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Kairis A, Neves BD, Couturier J, Remacle C, Rouhier N. Iron‑sulfur cluster synthesis in plastids by the SUF system: A mechanistic and structural perspective. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119797. [PMID: 39033932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
About 50 proteins expressed in plastids of photosynthetic eukaryotes ligate iron‑sulfur (Fe-S) clusters and ensure vital functions in photosynthesis, sulfur and nitrogen assimilation, but also in the synthesis of pigments, vitamins and hormones. The synthesis of these Fe-S clusters, which are co- or post-translationally incorporated into these proteins, relies on several proteins belonging to the so-called sulfur mobilization (SUF) machinery. An Fe-S cluster is first de novo synthesized on a scaffold protein complex before additional late-acting maturation factors act in the specific transfer, possible conversion and insertion of this cluster into target recipient proteins. In this review, we will summarize what is known about the molecular mechanisms responsible for both the synthesis and transfer steps, focusing in particular on the structural aspects that allow the formation of the required protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kairis
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France; Genetics and Physiology of Microalgae, InBios/Phytosystems Research Unit, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Jérémy Couturier
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France; Institut Universitaire de France, F-75000 Paris, France
| | - Claire Remacle
- Genetics and Physiology of Microalgae, InBios/Phytosystems Research Unit, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhang P, Wang J, Zhang J, Tong T, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Wei M, Feng C, Li J, Zhang X, Xie C, Cai T. Mitochondrial targeting sequence of magnetoreceptor MagR: More than just targeting. Zool Res 2024; 45:468-477. [PMID: 38583938 PMCID: PMC11188603 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron-sulfur clusters are essential cofactors for proteins involved in various biological processes, such as electron transport, biosynthetic reactions, DNA repair, and gene expression regulation. Iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein IscA1 (or MagR) is found within the mitochondria of most eukaryotes. Magnetoreceptor (MagR) is a highly conserved A-type iron and iron-sulfur cluster-binding protein, characterized by two distinct types of iron-sulfur clusters, [2Fe-2S] and [3Fe-4S], each conferring unique magnetic properties. MagR forms a rod-like polymer structure in complex with photoreceptive cryptochrome (Cry) and serves as a putative magnetoreceptor for retrieving geomagnetic information in animal navigation. Although the N-terminal sequences of MagR vary among species, their specific function remains unknown. In the present study, we found that the N-terminal sequences of pigeon MagR, previously thought to serve as a mitochondrial targeting signal (MTS), were not cleaved following mitochondrial entry but instead modulated the efficiency with which iron-sulfur clusters and irons are bound. Moreover, the N-terminal region of MagR was required for the formation of a stable MagR/Cry complex. Thus, the N-terminal sequences in pigeon MagR fulfil more important functional roles than just mitochondrial targeting. These results further extend our understanding of the function of MagR and provide new insights into the origin of magnetoreception from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tianyang Tong
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhou
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yajie Zhou
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230039, China
| | - Mengke Wei
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230039, China
| | - Chuanlin Feng
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230039, China
- International Magnetobiology Frontier Research Center, Science Island, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Can Xie
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- International Magnetobiology Frontier Research Center, Science Island, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- Institute of Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China. E-mail:
| | - Tiantian Cai
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Institute of Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China. E-mail:
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Pedroletti L, Moseler A, Meyer AJ. Assembly, transfer, and fate of mitochondrial iron-sulfur clusters. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3328-3344. [PMID: 36846908 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of an autonomous iron-sulfur cluster (Fe-S) assembly machinery in mitochondria, significant efforts to examine the nature of this process have been made. The assembly of Fe-S clusters occurs in two distinct steps with the initial synthesis of [2Fe-2S] clusters by a first machinery followed by a subsequent assembly into [4Fe-4S] clusters by a second machinery. Despite this knowledge, we still have only a rudimentary understanding of how Fe-S clusters are transferred and distributed among their respective apoproteins. In particular, demand created by continuous protein turnover and the sacrificial destruction of clusters for synthesis of biotin and lipoic acid reveal possible bottlenecks in the supply chain of Fe-S clusters. Taking available information from other species into consideration, this review explores the mitochondrial assembly machinery of Arabidopsis and provides current knowledge about the respective transfer steps to apoproteins. Furthermore, this review highlights biotin synthase and lipoyl synthase, which both utilize Fe-S clusters as a sulfur source. After extraction of sulfur atoms from these clusters, the remains of the clusters probably fall apart, releasing sulfide as a highly toxic by-product. Immediate refixation through local cysteine biosynthesis is therefore an essential salvage pathway and emphasizes the physiological need for cysteine biosynthesis in plant mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pedroletti
