaluate microglial activation states. Methods Using mouse models and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (hiMGL), which were genetically modified to yield the most opposite homeostatic ( TREM2- knockout) and disease-associated ( GRN -knockout) states, we identified microglia activity-dependent markers. Non-targeted mass spectrometry was used to identify changes in microglial and cerebrospinal (CSF) proteome of Grn - and Trem2 -knockout mice. Additionally, we analyzed the proteome of GRN - and TREM2 -knockout hiMGL and their conditioned media. Candidate marker proteins were tested in two independent patient cohorts, the ALLFTD cohort with 11 GRN mutation carriers and 12 non-carriers, as well as the proteomic data set available from the European Medical Information Framework Alzheimer's Disease Multimodal Biomarker Discovery (EMIF-AD MBD). Findings We identified proteomic changes between the opposite activation states in mouse microglia and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as in hiMGL cell lysates and conditioned media. For further verification, we analyzed the CSF proteome of heterozygous GRN mutation carriers suffering from frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We identified a panel of six proteins (FABP3, MDH1, GDI1, CAPG, CD44, GPNMB) as potential indicators for microglial activation. Moreover, we confirmed three of these proteins (FABP3, GDI1, MDH1) to be significantly elevated in the CSF of AD patients. In AD, these markers differentiated amyloid-positive cases with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from amyloid-negative individuals. Interpretation The identified candidate proteins reflect microglia activity and may be relevant for monitoring the microglial response in clinical practice and clinical trials modulating microglial activity and amyloid deposition. Moreover, the finding that three of these markers differentiate amyloid-positive from amyloid-negative MCI cases in the AD cohort suggests that these marker proteins associate with a very early immune response to seeded amyloid. This is consistent with our previous findings in the DIAN (Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Disease Network) cohort, where soluble TREM2 increases as early as 21 years before symptom onset. Moreover, in mouse models for amyloidogenesis, seeding of amyloid is limited by physiologically active microglia further supporting their early protective role. The biological functions of some of our main candidates (FABP3, CD44, GPNMB) also further emphasize that lipid dysmetabolism may be a common feature of neurodegenerative disorders. Funding This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy within the framework of the Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (EXC 2145 SyNergy - ID 390857198 to CH, SFL and DP) and a Koselleck Project HA1737/16-1 (to CH).
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16
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Angeloni E, Germelli L, Marchetti L, Da Pozzo E, Tremolanti C, Wetzel CH, Baglini E, Taliani S, Da Settimo F, Martini C, Costa B. The human microglial surveillant phenotype is preserved by de novo neurosteroidogenesis through the control of cholesterol homeostasis: Crucial role of 18 kDa Translocator Protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166751. [PMID: 37169037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease-associated microglia commonly exhibit harmful cholesterol accumulation that impairs their ability to resolve the neuroinflammatory response, contributing to disease onset and progression. Neurosteroids, whose levels have been often found significantly altered in brain diseases, are the most potent endogenous anti-inflammatory molecules exerting beneficial effects on activities of brain cells, including microglia. For the first time, the impact of neurosteroidogenesis on cholesterol homeostasis for the immune surveillance phenotype maintenance was investigated in a human microglia in vitro model. To enhance and inhibit neurosteroidogenesis, pharmacological stimulation and knock-down of 18 kDa Translocator Protein (TSPO), which is involved in the neurosteroidogenesis rate-limiting step, were used as experimental approaches, respectively. The obtained results point to an essential autocrine control of neurosteroidogenesis in orchestrating cholesterol trafficking in human microglia. TSPO pharmacological stimulation ensured cholesterol turnover by strengthening cholesterol efflux systems and preserving healthy immune surveillant phenotype. Conversely, TSPO knock-down induced an impairment of the controlled interplay among cholesterol synthesis, efflux, and metabolism mechanisms, leading to an excessive cholesterol accumulation and acquisition of a chronically activated dysfunctional phenotype. In this model, the exogenous neurosteroid administration restored proper the cholesterol clearance. The TSPO ability in promoting native neurosteroidogenesis opens the way to restore cholesterol homeostasis, and thus to maintain microglia proper functionality for the treatment of neuroinflammation-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Angeloni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Germelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Laura Marchetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing University of Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti, 43/44, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Da Pozzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing University of Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti, 43/44, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Chiara Tremolanti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Christian H Wetzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Neurosciences, University of Regensburg, 93059 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Emma Baglini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Barbara Costa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing University of Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno Pacinotti, 43/44, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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17
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Liu J, Hiser C, Li F, Hall R, Garavito RM, Ferguson-Miller S. New TSPO Crystal Structures of Mutant and Heme-Bound Forms with Altered Flexibility, Ligand Binding, and Porphyrin Degradation Activity. Biochemistry 2023; 62:1262-1273. [PMID: 36947867 PMCID: PMC10077581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The ancient protein TSPO (translocator protein 18kD) is found in all kingdoms and was originally identified as a binding site of benzodiazepine drugs. Its physiological function remains unclear, although porphyrins are conserved ligands. Several crystal structures of bacterial TSPO and nuclear magnetic resonance structures of a mouse form have revealed monomer and dimer configurations, but there have been no reports of structures with a physiological ligand. Here, we present the first X-ray structures of Rhodobacter sphaeroides TSPO with a physiological ligand bound. Two different variants (substituting threonine for alanine at position 139 (A139T) and phenylalanine for alanine at position 138 (A138F)) yielded well-diffracting crystals giving structures of both apo- and heme-containing forms. Both variants have wild-type micromolar affinity for heme and protoporphyrin IX, but A139T has very low ability to accelerate the breakdown of porphyrin in the presence of light and oxygen. The binding of heme to one protomer of the dimer of either mutant induces a more rigid structure, both in the heme-binding protomer and the protomer without heme bound, demonstrating an allosteric response. Ensemble refinement of the X-ray data reveals distinct regions of altered flexibility in response to single heme binding to the dimer. The A139T variant shows a more rigid structure overall, which may relate to extra hydrogen bonding of waters captured in the heme crevice. As TSPO has been suggested to have a role in heme delivery from mitochondria to the cytoplasm, the new structures provide potential clues regarding the structural basis of such activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Carrie Hiser
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Fei Li
- Amgen
Inc., San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Robert Hall
- Pharmacology
and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - R. Michael Garavito
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Shelagh Ferguson-Miller
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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18
