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Tao Y, Deng Y, Wang P. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, processing methods and quality control of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm: A critical review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116954. [PMID: 37499843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dried root tubers of L.aggregata have been widely used in Chinese herbal medicine for thousands of years to promote qi, relieve pain, warm kidney, and disperse cold. AIM OF THE STUDY This review aims to assess the research progress of L.aggregata, to comprehensively understand its development status, to point out the shortcomings of the existing researches, and to provide reference for further research on L.aggregata. MATERIALS AND METHODS By searching various databases for literatures on "Lindera aggregata", "Linderae Radix" and "Lindera strychnifolia", as well as relevant textbooks and digital documents, an overall and critical review of the subject was conducted. RESULTS Through phytochemical studies on different parts of L.aggregata, about 260 compounds were isolated, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, volatile oils, and other compounds. A large number of in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that L.aggregata has a plethora of pharmacological effects such as anti-cancer, anti-arthritis, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetic nephropathy, hepatoprotective, lipid-lowering effect and so on. CONCLUSION While the pharmacological effects of L.aggregata have been confirmed, most studies only use simple in vitro cell lines or animal disease models to evaluate their pharmacological activities. Therefore, future research should be conducted in a more comprehensive clinical manner. Further pharmacological research is also necessary to fully clarify the action mechanism of L.aggregata. It is also interesting to note that L.aggregata is often used to treat frequent urination in ancient times, but its molecular basis and mechanism of action are still unclear, and systematic studies are lacking. In terms of quality control, the source of L.aggregata is single, mostly wild, and the main medicinal part of L.aggregata is the tuber, while the yield of straight root is large. Therefore, further attention should be paid to the rapid propagation technology of L.aggregata and whether straight root can be included in medicinal use. It is also worth thinking whether sulfur-fumigation is necessary for preserving L.aggregata. As vinegar-processing is a common processing method for L. aggregata, the mechanism of such processing method remains to be investigated. In addition, in-depth research on the pharmacokinetics and long-term toxicity of L.aggregata is necessary to ensure its efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
| | - Yuling Deng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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Chen JS, Chiu SC, Huang SY, Chang SF, Liao KF. Isolinderalactone Induces Apoptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle Arrest and MAPK Activation through ROS-Mediated Signaling in Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14246. [PMID: 37762548 PMCID: PMC10532319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Isolinderalactone (ILL), a sesquiterpene isolated from the root extract of Lindera aggregata, has been reported to exhibit anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic activities in various cancer cell lines. However, the mechanisms associated with its antitumor effects on CRC cells remain unclear. ILL treatment significantly suppressed proliferation and induced cell cycle G2/M arrest in CRC cells by inhibiting the expression of cyclin B, p-cdc2, and p-cdc25c and up-regulating the expression of p21. In addition, ILL induced mitochondria-associated apoptosis through the up-regulation of cleaved -caspase-9 and -3 expression. ILL induced autophagy by increasing the levels of LC3B in CRC cells, which was partially rescued by treatment with an autophagy inhibitor (chloroquine). Furthermore, ILL increases the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activates the MAPK pathway. Application of the ROS scavenger, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), effectively inhibited ILL toxicity and reversed ILL-induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy, and ERK activation. Taken together, these results suggest that ILL induces G2/M phase arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy and activates the MAPK pathway via ROS-mediated signaling in human CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jith-Shyan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 427213, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Chun Chiu
- Department of Research, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 427213, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (S.-F.C.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 427213, Taiwan
- General Education Center, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien 973302, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Ying Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Fang Chang
- Department of Research, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 427213, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (S.-F.C.)
