Pathophysiological In Vitro Profile of Neuronal Differentiated Cells Derived from Niemann-Pick Disease Type C2 Patient-Specific iPSCs Carrying the NPC2 Mutations c.58G>T/c.140G>T

The role of lysosomal membrane proteins in autophagy and related diseases

As a self-degrading and highly conserved survival mechanism, autophagy plays an important role in maintaining cell survival and recycling. The discovery of autophagy-related (ATG) genes has revolutionized our understanding of autophagy. Lysosomal membrane proteins (LMPs) are important executors of lysosomal function, and increasing evidence has demonstrated their role in the induction and regulation of autophagy. In addition, the functional dysregulation of the process mediated by LMPs at all stages of autophagy is closely related to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Here, we review the role of LMPs in autophagy, focusing on their roles in vesicle nucleation, vesicle elongation and completion, the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, and degradation, as well as their broad association with related diseases.

Impact of Organelle Transport Deficits on Mitophagy and Autophagy in Niemann-Pick Disease Type C

Defective mitochondria are pathophysiological features of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we investigated mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of the rare lysosomal storage diseases Niemann-Pick disease type C1 and type C2 (NP-C1 and NP-C2). Mutations in either the NPC1 or NPC2 gene lead to cholesterol accumulation in late endosomes and lysosomes, resulting in impaired cholesterol homeostasis. The extent to which this may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction has been poorly studied so far. Therefore, we investigated the morphology, function, and transport of mitochondria, as well as their degradation via mitophagy, in a disease-associated human neural cell model of NP-C. By performing live cell imaging, we observed markedly reduced mitochondrial transport, although morphology and function were not appreciably altered. However, we observed a defective mitophagy induction shown by a reduced capability to elevate parkin expression and engulf mitochondria in autophagosomes after treatment with carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). This was accompanied by defects in autophagy induction, exhibited by a hampered p62 expression and progression, shown by increased LC3BII levels and a defective fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. The latter might have been additionally influenced by the observed reduced lysosomal transport. Hence, we hypothesized that a reduced recycling of mitochondria contributes to the pathophysiology of NP-C.

Inborn errors of metabolism: Lessons from iPSC models

The possibility of reprogramming human somatic cells to pluripotency has opened unprecedented opportunities for creating genuinely human experimental models of disease. Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) constitute a greatly heterogeneous class of diseases that appear, in principle, especially suited to be modeled by iPSC-based technology. Indeed, dozens of IEMs have already been modeled to some extent using patient-specific iPSCs. Here, we review the advantages and disadvantages of iPSC-based disease modeling in the context of IEMs, as well as particular challenges associated to this approach, together with solutions researchers have proposed to tackle them. We have structured this review around six lessons that we have learnt from those previous modeling efforts, and that we believe should be carefully considered by researchers wishing to embark in future iPSC-based models of IEMs.