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Bader S, Würfel T, Jahner T, Nothdurfter C, Rupprecht R, Milenkovic VM, Wetzel CH. Impact of Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) Deficiency on Mitochondrial Function and the Inflammatory State of Human C20 Microglia Cells. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060954. [PMID: 36980295 PMCID: PMC10046935 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Upon stimulus presentation, microglia polarize from a resting to an activated state. Microglial translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is considered a marker of inflammation. Here, we characterized the role of TSPO by investigating the impact of TSPO deficiency on human microglia. We used TSPO knockout (TSPO-/-) variants of the human C20 microglia cell line. We found a significant reduction in the TSPO-associated protein VDAC1 in TSPO-/- cells compared to control cells. Moreover, we assessed the impact of TSPO deficiency on calcium levels and the mitochondrial membrane potential. Cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium concentrations were increased in TSPO-/- cell lines, whereas the mitochondrial membrane potential tended to be lower. Assessment of the mitochondrial DNA copy number via RT-PCR revealed a decreased amount of mtDNA in the TSPO-/- cells when compared to controls. Moreover, the metabolic profiles of C20 cells were strongly dependent on the glycolytic pathway. However, TSPO depletion did not affect the cellular metabolic profile. Measurement of the mRNA expression levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators revealed an attenuated response to pro-inflammatory stimuli in TSPO-depleted cells, implying a role for the TSPO protein in the process of microglial polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Bader
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thea Würfel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Jahner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Nothdurfter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir M Milenkovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian H Wetzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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19
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De Felice M, Germelli L, Piccarducci R, Da Pozzo E, Giacomelli C, Baccaglini-Frank A, Martini C. Intermittent hypoxia treatments cause cellular priming in human microglia. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:819-830. [PMID: 36824025 PMCID: PMC10002911 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is a sleep-disordered breathing characterized by nocturnal collapses of the upper airway resulting in cycles of blood oxygen partial pressure oscillations, which lead to tissue and cell damage due to intermittent hypoxia (IH) episodes. Since OSAS-derived IH may lead to cognitive impairment through not fully cleared mechanisms, herein we developed a new in vitro model mimicking IH conditions to shed light on its molecular effects on microglial cells, with particular attention to the inflammatory response. The in vitro model was set-up and validated by measuring the hypoxic state, HIF-1α levels, oxidative stress by ROS production and mitochondrial activity by MTS assay. Then, the mRNA and protein levels of certain inflammatory markers (NF-κB and interleukin 6 (IL-6)) after different IH treatment protocols were investigated. The IH treatments followed by a normoxic period were not able to produce a high inflammatory state in human microglial cells. Nevertheless, microglia appeared to be in a state characterized by increased expression of NF-κB and markers related to a primed phenotype. The microglia exposed to IH cycles and stimulated with exogenous IL-1β resulted in an exaggerated inflammatory response with increased NF-κB and IL-6 expression, suggesting a role for primed microglia in OSAS-driven neuroinflammation.
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20
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Dello Russo C, Cappoli N, Tabolacci E, Sollazzi L, Navarra P, Aceto P. Remifentanil does not affect human microglial immune activation in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:295-309. [PMID: 37220493 PMCID: PMC10201013 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-5667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Remifentanil is a potent ultra-short acting μ-opioid analgesic drug, frequently used in anaesthesia due to its favorable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile. It may be associated with the occurrence of hyperalgesia. Preclinical studies suggest a potential role of microglia, although the molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Considering the role of microglia in brain inflammation and the relevant differences among species, the effects of remifentanil were studied on the human microglial C20 cells. The drug was tested at clinically relevant concentrations under basal and inflammatory conditions. In the C20 cells, the expression and secretion of interleukin 6, interleukin 8 and the monocyte chemotactic protein 1 were rapidly induced by a mixture of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This stimulatory effect was sustained up to 24 h. Remifentanil did not exert any toxic effect nor modify the production of these inflammatory mediators, thus suggesting the lack of direct immune modulatory actions on human microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Dello Russo
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Cappoli
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tabolacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Liliana Sollazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Emergenza, Anestesiologiche e della Rianimazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Aceto
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Emergenza, Anestesiologiche e della Rianimazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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21
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Wiklund L, Sharma A, Muresanu DF, Zhang Z, Li C, Tian ZR, Buzoianu AD, Lafuente JV, Nozari A, Feng L, Sharma HS. TiO 2-Nanowired Delivery of Chinese Extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb-761 and Bilobalide BN-52021 Enhanced Neuroprotective Effects of Cerebrolysin Following Spinal Cord Injury at Cold Environment. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 32:353-384. [PMID: 37480466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32997-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel during combat or peacekeeping operations are exposed to extreme climates of hot or cold environments for longer durations. Spinal cord injury is quite common in military personnel following central nervous system (CNS) trauma indicating a possibility of altered pathophysiological responses at different ambient temperatures. Our previous studies show that the pathophysiology of brain injury is exacerbated in animals acclimated to cold (5 °C) or hot (30 °C) environments. In these diverse ambient temperature zones, trauma exacerbated oxidative stress generation inducing greater blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and cell damage. Extracts of Ginkgo biloba EGb-761 and BN-52021 treatment reduces brain pathology following heat stress. This effect is further improved following TiO2 nanowired delivery in heat stress in animal models. Several studies indicate the role of EGb-761 in attenuating spinal cord induced neuronal damages and improved functional deficit. This is quite likely that these effects are further improved following nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with cerebrolysin-a balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors and peptide fragments in spinal cord trauma. In this review, TiO2 nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with nanowired cerebrolysin is examined in a rat model of spinal cord injury at cold environment. Our results show that spinal cord injury aggravates cord pathology in cold-acclimated rats and nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with cerebrolysin significantly induced superior neuroprotection, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wiklund
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Yuexiu District, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Yuexiu District, China
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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22
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Zhu R, Zeng S, Li N, Fu N, Wang Y, Miao M, Yang Y, Sun M, Zhang J. Sevoflurane exposure induces neurotoxicity by regulating mitochondrial function of microglia due to NAD insufficiency. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:914957. [PMID: 36212689 PMCID: PMC9532507 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.914957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental neurons received with sevoflurane, the commonly used inhalational anesthetic agent in clinical surgery, several times tend to be destroyed. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are activated after sevoflurane exposure, accompanied by releasing proinflammatory cytokines that damage developing neurons. The sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity could be attributed to activated microglia presenting proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. Proinflammatory microglia release cytokines to impair the CNS, while anti-inflammatory microglia engulf damaged neurons to maintain CNS homeostasis. Sevoflurane exposure promotes the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by microglia, inhibiting the microglial phagocytic function. Microglia with poor phagocytic function cannot engulf damaged neurons, leading to the accumulation of damaged neurons. The mechanism underlying poor phagocytic function may be attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction of microglia induced by sevoflurane exposure, in which affected mitochondria cannot generate adequate ATP and NAD to satisfy the energy demand. We discovered that sevoflurane treatment impaired the mitochondrial metabolism of microglia, which resulted in NAD deficiency and couldn’t produce sufficient energy to clear damaged neurons to maintain CNS development. Our findings provide an explanation of a new mechanism underlying sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity.