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Moseler
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
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Relationships between the Reversible Oxidation of the Single Cysteine Residue and the Physiological Function of the Mitochondrial Glutaredoxin S15 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010102. [PMID: 36670964 PMCID: PMC9854632 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are widespread proteins catalyzing deglutathionylation or glutathionylation reactions or serving for iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein maturation. Previous studies highlighted a role of the Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondrial class II GRXS15 in Fe-S cluster assembly, whereas only a weak glutathione-dependent oxidation activity was detected with the non-physiological roGFP2 substrate in vitro. Still, the protein must exist in a reduced form for both redox and Fe-S cluster binding functions. Therefore, this study aimed at examining the redox properties of AtGRXS15. The acidic pKa of the sole cysteine present in AtGRXS15 indicates that it should be almost totally under a thiolate form at mitochondrial pH and thus possibly subject to oxidation. Oxidizing treatments revealed that this cysteine reacts with H2O2 or with oxidized glutathione forms. This leads to the formation of disulfide-bridge dimers and glutathionylated monomers which have redox midpoint potentials of -304 mV and -280 mV, respectively. Both oxidized forms are reduced by glutathione and mitochondrial thioredoxins. In conclusion, it appears that AtGRXS15 is prone to oxidation, forming reversible oxidation forms that may be seen either as a catalytic intermediate of the oxidoreductase activity and/or as a protective mechanism preventing irreversible oxidation and allowing Fe-S cluster binding upon reduction.
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Tong T, Zhou Y, Fei F, Zhou X, Guo Z, Wang S, Zhang J, Zhang P, Cai T, Li G, Zhang Y, Wang J, Xie C. The rational design of iron-sulfur cluster binding site for prolonged stability in magnetoreceptor MagR. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1051943. [DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1051943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-sulfur proteins play essential roles in a wide variety of cellular processes such as respiration, photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and magnetoreception. The stability of iron-sulfur clusters varies significantly between anaerobic and aerobic conditions due to their intrinsic sensitivity to oxygen. Iron-sulfur proteins are well suited to various practical applications as molecular redox sensors or molecular “wires” for electron transfer. Various technologies have been developed recently using one particular iron-sulfur protein, MagR, as a magnetic tag. However, the limited protein stability and low magnetic sensitivity of MagR hindered its wide application. Here in this study, the iron-sulfur binding site of pigeon clMagR was rationally re-designed. One such mutation, T57C in pigeon MagR, showed improved iron-sulfur binding efficiency and higher iron content, as well as prolonged thermostability. Thus, clMagRT57C can serve as a prototype for further design of more stable and sensitive magnetic toolbox for magnetogenetics in the future.
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The Intriguing Role of Iron-Sulfur Clusters in the CIAPIN1 Protein Family. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe/S) clusters are protein cofactors that play a crucial role in essential cellular functions. Their ability to rapidly exchange electrons with several redox active acceptors makes them an efficient system for fulfilling diverse cellular needs. They include the formation of a relay for long-range electron transfer in enzymes, the biosynthesis of small molecules required for several metabolic pathways and the sensing of cellular levels of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species to activate appropriate cellular responses. An emerging family of iron-sulfur cluster binding proteins is CIAPIN1, which is characterized by a C-terminal domain of about 100 residues. This domain contains two highly conserved cysteine-rich motifs, which are both involved in Fe/S cluster binding. The CIAPIN1 proteins have been described so far to be involved in electron transfer pathways, providing electrons required for the biosynthesis of important protein cofactors, such as Fe/S clusters and the diferric-tyrosyl radical, as well as in the regulation of cell death. Here, we have first investigated the occurrence of CIAPIN1 proteins in different organisms spanning the entire tree of life. Then, we discussed the function of this family of proteins, focusing specifically on the role that the Fe/S clusters play. Finally, we describe the nature of the Fe/S clusters bound to CIAPIN1 proteins and which are the cellular pathways inserting the Fe/S clusters in the two cysteine-rich motifs.
