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Yu J, Yuan Q, Chen C, Xu T, Jiang Y, Hu W, Liao A, Zhang J, Le X, Li H, Wang X. A root-knot nematode effector targets the Arabidopsis cysteine protease RD21A for degradation to suppress plant defense and promote parasitism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38516730 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most widely distributed plant-parasitic nematodes and causes severe economic losses annually. The parasite produces effector proteins that play essential roles in successful parasitism. Here, we identified one such effector named MiCE108, which is exclusively expressed within the nematode subventral esophageal gland cells and is upregulated in the early parasitic stage of M. incognita. A yeast signal sequence trap assay showed that MiCE108 contains a functional signal peptide for secretion. Virus-induced gene silencing of MiCE108 impaired the parasitism of M. incognita in Nicotiana benthamiana. The ectopic expression of MiCE108 in Arabidopsis suppressed the deposition of callose, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and the expression of marker genes for bacterial flagellin epitope flg22-triggered immunity, resulting in increased susceptibility to M. incognita, Botrytis cinerea, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. The MiCE108 protein physically associates with the plant defense protease RD21A and promotes its degradation via the endosomal-dependent pathway, or 26S proteasome. Consistent with this, knockout of RD21A compromises the innate immunity of Arabidopsis and increases its susceptibility to a broad range of pathogens, including M. incognita, strongly indicating a role in defense against this nematode. Together, our data suggest that M. incognita deploys the effector MiCE108 to target Arabidopsis cysteine protease RD21A and affect its stability, thereby suppressing plant innate immunity and facilitating parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyu Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aolin Liao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuhu Le
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Chang Q, Yang Y, Hong B, Zhao Y, Zhao M, Han S, Zhang F, Peng H, Peng D, Li Y. A variant of the venom allergen-like protein, DdVAP2, is required for the migratory endoparasitic plant nematode Ditylenchus destructor parasitism of plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1322902. [PMID: 38152146 PMCID: PMC10751354 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1322902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The potato rot nematode, Ditylenchus destructor, poses a serious threat to numerous root and tuber crops, yet the functional characterization of effectors from this migratory endoparasitic plant nematode remains limited. Despite inhabiting distinct habitats, sedentary and migratory plant parasitic nematodes share the structurally conserved effectors, such as venom allergen-like proteins (VAPs). In this study, a variant of DdVAP2 was cloned from D. destructor. The transcription profile analysis revealed that DdVAP2 was higher expressed in D. destructor feeding on either potato or sweet potato compared to on fungus via qRT-PCR. And DdVAP2 was highly expressed at all life stages feeding on sweet potato, except for eggs. DdVAP2 was confirmed to be specifically expressed in the subventral esophageal glands of D. destructor through in situ hybridization assays. Combined with functional validation of the signal peptide of DdVAP2, it suggested that DdVAP2 could be secreted from nematode into host. Heterologous expression of DdVAP2 in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed that the protein localized in both cytosol and nuclei of plant cells. Knocking down DdVAP2 by RNAi in D. destructor resulted in infection and reproduction defects on plants. All the results suggest that DdVAP2 plays a crucial role in the interaction between D. destructor and plants by facilitating the nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
| | - Yiwei Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanqun Zhao
- Yulin Agricultural Technology Service Center, Yulin, China
| | - Mengxin Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
| | - Shanshan Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingmei Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
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Han Z, Xiong D, Schneiter R, Tian C. The function of plant PR1 and other members of the CAP protein superfamily in plant-pathogen interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:651-668. [PMID: 36932700 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins of plants have originally been identified as proteins that are strongly induced upon biotic and abiotic stress. These proteins fall into 17 distinct classes (PR1-PR17). The mode of action of most of these PR proteins has been well characterized, except for PR1, which belongs to a widespread superfamily of proteins that share a common CAP domain. Proteins of this family are not only expressed in plants but also in humans and in many different pathogens, including phytopathogenic nematodes and fungi. These proteins are associated with a diverse range of physiological functions. However, their precise mode of action has remained elusive. The importance of these proteins in immune defence is illustrated by the fact that PR1 overexpression in plants results in increased resistance against pathogens. However, PR1-like CAP proteins are also produced by pathogens and deletion of these genes results in reduced virulence, suggesting that CAP proteins can exert both defensive and offensive functions. Recent progress has revealed that plant PR1 is proteolytically cleaved to release a C-terminal CAPE1 peptide, which is sufficient to activate an immune response. The release of this signalling peptide is blocked by pathogenic effectors to evade immune defence. Moreover, plant PR1 forms complexes with other PR family members, including PR5, also known as thaumatin, and PR14, a lipid transfer protein, to enhance the host's immune response. Here, we discuss possible functions of PR1 proteins and their interactors, particularly in light of the fact that these proteins can bind lipids, which have important immune signalling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Han