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23
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Gabrielli M, Raffaele S, Fumagalli M, Verderio C. The multiple faces of extracellular vesicles released by microglia: Where are we 10 years after? Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:984690. [PMID: 36176630 PMCID: PMC9514840 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.984690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As resident component of the innate immunity in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are key players in pathology. However, they also exert fundamental roles in brain development and homeostasis maintenance. They are extremely sensitive and plastic, as they assiduously monitor the environment, adapting their function in response to stimuli. On consequence, microglia may be defined a heterogeneous community of cells in a dynamic equilibrium. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by microglia mirror the dynamic nature of their donor cells, exerting important and versatile functions in the CNS as unbounded conveyors of bioactive signals. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on EVs released by microglia, highlighting their heterogeneous properties and multifaceted effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gabrielli
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Martina Gabrielli,
| | - Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Verderio
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- Claudia Verderio,
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24
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Lin YC, Cheung G, Porter E, Papadopoulos V. The neurosteroid pregnenolone is synthesized by a mitochondrial P450 enzyme other than CYP11A1 in human glial cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102110. [PMID: 35688208 PMCID: PMC9278081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosteroids, modulators of neuronal and glial cell functions, are synthesized in the nervous system from cholesterol. In peripheral steroidogenic tissues, cholesterol is converted to the major steroid precursor pregnenolone by the CYP11A1 enzyme. Although pregnenolone is one of the most abundant neurosteroids in the brain, expression of CYP11A1 is difficult to detect. We found that human glial cells produced pregnenolone, detectable by mass spectrometry and ELISA, despite the absence of observable immunoreactive CYP11A1 protein. Unlike testicular and adrenal cortical cells, pregnenolone production in glial cells was not inhibited by CYP11A1 inhibitors DL-aminoglutethimide and ketoconazole. Furthermore, addition of hydroxycholesterols increased pregnenolone synthesis, suggesting desmolase activity that was not blocked by DL-aminoglutethimide or ketoconazole. We explored three different possibilities for an alternative pathway for glial cell pregnenolone synthesis: (1) regulation by reactive oxygen species, (2) metabolism via a different CYP11A1 isoform, and (3) metabolism via another CYP450 enzyme. First, we found oxidants and antioxidants had no significant effects on pregnenolone synthesis, suggesting it is not regulated by reactive oxygen species. Second, overexpression of CYP11A1 isoform b did not alter synthesis, indicating use of another CYP11A1 isoform is unlikely. Finally, we show nitric oxide and iron chelators deferoxamine and deferiprone significantly inhibited pregnenolone production, indicating involvement of another CYP450 enzyme. Ultimately, knockdown of endoplasmic reticulum cofactor NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase had no effect, while knockdown of mitochondrial CYP450 cofactor ferredoxin reductase inhibited pregnenolone production. These data suggest that pregnenolone is synthesized by a mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme other than CYP11A1 in human glial cells.
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25
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Characterization of an Immortalized Human Microglial Cell Line as a Tool for the Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105745. [PMID: 35628555 PMCID: PMC9145666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the retinal structure reflects on the difficulty to describe its composite cell interactions. Microglia is responsible for the immune reaction to inflammatory stimuli during diabetic retinopathy (DR), but most studies still use rodent cells. We characterized a commercially available immortalized human microglial line and tested its susceptibility to inflammation, to study the interactions between the neuro-vascular retinal portions in species-specific models. After checking the expression of microglial markers, we tried lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and several pro-inflammatory cocktails to select the best combination able to induce a significant M1 (inflammatory) response. We measured M1 induction through the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules and performed morphologic and functional assays. Marker expression confirmed the human microglial derivation of these cells. Differently from rodents, LPS did not induce a M1 profile. The best pro-inflammatory stimulus was an interleukin-1β + tumor necrosis factor-α + interferon-γ cocktail, which induced morphology changes and increased proliferation, apoptosis, migration, reactive oxygen species, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines and miRNAs. In conclusion, this microglial line proved potentially useful to investigate the cascade of events leading to DR. In perspective, co-culture models involving microvascular cells will help in the understanding of multifaceted interactions of the neurovascular unit.
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26
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Plasma levels of S100B and neurofilament light chain protein in stress-related mental disorders. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8339. [PMID: 35585111 PMCID: PMC9117317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological changes underlying stress-related mental disorders remain unclear. However, research suggests that alterations in astrocytes and neurons may be involved. This study examined potential peripheral markers of such alterations, including S100B and neurofilament light chain (NF-L). We compared plasma levels of S100B and NF-L in patients with chronic stress-induced exhaustion disorder (SED), patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), and healthy controls. We also investigated whether levels of S100B and NF-L correlated with levels of astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs that indicate astrocyte activation or apoptosis) and with symptom severity. Only women had measurable levels of S100B. Women with SED had higher plasma levels of S100B than women with MDD (P < 0.001) and healthy controls (P < 0.001). Self-rated symptoms of cognitive failures were positively correlated with levels of S100B (rs = 0.434, P = 0.005) as were depressive symptoms (rs = 0.319, P < 0.001). Plasma levels of astrocyte-derived EVs were correlated with levels of S100B (rs = 0.464, P < 0.001). Plasma levels of NF-L did not differ between the groups and were not correlated with symptom severity or EV levels. Thus, long-term stress without sufficient recovery and SED may be associated with raised plasma levels of S100B, which may be evidence of pathophysiological changes in astrocytes. The findings also support the hypothesis that plasma levels of S100B are associated with cognitive dysfunction.