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Przybyla-Toscano J, Maclean AE, Franceschetti M, Liebsch D, Vignols F, Keech O, Rouhier N, Balk J. Protein lipoylation in mitochondria requires Fe-S cluster assembly factors NFU4 and NFU5. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:997-1013. [PMID: 34718778 PMCID: PMC8825329 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolutionarily conserved NifU (NFU)-domain proteins that are targeted to plastids or mitochondria. "Plastid-type" NFU1, NFU2, and NFU3 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) play a role in iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster assembly in this organelle, whereas the type-II NFU4 and NFU5 proteins have not been subjected to mutant studies in any plant species to determine their biological role. Here, we confirmed that NFU4 and NFU5 are targeted to the mitochondria. The proteins were constitutively produced in all parts of the plant, suggesting a housekeeping function. Double nfu4 nfu5 knockout mutants were embryonic lethal, and depletion of NFU4 and NFU5 proteins led to growth arrest of young seedlings. Biochemical analyses revealed that NFU4 and NFU5 are required for lipoylation of the H proteins of the glycine decarboxylase complex and the E2 subunits of other mitochondrial dehydrogenases, with little impact on Fe-S cluster-containing respiratory complexes or aconitase. Consequently, the Gly-to-Ser ratio was increased in mutant seedlings and early growth improved with elevated CO2 treatment. In addition, pyruvate, 2-oxoglutarate, and branched-chain amino acids accumulated in nfu4 nfu5 mutants, further supporting defects in the other three mitochondrial lipoate-dependent enzyme complexes. NFU4 and NFU5 interacted with mitochondrial lipoyl synthase (LIP1) in yeast 2-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. These data indicate that NFU4 and NFU5 have a more specific function than previously thought, most likely providing Fe-S clusters to lipoyl synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew E Maclean
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Daniela Liebsch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Florence Vignols
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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López-López A, Keech O, Rouhier N. Maturation and Assembly of Iron-Sulfur Cluster-Containing Subunits in the Mitochondrial Complex I From Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:916948. [PMID: 35677241 PMCID: PMC9168917 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.916948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the mitochondrial complex I is the protein complex encompassing the largest number of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters. The whole, membrane-embedded, holo-complex is assembled stepwise from assembly intermediates. The Q and N modules are combined to form a peripheral arm in the matrix, whereas the so-called membrane arm is formed after merging a carbonic anhydrase (CA) module with so-called Pp (proximal) and the Pd (distal) domains. A ferredoxin bridge connects both arms. The eight Fe-S clusters present in the peripheral arm for electron transfer reactions are synthesized via a dedicated protein machinery referred to as the iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) machinery. The de novo assembly occurs on ISCU scaffold proteins from iron, sulfur and electron delivery proteins. In a second step, the preformed Fe-S clusters are transferred, eventually converted and inserted in recipient apo-proteins. Diverse molecular actors, including a chaperone-cochaperone system, assembly factors among which proteins with LYR motifs, and Fe-S cluster carrier/transfer proteins, have been identified as contributors to the second step. This mini-review highlights the recent progresses in our understanding of how specificity is achieved during the delivery of preformed Fe-S clusters to complex I subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia López-López
- INRAE, IAM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- INRAE, IAM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Rouhier,
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Guo Z, Xu S, Chen X, Wang C, Yang P, Qin S, Zhao C, Fei F, Zhao X, Tan PH, Wang J, Xie C. Modulation of MagR magnetic properties via iron-sulfur cluster binding. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23941. [PMID: 34907239 PMCID: PMC8671422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-sulfur clusters are essential cofactors found in all kingdoms of life and play essential roles in fundamental processes, including but not limited to respiration, photosynthesis, and nitrogen fixation. The chemistry of iron-sulfur clusters makes them ideal for sensing various redox environmental signals, while the physics of iron-sulfur clusters and its host proteins have been long overlooked. One such protein, MagR, has been proposed as a putative animal magnetoreceptor. It forms a rod-like complex with cryptochromes (Cry) and possesses intrinsic magnetic moment. However, the magnetism modulation of MagR remains unknown. Here in this study, iron-sulfur cluster binding in MagR has been characterized. Three conserved cysteines of MagR play different roles in iron-sulfur cluster binding. Two forms of iron-sulfur clusters binding have been identified in pigeon MagR and showed different magnetic properties: [3Fe-4S]-MagR appears to be superparamagnetic and has saturation magnetization at 5 K but [2Fe-2S]-MagR is paramagnetic. While at 300 K, [2Fe-2S]-MagR is diamagnetic but [3Fe-4S]-MagR is paramagnetic. Together, the different types of iron-sulfur cluster binding in MagR attribute distinguished magnetic properties, which may provide a fascinating mechanism for animals to modulate the sensitivity in magnetic sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuai Xu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Science Island, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Xue Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Changhao Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Science Island, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Peilin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Siying Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Cuiping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Fan Fei
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Science Island, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Xianglong Zhao
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Science Island, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Ping-Heng Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Science Island, Hefei, 230031, China
- International Magnetobiology Frontier Research Center, Science Island, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Can Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Science Island, Hefei, 230031, China.