| | - Kuan-Fu Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 427213, Taiwan
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Zhang Y, Cai B, Li Y, Xu Y, Wang Y, Zheng L, Zheng X, Yin L, Chen G, Wang Y, Liang G, Chen L. Identification of linderalactone as a natural inhibitor of SHP2 to ameliorate CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1098463. [PMID: 36843936 PMCID: PMC9946977 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1098463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is characterised by the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and matrix deposition. Accumulating evidence has revealed that the oncogenic protein tyrosine phosphatase Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) acts as a therapeutic target of fibrosis. Although several SHP2 inhibitors have reached early clinical trials, there are currently no FDA-approved drugs that target SHP2. In this study, we aimed to identify novel SHP2 inhibitors from an in-house natural product library to treat liver fibrosis. Out of the screened 800 compounds, a furanogermacrane sesquiterpene, linderalactone (LIN), significantly inhibited SHP2 dephosphorylation activity in vitro. Cross-validated enzymatic assays, bio-layer interferometry (BLI) assays, and site-directed mutagenesis were used to confirm that LIN directly binds to the catalytic PTP domain of SHP2. In vivo administration of LIN significantly ameliorated carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced HSC activation and liver fibrosis by inhibiting the TGFβ/Smad3 pathway. Thus, LIN or its derivatives could be considered potential therapeutic agents against SHP2-related diseases, such as liver fibrosis or NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Affiliated Yongkang First People’s Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binhao Cai
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Affiliated Yongkang First People’s Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Affiliated Yongkang First People’s Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Affiliated Yongkang First People’s Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lulu Zheng
- Affiliated Yongkang First People’s Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaochun Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Yin
- Affiliated Yongkang First People’s Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gaozhi Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- Affiliated Yongkang First People’s Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Lingfeng Chen, ; Guang Liang, ; Yunxiang Wang,
| | - Guang Liang
- Affiliated Yongkang First People’s Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Lingfeng Chen, ; Guang Liang, ; Yunxiang Wang,
| | - Lingfeng Chen
- Affiliated Yongkang First People’s Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Lingfeng Chen, ; Guang Liang, ; Yunxiang Wang,
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Lv Y, Zou Y, Zhang X, Liu B, Peng X, Chu C. A review on the chemical constituents and pharmacological efficacies of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1071276. [PMID: 36726818 PMCID: PMC9884700 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1071276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. (L. aggregata), which belongs to the genus Lindera in the family Lauraceae, is widely distributed in Asia and the temperate, tropical regions of North America. Its roots and leaves have been used for thousands of years as traditional Chinese medicine and/or functional food. To further explore its underlying nutritional value, this review provided a comprehensive insight into chemical constituents and pharmacological effects on L. aggregata. The phytochemical investigation of different parts of L. aggregata led to the identification of up to 349 components belonging to sesquiterpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, essential oils, and other compounds. Among them, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids are assessed as representative active ingredients of L. aggregata. A wide variety of pharmacological effects of L. aggregata, such as anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-oxidant, have been proved in vitro and in vivo. In summary, this review aims to provide a scientific basis and reference for further research and utilization of L. aggregata and lay the foundation for developing functional foods with potential active ingredients for the prevention and management of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbin Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanfang Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xindan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingrui Liu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Ningbo Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Ningbo, China,*Correspondence: Xin Peng,
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China,Chu Chu,
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Kwak AW, Park JW, Lee SO, Lee JY, Seo JH, Yoon G, Lee MH, Choi JS, Shim JH. Isolinderalactone sensitizes oxaliplatin-resistance colorectal cancer cells through JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 105:154383. [PMID: 35987016 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isolinderalactone (ILL), a sesquiterpene lactone compound, can be extracted from the root of Lindera aggregate. Physiological activities of ILL, including anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects, have been investigated in multiple diseases. Nevertheless, little is known regarding its anti-cancer activities and the mechanism of action of ILL in targeting human CRC cells. PURPOSE To determine ILL-mediated anti-proliferative effects on oxaliplatin (Ox)-sensitive and resistant colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and underlying mechanisms involved in its effects focusing on signal transduction. METHODS Inhibitory effect of ILL on CRC cells was evaluated by analyzing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) dysfunction and multi-caspase activity. Apoptosis-regulating proteins and JNK/p38 signaling molecules were monitored by Western blotting. ROS-dependent physiological modifications by ILL were confirmed by pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Moreover, the involvement of JNK/p38 signaling in ROS-mediated apoptosis was verified by treatment with SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 inhibitor). RESULTS ILL decreased cell viability and colony formation in both CRC Ox-sensitive (HCT116 and HT29) and Ox-resistant (OxR) (HCT116-OxR and HT29-OxR) cells. ILL induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, ROS generation, phosphorylated (p)JNK/p38 MAPK activation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization, and multi-caspase activation, which eventually triggered apoptotic cell death of CRC cells. In addition, combined treatment with ILL and SP600125, SB203580, or pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) prevented decreases in cell viability seen after treatment with ILL alone. Pretreatment with NAC attenuated ILL-mediated apoptosis, ROS production, and p-JNK/p38 expression. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggest that ILL can exert its anticancer effect in CRC Ox-sensitive and OxR cells by inducing ROS-mediated apoptosis through JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways. This is the first study demonstrating that ILL has a potential to improve drug efficacy against resistance mechanisms, providing a new insight into therapeutic strategies targeting drug-resistant CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Won Kwak
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-On Lee
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Seo
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Hyun Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeollanam 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk 38430, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea; The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, PR China.