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27
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Gouilly D, Saint-Aubert L, Ribeiro MJ, Salabert AS, Tauber C, Péran P, Arlicot N, Pariente J, Payoux P. Neuroinflammation PET imaging of the translocator protein (TSPO) in Alzheimer's disease: an update. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1322-1343. [PMID: 35083791 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a significant contributor to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Until now, PET imaging of the translocator protein (TSPO) has been widely used to depict the neuroimmune endophenotype of AD. The aim of this review was to provide an update to the results from 2018 and to advance the characterization of the biological basis of TSPO imaging in AD by re-examining TSPO function and expression and the methodological aspects of interest. Although the biological basis of the TSPO PET signal is obviously related to microglia and astrocytes in AD, the observed process remains uncertain and might not be directly related to neuroinflammation. Further studies are required to re-examine the cellular significance underlying a variation in the PET signal in AD and how it can be impacted by a disease-modifying treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Gouilly
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
| | - Laure Saint-Aubert
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
| | - Maria-Joao Ribeiro
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU, Tours, France.,UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, France.,Inserm CIC 1415, CHRU, Tours, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Salabert
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Patrice Péran
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
| | - Nicolas Arlicot
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, France.,Inserm CIC 1415, CHRU, Tours, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France.,Department of Cognitive Neurology, Epilepsy and Movement Disorders, CHU, Toulouse, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations (CIC1436), CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Payoux
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU, Toulouse, France
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28
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Paasila PJ, Aramideh JA, Sutherland GT, Graeber MB. Synapses, Microglia, and Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:778822. [PMID: 35095394 PMCID: PMC8789683 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.778822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by synaptic dysfunction accompanied by the microscopically visible accumulation of pathological protein deposits and cellular dystrophy involving both neurons and glia. Late-stage AD shows pronounced loss of synapses and neurons across several differentially affected brain regions. Recent studies of advanced AD using post-mortem brain samples have demonstrated the direct involvement of microglia in synaptic changes. Variants of the Apolipoprotein E and Triggering Receptors Expressed on Myeloid Cells gene represent important determinants of microglial activity but also of lipid metabolism in cells of the central nervous system. Here we review evidence that may help to explain how abnormal lipid metabolism, microglial activation, and synaptic pathophysiology are inter-related in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Paasila
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason A. Aramideh
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Greg T. Sutherland
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Manuel B. Graeber
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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29
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Translocator Protein Ligand PIGA1138 Reduces Disease Symptoms and Severity in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model of Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1744-1765. [PMID: 35018577 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02737-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by CNS infiltration of peripheral immune cells, immune-mediated attack of the myelin sheath, neuroinflammation, and/or axonal/neuronal dysfunctions. Some drugs are available to cope with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) but there is no therapy for the primary progressive MS (PPMS). Because growing evidence supports a regulatory role of the translocator protein (TSPO) in neuroinflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative processes, we investigated the therapeutic potential of phenylindolyilglyoxylamydes (PIGAs) TSPO ligands in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice mimicking the human PPMS. MOG-EAE C57Bl/6-mice were treated by TSPO ligands PIGA839, PIGA1138, or the vehicle. Several methods were combined to evaluate PIGAs-TSPO ligand effects on MOG-EAE symptoms, CNS infiltration by immune cells, demyelination, and axonal damages. PIGA1138 (15 mg/kg) drastically reduced MOG-EAE mice clinical scores, ameliorated motor dysfunctions assessed with the Catwalk device, and counteracted MOG-EAE-induced demyelination by preserving Myelin basic protein (MBP) expression in the CNS. Furthermore, PIGA1138-treatment prevented EAE-evoked decreased neurofilament-200 expression in spinal and cerebellar axons. Moreover, PIGA1138 inhibited peripheral immune-CD45 + cell infiltration in the CNS, suggesting that it may control inflammatory mechanisms involved in PPMS. Concordantly, PIGA1138 enhanced anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 serum level in MOG-EAE mice. PIGA1138-treatment, which increased neurosteroid allopregnanolone production, ameliorated all pathological biomarkers, while PIGA839, unable to activate neurosteroidogenesis in vivo, exerted only moderate/partial effects in MOG-EAE mice. Altogether, our results suggest that PIGA1138-based treatment may represent an interesting possibility to be explored for the innovation of effective therapies against PPMS.
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30
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Joo YH, Lee MW, Son YD, Chang KA, Yaqub M, Kim HK, Cumming P, Kim JH. In Vivo Cerebral Translocator Protein (TSPO) Binding and Its Relationship with Blood Adiponectin Levels in Treatment-Naïve Young Adults with Major Depression: A [ 11C]PK11195 PET Study. Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010034. [PMID: 35052718 PMCID: PMC8773340 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipokine that mediates cellular cholesterol efflux and plays important roles in neuroinflammatory processes. In this study, we undertook positron emission tomography (PET) with the translocator protein (TSPO) ligand [11C]PK11195 and measured serum adiponectin levels in groups of treatment-naïve young adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and matched healthy controls. Thirty treatment-naïve MDD patients (median age: 24 years) and twenty-three healthy controls underwent [11C]PK11195 PET. We quantified TSPO availability in brain as the [11C]PK11195 binding potential (BPND) using a reference tissue model in conjunction with the supervised cluster analysis (SVCA4) algorithm. Age, sex distribution, body mass index, and serum adiponectin levels did not differ between the groups. Between-group analysis using a region-of-interest approach showed significantly higher [11C]PK11195 BPND in the left anterior and right posterior cingulate cortices in MDD patients than in controls. Serum adiponectin levels had significant negative correlations with [11C]PK11195 BPND in the bilateral hippocampus in MDD patients, but significant positive correlations in the bilateral hippocampus in the control group. Our results indicate significantly higher TSPO binding in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices in treatment-naïve young MDD patients, suggesting microglial activation in these limbic regions, which are involved in cognitive and emotional processing. The opposite correlations between [11C]PK11195 BPND in the hippocampus with serum adiponectin levels in MDD and control groups suggest that microglial activation in the hippocampus may respond differentially to adiponectin signaling in MDD and healthy subjects, possibly with respect to microglial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Han Joo
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (Y.-H.J.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-D.S.); (K.-A.C.); (H.-K.K.)
| | - Min-Woo Lee
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (Y.-H.J.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-D.S.); (K.-A.C.); (H.-K.K.)
| | - Young-Don Son
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (Y.-H.J.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-D.S.); (K.-A.C.); (H.-K.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (Y.-H.J.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-D.S.); (K.-A.C.); (H.-K.K.)
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Maqsood Yaqub
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Hang-Keun Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (Y.-H.J.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-D.S.); (K.-A.C.); (H.-K.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Australia
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (Y.-H.J.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-D.S.); (K.-A.C.); (H.-K.K.)
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-460-2696
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31
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Chu E, Mychasiuk R, Hibbs ML, Semple BD. Dysregulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in microglia: shaping chronic neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:276. [PMID: 34838047 PMCID: PMC8627624 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are integral mediators of innate immunity within the mammalian central nervous system. Typical microglial responses are transient, intending to restore homeostasis by orchestrating the removal of pathogens and debris and the regeneration of damaged neurons. However, prolonged and persistent microglial activation can drive chronic neuroinflammation and is associated with neurodegenerative disease. Recent evidence has revealed that abnormalities in microglial signaling pathways involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) may contribute to altered microglial activity and exacerbated neuroimmune responses. In this scoping review, the known and suspected roles of PI3K-AKT signaling in microglia, both during health and pathological states, will be examined, and the key microglial receptors that induce PI3K-AKT signaling in microglia will be described. Since aberrant signaling is correlated with neurodegenerative disease onset, the relationship between maladapted PI3K-AKT signaling and the development of neurodegenerative disease will also be explored. Finally, studies in which microglial PI3K-AKT signaling has been modulated will be highlighted, as this may prove to be a promising therapeutic approach for the future treatment of a range of neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erskine Chu
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, 3181, Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, 3181, Australia.