- International Magnetobiology Frontier Research Center, Science Island, Hefei, 230031, China.
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Moseler A, Kruse I, Maclean AE, Pedroletti L, Franceschetti M, Wagner S, Wehler R, Fischer-Schrader K, Poschet G, Wirtz M, Dörmann P, Hildebrandt TM, Hell R, Schwarzländer M, Balk J, Meyer AJ. The function of glutaredoxin GRXS15 is required for lipoyl-dependent dehydrogenases in mitochondria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1507-1525. [PMID: 33856472 PMCID: PMC8260144 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are ubiquitous cofactors in all life and are used in a wide array of diverse biological processes, including electron transfer chains and several metabolic pathways. Biosynthesis machineries for Fe-S clusters exist in plastids, the cytosol, and mitochondria. A single monothiol glutaredoxin (GRX) is involved in Fe-S cluster assembly in mitochondria of yeast and mammals. In plants, the role of the mitochondrial homolog GRXS15 has only partially been characterized. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) grxs15 null mutants are not viable, but mutants complemented with the variant GRXS15 K83A develop with a dwarf phenotype similar to the knockdown line GRXS15amiR. In an in-depth metabolic analysis of the variant and knockdown GRXS15 lines, we show that most Fe-S cluster-dependent processes are not affected, including biotin biosynthesis, molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, the electron transport chain, and aconitase in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Instead, we observed an increase in most TCA cycle intermediates and amino acids, especially pyruvate, glycine, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Additionally, we found an accumulation of branched-chain α-keto acids (BCKAs), the first degradation products resulting from transamination of BCAAs. In wild-type plants, pyruvate, glycine, and BCKAs are all metabolized through decarboxylation by mitochondrial lipoyl cofactor (LC)-dependent dehydrogenase complexes. These enzyme complexes are very abundant, comprising a major sink for LC. Because biosynthesis of LC depends on continuous Fe-S cluster supply to lipoyl synthase, this could explain why LC-dependent processes are most sensitive to restricted Fe-S supply in grxs15 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Moseler
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)—Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy 54000, France
| | - Inga Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- Present address: Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
| | - Andrew E Maclean
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- Present address: Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Luca Pedroletti
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)—Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Wagner
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)—Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Regina Wehler
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin Fischer-Schrader
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP)—Plant Energy Biology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)—Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Author for communication:
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11
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Przybyla-Toscano J, Christ L, Keech O, Rouhier N. Iron-sulfur proteins in plant mitochondria: roles and maturation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2014-2044. [PMID: 33301571 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are prosthetic groups ensuring electron transfer reactions, activating substrates for catalytic reactions, providing sulfur atoms for the biosynthesis of vitamins or other cofactors, or having protein-stabilizing effects. Hence, metalloproteins containing these cofactors are essential for numerous and diverse metabolic pathways and cellular processes occurring in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are organelles where the Fe-S cluster demand is high, notably because the activity of the respiratory chain complexes I, II, and III relies on the correct assembly and functioning of Fe-S proteins. Several other proteins or complexes present in the matrix require Fe-S clusters as well, or depend either on Fe-S proteins such as ferredoxins or on cofactors such as lipoic acid or biotin whose synthesis relies on Fe-S proteins. In this review, we have listed and discussed the Fe-S-dependent enzymes or pathways in plant mitochondria including some potentially novel Fe-S proteins identified based on in silico analysis or on recent evidence obtained in non-plant organisms. We also provide information about recent developments concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in Fe-S cluster synthesis and trafficking steps of these cofactors from maturation factors to client apoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Przybyla-Toscano
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Loïck Christ
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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