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Lee SY, Park J, Cho KH, Kim H, Shin HK. Isolinderalactone inhibits glioblastoma cell supernatant‑induced angiogenesis. Oncol Lett 2022; 24:328. [PMID: 36039052 PMCID: PMC9404699 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequently occurring malignant brain tumor in adults and is characterized by a high degree of vascularization. Glioblastoma cells communicate with their microenvironment and stimulate blood vessel formation to support tumor progression. It has previously been reported that isolinderalactone induces apoptosis in GBM cells and suppresses the growth of glioblastoma xenograft tumors in vivo. Furthermore, isolinderalactone has been shown to inhibit the hypoxia-driven upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in U-87 GBM cells and strongly reduce VEGF-triggered angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, the direct angiogenic effect of GBM and the effect of isolinderalactone on tumor angiogenesis were investigated. Culture supernatants were obtained from U-87 cells under normoxic or hypoxic conditions to provide normoxic conditioned medium (NCM) and hypoxic conditioned medium (HCM) respectively. The NCM and HCM were each used to treat to human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), and their effects were observed using wounding migration and tube formation assays. HCM increased the migration and capillary-like tube formation of HBMECs when compared with NCM, and treatment with isolinderalactone suppressed the HCM-driven angiogenesis in vitro. Additionally, isolinderalactone decreased HCM-triggered angiogenic sprouting in HBMECs in a 3D microfluidic device after the application of an HCM-containing interstitial fluid flow. Furthermore, isolinderalactone strongly reduced HCM-triggered angiogenesis in an in vivo Matrigel plug assay in mice. These findings provide evidence of angiogenesis inhibition by isolinderalactone, and demonstrate the anti-angiogenic effect of isolinderalactone against the direct angiogenic effect of GBM tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Yeon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Park
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hyun Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Huiseon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction Pathway Alterations Offer Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Ovarian Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5634724. [PMID: 35498135 PMCID: PMC9045977 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5634724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is a very versatile organelle that participates in some important cancer-associated biological processes, including energy metabolism, oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation, cell apoptosis, mitochondria-nuclear communication, dynamics, autophagy, calcium overload, immunity, and drug resistance in ovarian cancer. Multiomics studies have found that mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis signaling pathways act in human ovarian cancer, which demonstrates that mitochondria play critical roles in ovarian cancer. Many molecular targeted drugs have been developed against mitochondrial dysfunction pathways in ovarian cancer, including olive leaf extract, nilotinib, salinomycin, Sambucus nigra agglutinin, tigecycline, and eupatilin. This review article focuses on the underlying biological roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in ovarian cancer progression based on omics data, potential molecular relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, and future perspectives of promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets based on the mitochondrial dysfunction pathway for ovarian cancer.
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Wang Q, Zhu Q, Ye Q, Wang J, Dong Q, Chen Y, Wang M, Fu Y, Wu R, Wu T. STAT3 Suppresses Cardiomyocytes Apoptosis in CVB3-Induced Myocarditis Via Survivin. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:613883. [PMID: 33658937 PMCID: PMC7919905 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.613883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Viral myocarditis (VMC) is a common inflammatory cardiovascular disease with unclear mechanisms, which mainly affects children and adolescents. Apoptosis is the key to CVB3-induced myocarditis, and blocking this process may be beneficial to the therapy of VMC. Hence, this study aimed to explore the protective function of STAT3 on cardiomyocyte apoptosis of VMC and its underlying mechanisms. Methods and Results: In this research, we confirmed that STAT3 was significantly activated in both animal and cell models of VMC. To further clarify what role did STAT3 play in VMC, AG490, an inhibitor of STAT3, was used to suppress p-STAT3. Our results demonstrated that decreased expression of p-STAT3 caused by AG490 significantly aggravated severity of VMC with elevated myocardial inflammation, deteriorative ventricular systolic function and increased mortality. It suggested that STAT3 plays a protective role in VMC. To further identify the anti-apoptosis impact that activated STAT3 made, we constructed lentivirus to regulate the expression of STAT3 in NMCs. We found that up-regulated activated STAT3 attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis, but down-regulated one aggravated that, which verified activated STAT3 played an anti-apoptosis role in VMC. Following that, we explored what elements are involved in the anti-apoptotic mechanism of activated STAT3 by using survivin inhibitor YM155. The result showed the anti-apoptotic effect of activated STAT3 does not work in the case of survivin inhibition. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated STAT3 by targeting survivin alleviated cardiomyocyte apoptosis in CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyu Wang
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiongjun Zhu
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiaofang Ye
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Dong
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Youran Chen
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Minna Wang
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rongzhou Wu
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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