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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32
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Betlazar C, Middleton RJ, Howell N, Storer B, Davis E, Davies J, Banati R, Liu GJ. Mitochondrial Translocator Protein (TSPO) Expression in the Brain After Whole Body Gamma Irradiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:715444. [PMID: 34760884 PMCID: PMC8573390 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.715444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain’s early response to low dose ionizing radiation, as may be encountered during diagnostic procedures and space exploration, is not yet fully characterized. In the brain parenchyma, the mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) is constitutively expressed at low levels by endothelial cells, and can therefore be used to assess the integrity of the brain’s vasculature. At the same time, the inducible expression of TSPO in activated microglia, the brain’s intrinsic immune cells, is a regularly observed early indicator of subtle or incipient brain pathology. Here, we explored the use of TSPO as a biomarker of brain tissue injury following whole body irradiation. Post-radiation responses were measured in C57BL/6 wild type (Tspo+/+) and TSPO knockout (Tspo–/–) mice 48 h after single whole body gamma irradiations with low doses 0, 0.01, and 0.1 Gy and a high dose of 2 Gy. Additionally, post-radiation responses of primary microglial cell cultures were measured at 1, 4, 24, and 48 h at an irradiation dose range of 0 Gy-2 Gy. TSPO mRNA and protein expression in the brain showed a decreased trend after 0.01 Gy relative to sham-irradiated controls, but remained unchanged after higher doses. Immunohistochemistry confirmed subtle decreases in TSPO expression after 0.01 Gy in vascular endothelial cells of the hippocampal region and in ependymal cells, with no detectable changes following higher doses. Cytokine concentrations in plasma after whole body irradiation showed differential changes in IL-6 and IL-10 with some variations between Tspo–/– and Tspo+/+ animals. The in vitro measurements of TSPO in primary microglial cell cultures showed a significant reduction 1 h after low dose irradiation (0.01 Gy). In summary, acute low and high doses of gamma irradiation up to 2 Gy reduced TSPO expression in the brain’s vascular compartment without de novo induction of TSPO expression in parenchymal microglia, while TSPO expression in directly irradiated, isolated, and thus highly activated microglia, too, was reduced after low dose irradiation. The potential link between TSPO, its role in mitochondrial energy metabolism and the selective radiation sensitivity, notably of cells with constitutive TSPO expression such as vascular endothelial cells, merits further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calina Betlazar
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan J Middleton
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Howell
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben Storer
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Davis
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin Davies
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Banati
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Advances in microglia cellular models: focus on extracellular vesicle production. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1791-1802. [PMID: 34415299 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the major component of the innate immune system in the central nervous system. They promote the maintenance of brain homeostasis as well as support inflammatory processes that are often related to pathological conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases. Depending on the stimulus received, microglia cells dynamically change their phenotype releasing specific soluble factors and largely modify the cargo of their secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs). Despite the mechanisms at the basis of microglia actions have not been completely clarified, the recognized functions exerted by their EVs in patho-physiological conditions represent the proof of the crucial role of these organelles in tuning cell-to-cell communication, promoting either protective or harmful effects. Consistently, in vitro cell models to better elucidate microglia EV production and mechanisms of their release have been increased in the last years. In this review, the main microglial cellular models that have been developed and validated will be described and discussed, with particular focus on those used to produce and derive EVs. The advantages and disadvantages of their use will be evidenced too. Finally, given the wide interest in applying EVs in diagnosis and therapy too, the heterogeneity of available models for producing microglia EVs is here underlined, to prompt a cross-check or comparison among them.
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Wang J, Beecher K. TSPO: an emerging role in appetite for a therapeutically promising biomarker. Open Biol 2021; 11:210173. [PMID: 34343461 PMCID: PMC8331234 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that an obesogenic Western diet causes neuroinflammatory damage to the brain, which then promotes further appetitive behaviour. Neuroinflammation has been extensively studied by analysing the translocator protein of 18 kDa (TSPO), a protein that is upregulated in the inflamed brain following a damaging stimulus. As a result, there is a rich supply of TSPO-specific agonists, antagonists and positron emission tomography ligands. One TSPO ligand, etifoxine, is also currently used clinically for the treatment of anxiety with a minimal side-effect profile. Despite the neuroinflammatory pathogenesis of diet-induced obesity, and the translational potential of targeting TSPO, there is sparse literature characterizing the effect of TSPO on appetite. Therefore, in this review, the influence of TSPO on appetite is discussed. Three putative mechanisms for TSPO's appetite-modulatory effect are then characterized: the TSPO–allopregnanolone–GABAAR signalling axis, glucosensing in tanycytes and association with the synaptic protein RIM-BP1. We highlight that, in addition to its plethora of functions, TSPO is a regulator of appetite. This review ultimately suggests that the appetite-modulating function of TSPO should be further explored due to its potential therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wang
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate Beecher
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Hiser C, Montgomery BL, Ferguson-Miller S. TSPO protein binding partners in bacteria, animals, and plants. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2021; 53:463-487. [PMID: 34191248 PMCID: PMC8243069 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-021-09905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ancient membrane protein TSPO is phylogenetically widespread from archaea and bacteria to insects, vertebrates, plants, and fungi. TSPO’s primary amino acid sequence is only modestly conserved between diverse species, although its five transmembrane helical structure appears mainly conserved. Its cellular location and orientation in membranes have been reported to vary between species and tissues, with implications for potential diverse binding partners and function. Most TSPO functions relate to stress-induced changes in metabolism, but in many cases it is unclear how TSPO itself functions—whether as a receptor, a sensor, a transporter, or a translocator. Much evidence suggests that TSPO acts indirectly by association with various protein binding partners or with endogenous or exogenous ligands. In this review, we focus on proteins that have most commonly been invoked as TSPO binding partners. We suggest that TSPO was originally a bacterial receptor/stress sensor associated with porphyrin binding as its most ancestral function and that it later developed additional stress-related roles in eukaryotes as its ability to bind new partners evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Hiser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Beronda L Montgomery
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shelagh Ferguson-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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De novo Neurosteroidogenesis in Human Microglia: Involvement of the 18 kDa Translocator Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063115. [PMID: 33803741 PMCID: PMC8003294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroactive steroids are potent modulators of microglial functions and are capable of counteracting their excessive reactivity. This action has mainly been ascribed to neuroactive steroids released from other sources, as microglia have been defined unable to produce neurosteroids de novo. Unexpectedly, immortalized murine microglia recently exhibited this de novo biosynthesis; herein, de novo neurosteroidogenesis was characterized in immortalized human microglia. The results demonstrated that C20 and HMC3 microglial cells constitutively express members of the neurosteroidogenesis multiprotein machinery-in particular, the transduceosome members StAR and TSPO, and the enzyme CYP11A1. Moreover, both cell lines produce pregnenolone and transcriptionally express the enzymes involved in neurosteroidogenesis. The high TSPO expression levels observed in microglia prompted us to assess its role in de novo neurosteroidogenesis. TSPO siRNA and TSPO synthetic ligand treatments were used to reduce and prompt TSPO function, respectively. The TSPO expression downregulation compromised the de novo neurosteroidogenesis and led to an increase in StAR expression, probably as a compensatory mechanism. The pharmacological TSPO stimulation the de novo neurosteroidogenesis improved in turn the neurosteroid-mediated release of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that de novo neurosteroidogenesis occurs in human microglia, unravelling a new mechanism potentially useful for future therapeutic purposes.
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The Interplay of Cholesterol and Ligand Binding in hTSPO from Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051250. [PMID: 33652554 PMCID: PMC7956637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) is a 18kDa transmembrane protein, ubiquitously present in human mitochondria. It is overexpressed in tumor cells and at the sites of neuroinflammation, thus representing an important biomarker, as well as a promising drug target. In mammalian TSPO, there are cholesterol–binding motifs, as well as a binding cavity able to accommodate different chemical compounds. Given the lack of structural information for the human protein, we built a model of human (h) TSPO in the apo state and in complex with PK11195, a molecule routinely used in positron emission tomography (PET) for imaging of neuroinflammatory sites. To better understand the interactions of PK11195 and cholesterol with this pharmacologically relevant protein, we ran molecular dynamics simulations of the apo and holo proteins embedded in a model membrane. We found that: (i) PK11195 stabilizes hTSPO structural fold; (ii) PK11195 might enter in the binding site through transmembrane helices I and II of hTSPO; (iii) PK11195 reduces the frequency of cholesterol binding to the lower, N–terminal part of hTSPO in the inner membrane leaflet, while this impact is less pronounced for the upper, C–terminal part in the outer membrane leaflet, where the ligand binding site is located; (iv) very interestingly, cholesterol most frequently binds simultaneously to the so-called CRAC and CARC regions in TM V in the free form (residues L150–X–Y152–X(3)–R156 and R135–X(2)–Y138–X(2)–L141, respectively). However, when the protein is in complex with PK11195, cholesterol binds equally frequently to the CRAC–resembling motif that we observed in TM I (residues L17–X(2)–F20–X(3)–R24) and to CRAC in TM V. We expect that the CRAC–like motif in TM I will be of interest in future experimental investigations. Thus, our MD simulations provide insight into the structural features of hTSPO and the previously unknown interplay between PK11195 and cholesterol interactions with this pharmacologically relevant protein.
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Smith WJ, Cedeño DL, Thomas SM, Kelley CA, Vetri F, Vallejo R. Modulation of microglial activation states by spinal cord stimulation in an animal model of neuropathic pain: Comparing high rate, low rate, and differential target multiplexed programming. Mol Pain 2021; 17:1744806921999013. [PMID: 33626981 PMCID: PMC7925954 DOI: 10.1177/1744806921999013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While numerous studies and patient experiences have demonstrated the efficacy of spinal cord stimulation as a treatment for chronic neuropathic pain, the exact mechanism underlying this therapy is still uncertain. Recent studies highlighting the importance of microglial cells in chronic pain and characterizing microglial activation transcriptomes have created a focus on microglia in pain research. Our group has investigated the modulation of gene expression in neurons and glial cells after spinal cord stimulation (SCS), specifically focusing on transcriptomic changes induced by varying SCS stimulation parameters. Previous work showed that, in rodents subjected to the spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain, a differential target multiplexed programming (DTMP) approach provided significantly better relief of pain-like behavior compared to high rate (HRP) and low rate programming (LRP). While these studies demonstrated the importance of transcriptomic changes in SCS mechanism of action, they did not specifically address the role of SCS in microglial activation. The data presented herein utilizes microglia-specific activation transcriptomes to further understand how an SNI model of chronic pain and subsequent continuous SCS treatment with either DTMP, HRP, or LRP affects microglial activation. Genes for each activation transcriptome were identified within our dataset and gene expression levels were compared with that of healthy animals, naïve to injury and interventional procedures. Pearson correlations indicated that DTMP yields the highest significant correlations to expression levels found in the healthy animals across all microglial activation transcriptomes. In contrast, HRP or LRP yielded weak or very weak correlations for these transcriptomes. This work demonstrates that chronic pain and subsequent SCS treatments can modulate microglial activation transcriptomes, supporting previous research on microglia in chronic pain. Furthermore, this study provides evidence that DTMP is more effective than HRP and LRP at modulating microglial transcriptomes, offering potential insight into the therapeutic efficacy of DTMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Smith
- Research and Development, Lumbrera LLC, Bloomington, IL, USA.,Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - David L Cedeño
- Research and Development, Lumbrera LLC, Bloomington, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | - Samuel M Thomas
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Courtney A Kelley
- Research and Development, Lumbrera LLC, Bloomington, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Vallejo
- Research and Development, Lumbrera LLC, Bloomington, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA.,National Spine and Pain Centers, Bloomington, IL, USA
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Livshits G, Kalinkovich A. Specialized, pro-resolving mediators as potential therapeutic agents for alleviating fibromyalgia symptomatology. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 23:977-990. [PMID: 33565588 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present a hypothesis on a novel strategy in the treatment of fibromyalgia (FM). DESIGN A narrative review. SETTING FM as a disease remains a challenging concept for numerous reasons, including undefined etiopathogenesis, unclear triggers and unsuccessful treatment modalities. We hypothesize that the inflammatome, the entire set of molecules involved in inflammation, acting as a common pathophysiological instrument of gut dysbiosis, sarcopenia, and neuroinflammation, is one of the major mechanisms underlying FM pathogenesis. In this setup, dysbiosis is proposed as the primary trigger of the inflammatome, sarcopenia as the peripheral nociceptive source, and neuroinflammation as the central mechanism of pain sensitization, transmission and symptomatology of FM. Whereas neuroinflammation is highly-considered as a critical deleterious element in FM pathogenesis, the presumed pathogenic roles of sarcopenia and systemic inflammation remain controversial. Nevertheless, sarcopenia-associated processes and dysbiosis have been recently detected in FM individuals. The prevalence of pro-inflammatory factors in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood has been repeatedly observed in FM individuals, supporting an idea on the role of inflammatome in FM pathogenesis. As such, failed inflammation resolution might be one of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. In accordance, the application of specialized, inflammation pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) seems most suitable for this goal. CONCLUSIONS The capability of various SPMs to prevent and attenuate pain has been repeatedly demonstrated in laboratory animal experiments. Since SPMs suppress inflammation in a manner that does not compromise host defense, they could be attractive and safe candidates for the alleviation of FM symptomatology, probably in combination with anti-dysbiotic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Livshits
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.,Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Alexander Kalinkovich
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Iliopoulou SM, Tsartsalis S, Kaiser S, Millet P, Tournier BB. Dopamine and Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia - Interpreting the Findings from Translocator Protein (18kDa) PET Imaging. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:3345-3357. [PMID: 34819729 PMCID: PMC8608287 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s334027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disease whose pathophysiology is not yet fully understood. In addition to the long prevailing dopaminergic hypothesis, the evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays a role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Recent studies using positron emission tomography (PET) that target a 18kDa translocator protein (TSPO) in activated microglial cells in an attempt to measure neuroinflammation in patients have shown a decrease or a lack of an increase in TSPO binding. Many biological and methodological considerations have been formulated to explain these findings. Although dopamine has been described as an immunomodulatory molecule, its potential role in neuroinflammation has not been explored in the aforementioned studies. In this review, we discuss the interactions between dopamine and neuroinflammation in psychotic states. Dopamine may inhibit neuroinflammation in activated microglia. Proinflammatory molecules released from microglia may decrease dopaminergic transmission. This could potentially explain why the levels of neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with schizophrenia seem to be unchanged or decreased compared to those in healthy subjects. However, most data are indirect and are derived from animal studies or from studies performed outside the field of schizophrenia. Further studies are needed to combine TSPO and dopamine imaging to study the association between microglial activation and dopamine system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Maria Iliopoulou
- Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, 1225, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefan Kaiser
- Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, 1225, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1204, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Millet
- Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, 1225, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1204, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin B Tournier
- Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, 1225, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1204, Switzerland
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Therapeutic Potential of Porcine Liver Decomposition Product: New Insights and Perspectives for Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110446. [PMID: 33105637 PMCID: PMC7690401 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that microglia-mediated inflammation contributes to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases; however, the precise mechanisms through which these cells contribute remain to be elucidated. Microglia, as the primary immune effector cells of the brain, play key roles in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Microglia are located throughout the brain and spinal cord and may account for up to 15% of all cells in the brain. Activated microglia express pro-inflammatory cytokines that act on the surrounding brain and spinal cord. Microglia may also play a detrimental effect on nerve cells when they gain a chronic inflammatory function and promote neuropathologies. A key feature of microglia is its rapid morphological change upon activation, characterized by the retraction of numerous fine processes and the gradual acquisition of amoeba-like shapes. These morphological changes are also accompanied by the expression and secretion of inflammatory molecules, including cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators that promote systemic inflammation during neurodegeneration. This may be considered a protective response intended to limit further injury and initiate repair processes. We previously reported that porcine liver decomposition product (PLDP) induces a significant increase in the Hasegawa’s Dementia Scale-Revised (HDS-R) score and the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy humans. In addition, the oral administration of porcine liver decomposition product enhanced visual memory and delayed recall in healthy adults. We believe that PLDP is a functional food that aids cognitive function. In this review, we provide a critical assessment of recent reports of lysophospholipids derived from PLDP, a rich source of phospholipids. We also highlight some recent findings regarding bidirectional interactions between lysophospholipids and microglia and age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
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An update into the medicinal chemistry of translocator protein (TSPO) ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112924. [PMID: 33081988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) has been discovered in 1977 as an alternative binding site for the benzodiazepine diazepam. It is an evolutionary well-conserved and tryptophan-rich 169-amino acids protein with five alpha helical transmembrane domains stretching the outer mitochondrial membrane, with the carboxyl-terminus in the cytosol and a short amino-terminus in the intermembrane space of mitochondrion. At this level, together with the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), it forms the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). TSPO expression is ubiquitary, with higher levels in steroid producing tissues; in the central nervous system, it is mainly expressed in glial cells and in neurons. TSPO is implicated in a variety of fundamental cellular processes including steroidogenesis, heme biosynthesis, mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell life/death balance, oxidative stress. Altered TSPO expression has been found in some pathological conditions. In particular, high TSPO expression levels have been documented in cancer, neuroinflammation, and brain injury. Conversely, low TSPO expression levels have been evidenced in anxiety disorders. Therefore, TSPO is not only an interesting drug target for therapeutic purpose (anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, etc.), but also a valid diagnostic marker of related-diseases detectable by fluorescent or radiolabeled ligands. The aim of this report is to present an update of previous reviews dealing with the medicinal chemistry of TSPO and to highlight the most outstanding advances in the development of TSPO ligands as potential therapeutic or diagnostic tools, especially referring to the last five years.
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Ammer LM, Vollmann-Zwerenz A, Ruf V, Wetzel CH, Riemenschneider MJ, Albert NL, Beckhove P, Hau P. The Role of Translocator Protein TSPO in Hallmarks of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102973. [PMID: 33066460 PMCID: PMC7602186 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The translocator protein (TSPO) has been under extensive investigation as a specific marker in positron emission tomography (PET) to visualize brain lesions following injury or disease. In recent years, TSPO is increasingly appreciated as a potential novel therapeutic target in cancer. In Glioblastoma (GBM), the most malignant primary brain tumor, TSPO expression levels are strongly elevated and scientific evidence accumulates, hinting at a pivotal role of TSPO in tumorigenesis and glioma progression. The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature on TSPO with respect to its role both in diagnostics and especially with regard to the critical hallmarks of cancer postulated by Hanahan and Weinberg. Overall, our review contributes to a better understanding of the functional significance of TSPO in Glioblastoma and draws attention to TSPO as a potential modulator of treatment response and thus an important factor that may influence the clinical outcome of GBM. Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most fatal primary brain cancer in adults. Despite extensive treatment, tumors inevitably recur, leading to an average survival time shorter than 1.5 years. The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is abundantly expressed throughout the body including the central nervous system. The expression of TSPO increases in states of inflammation and brain injury due to microglia activation. Not least due to its location in the outer mitochondrial membrane, TSPO has been implicated with a broad spectrum of functions. These include the regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, migration, as well as mitochondrial functions such as mitochondrial respiration and oxidative stress regulation. TSPO is frequently overexpressed in GBM. Its expression level has been positively correlated to WHO grade, glioma cell proliferation, and poor prognosis of patients. Several lines of evidence indicate that TSPO plays a functional part in glioma hallmark features such as resistance to apoptosis, invasiveness, and proliferation. This review provides a critical overview of how TSPO could regulate several aspects of tumorigenesis in GBM, particularly in the context of the hallmarks of cancer proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Marie Ammer
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (L.-M.A.); (A.V.-Z.)
| | - Arabel Vollmann-Zwerenz
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (L.-M.A.); (A.V.-Z.)
| | - Viktoria Ruf
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Christian H. Wetzel
- Molecular Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | | | - Nathalie L. Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI) and Department Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Peter Hau
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (L.-M.A.); (A.V.-Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Wei Q, Zhou W, Zheng J, Li D, Wang M, Feng L, Huang W, Yang N, Han M, Ma X, Liu Y. Antidepressant effects of 3-(3,4-methylenedioxy-5-trifluoromethyl phenyl)-2E-propenoic acid isobutyl amide involve TSPO-mediated mitophagy signalling pathway. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 127:380-388. [PMID: 32511877 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Piper laetispicum C. DC is one of the Chinese herbal medicines used for alleviating depressive disorders. G11-5 [3-(3, 4-methylenedioxy-5-trifluoromethyl phenyl)-2E-propenoic acid isobutyl amide] is synthesized based on the chemical structure of an active integrant of Piper laetispicum C. DC. The present study assessed the antidepressant effect of G11-5 and investigated the underlying mechanism with learned helplessness (LH) and social defeat stress (SDS) mice model of depression. In the LH model, mice were exposed to 60 inescapable electric shocks once a day for three consecutive days followed by 2-week drug administration and helpless behaviour assessment. In the SDS model, mice were subjected to repeated social defeat by an aggressive CD-1 mouse once a day for consecutive 10 days. Following oral administration for 2 weeks, the mice were subjected to a series of behavioural tests including social interaction test. G11-5 significantly decreased the number of escape failures induced by LH paradigm, meanwhile increased the social interaction ratio and shortened the immobility time in forced swimming test for the SDS-exposed mice, suggesting remarkable antidepressant effect. Moreover, G11-5 ameliorated the changes in mitophagy-related proteins induced by two stress exposures and restored retrograde axonal transport and neurotransmitter release. Our findings suggested that G11-5 exhibited an obvious antidepressant through TSPO-mediated mitophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Wangyi Zhou
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Centre, Tasly Institute, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Ji Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Han
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Centre, Tasly Institute, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Centre, Tasly Institute, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyong Liu
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Taliani S, Da Settimo F, Martini C, Laneri S, Novellino E, Greco G. Exploiting the Indole Scaffold to Design Compounds Binding to Different Pharmacological Targets. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102331. [PMID: 32429433 PMCID: PMC7287756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several indole derivatives have been disclosed by our research groups that have been collaborating for nearly 25 years. The results of our investigations led to a variety of molecules binding selectively to different pharmacological targets, specifically the type A γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) chloride channel, the translocator protein (TSPO), the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) protein, the A2B adenosine receptor (A2B AR) and the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Herein, we describe how these works were conceived and carried out thanks to the versatility of indole nucleus to be exploited in the design and synthesis of drug-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.D.S.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (G.G.); Tel.: +39-050-2219547 (S.T.); +39-081-678645 (G.G.)
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.D.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.D.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Sonia Laneri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (E.N.)
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (E.N.)
| | - Giovanni Greco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (E.N.)
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (G.G.); Tel.: +39-050-2219547 (S.T.); +39-081-678645 (G.G.)
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18-kDa translocator protein association complexes in the brain: From structure to function. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:114015. [PMID: 32387458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The outer mitochondrial membrane 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is highly conserved in organisms of different species and ubiquitously expressed throughout tissues, including the nervous system. In the healthy adult brain, TSPO expression levels are low and promptly modulated under different pathological conditions, such as cancer, inflammatory states, and neurological and psychiatric disorders. Not surprisingly, several endogenous and synthetic molecules capable of binding TSPO have been proposed as drugs or diagnostic tools for brain diseases. The most studied biochemical function of TSPO is cholesterol translocation into mitochondria, which in turn affects the synthesis of steroids in the periphery and neurosteroids in the brain. In the last 30 years, roles for TSPO have also been suggested in other cellular processes, such as heme synthesis, apoptosis, autophagy, calcium signalling and reactive oxygen species production. Herein, we provide an overview of TSPO associations with different proteins, focusing particular attention on their related functions. Furthermore, recent TSPO-targeted therapeutic interventions are explored and discussed as prospect for innovative treatments in mental and brain diseases.
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Monga S, Denora N, Laquintana V, Franco M, Marek I, Singh S, Nagler R, Weizman A, Gavish M. The protective effect of the TSPO ligands 2,4-Di-Cl-MGV-1, CB86, and CB204 against LPS-induced M1 pro-inflammatory activation of microglia. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 5:100083. [PMID: 34589858 PMCID: PMC8474401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously, that the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) synthetic ligands quinazoline derivatives (2-Cl-MGV-1 and MGV-1) can inhibit activation of in BV-2 microglial cells. In the present study we assessed the impact of novel TSPO ligands on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation as expressed by release of pro-inflammatory molecules, including cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, interferon- γ (IFN-γ)] nitric oxide (NO), CD8, and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2). The TSPO ligands 2,4-Di-Cl-MGV-1, CB86, and CB204 counteracted with the LPS-induced microglial activation. Exposure to LPS along with the TSPO ligand 2,4-Di-Cl-MGV-1 (25 μM) reduced significantly the release of NO by 24-, IL-6 by 14-, IL-β by 14-, IFN- γ by 6-, and TNF-α by 29-folds, respectively. In contrast to the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of the TSPO ligands, the effect of diclofenac sodium (DS; 25 μM) did not reach statistical significance. No alterations in IL-10 and IL-13 were detected (M2 anti-inflammatory pathway) during the inhibition of M1 pro-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheelu Monga
- Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Dipartimento di Farmacia – Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Dipartimento di Farmacia – Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - Massimo Franco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia – Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - Ilan Marek
- Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Israel
| | - Sukhdev Singh
- Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Israel
| | - Rafi Nagler
- Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Research Unit, Geha Mental Health Center and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Moshe Gavish
- Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel
- Corresponding author.
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Iannuzzi AM, Giacomelli C, De Leo M, Pietrobono D, Camangi F, De Tommasi N, Martini C, Trincavelli ML, Braca A. Antioxidant Activity of Compounds Isolated from Elaeagnus umbellata Promotes Human Gingival Fibroblast Well-Being. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:626-637. [PMID: 32031808 PMCID: PMC7997630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Four new triterpenoid bidesmosidic saponins (1-4) and a sesquiterpenoid glucoside (5), together with nine known phenolic compounds (6-14), were isolated from the fruits of Elaeagnus umbellata. Their structures were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data. The antioxidant capability of the isolated compounds was evaluated in human gingival fibroblasts. Compound 6 decreased ROS production and promoted cell proliferation. It also counteracted the cell cycle blockade induced by a low concentration of H2O2 decreasing the expression of p21 and CDKN2A (p16INK4A). Compound 6 decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) in response to inflammatory stimuli, supporting its possible use in periodontitis lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Iannuzzi
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Giacomelli
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro
Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione
per la Salute”, Università
di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marinella De Leo
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro
Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione
per la Salute”, Università
di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Deborah Pietrobono
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabiano Camangi
- Scuola
Superiore Sant’Anna di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento, Piazza Martiri della Libertà
33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi
di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro
Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione
per la Salute”, Università
di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Trincavelli
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro
Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione
per la Salute”, Università
di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Braca
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro
Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione
per la Salute”, Università
di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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49
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Betlazar C, Middleton RJ, Banati R, Liu GJ. The Translocator Protein (TSPO) in Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Immune Processes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020512. [PMID: 32102369 PMCID: PMC7072813 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein that is widely used as a biomarker of neuroinflammation, being markedly upregulated in activated microglia in a range of brain pathologies. Despite its extensive use as a target in molecular imaging studies, the exact cellular functions of this protein remain in question. The long-held view that TSPO plays a fundamental role in the translocation of cholesterol through the mitochondrial membranes, and thus, steroidogenesis, has been disputed by several groups with the advent of TSPO knockout mouse models. Instead, much evidence is emerging that TSPO plays a fundamental role in cellular bioenergetics and associated mitochondrial functions, also part of a greater role in the innate immune processes of microglia. In this review, we examine the more direct experimental literature surrounding the immunomodulatory effects of TSPO. We also review studies which highlight a more central role for TSPO in mitochondrial processes, from energy metabolism, to the propagation of inflammatory responses through reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulation. In this way, we highlight a paradigm shift in approaches to TSPO functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calina Betlazar
- Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; (R.J.M.); (R.B.)
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (G-J.L.)
| | - Ryan J. Middleton
- Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; (R.J.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Richard Banati
- Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; (R.J.M.); (R.B.)
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; (R.J.M.); (R.B.)
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (G-J.L.)
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