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dianguang Xiong
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Chengming Tian
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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van Steenbrugge JJM, van den Elsen S, Holterman M, Lozano‐Torres J, Putker V, Thorpe P, Goverse A, Sterken M, Smant G, Helder J. Comparative genomics among cyst nematodes reveals distinct evolutionary histories among effector families and an irregular distribution of effector-associated promoter motifs. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:1515-1529. [PMID: 35560992 PMCID: PMC10946958 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Potato cyst nematodes (PCNs), an umbrella term used for two species, Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis, belong worldwide to the most harmful pathogens of potato. Pathotype-specific host plant resistances are essential for PCN control. However, the poor delineation of G. pallida pathotypes has hampered the efficient use of available host plant resistances. Long-read sequencing technology allowed us to generate a new reference genome of G. pallida population D383 and, as compared to the current reference, the new genome assembly is 42 times less fragmented. For comparison of diversification patterns of six effector families between G. pallida and G. rostochiensis, an additional reference genome was generated for an outgroup, the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii (IRS population). Large evolutionary contrasts in effector family topologies were observed. While VAPs (venom allergen-like proteins) diversified before the split between the three cyst nematode species, the families GLAND5 and GLAND13 only expanded in PCNs after their separation from the genus Heterodera. Although DNA motifs in the promoter regions thought to be involved in the orchestration of effector expression ("DOG boxes") were present in all three cyst nematode species, their presence is not a necessity for dorsal gland-produced effectors. Notably, DOG box dosage was only loosely correlated with the expression level of individual effector variants. Comparison of the G. pallida genome with those of two other cyst nematodes underlined the fundamental differences in evolutionary history between effector families. Resequencing of PCN populations with different virulence characteristics will allow for the linking of these characteristics to the composition of the effector repertoire as well as for the mapping of PCN diversification patterns resulting from extreme anthropogenic range expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven van den Elsen
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn Holterman
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- SolyntaWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Vera Putker
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter Thorpe
- School of Medicine, Medical & Biological SciencesUniversity of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mark G. Sterken
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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Aphelenchoides besseyi Ab-FAR-1 Interacts with Arabidopsis thaliana AtADF3 to Interfere with Actin Cytoskeleton, and Promotes Nematode Parasitism and Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012280. [PMID: 36293146 PMCID: PMC9603084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid and retinol binding proteins (FAR) are unique proteins found in nematodes and are considered potential targets for controlling these parasites. However, their functions in nematode parasitism and pathogenicity and interaction with hosts are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the specific roles of rice white tip nematodes (RWTNs), Aphelenchoides besseyi, and a protein, Ab-FAR-1, to elucidate the parasitic and pathogenic processes of nematodes. The results showed that the expression level of Ab-far-1 was significantly up-regulated after A. besseyi infection of the plant. The immunofluorescence and subcellular localisation showed that Ab-FAR-1 was secreted into plant tissues mainly through the body wall of nematodes and might act in the nucleus and cytoplasm of plant cells. The pathogenicity of RWTNs was enhanced in Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing Ab-FAR-1 and inhibited in Ab-far-1 RNAi A. thaliana. Yeast two-hybrid, Co-IP, BiFC, and nematode inoculation experiments showed that Ab-FAR-1 could interact with the A. thaliana actin-depolymerizing factor protein AtADF3, and the A. thaliana adf3 mutant was more susceptible to nematodes. An in vitro actin filament depolymerisation assay demonstrated that Ab-FAR-1 could inhibit AtADF3-mediated depolymerisation of actin filaments, and the turnover process of cellular actin filaments was also affected in A. thaliana overexpressing Ab-FAR-1. In addition, flg22-mediated host defence responses were suppressed in A. thaliana overexpressing Ab-FAR-1 and adf3 mutants. Therefore, this study confirmed that RWTNs can affect the turnover of actin filament remodelling mediated by AtADF3 through Ab-FAR-1 secretion and thus inhibit plant PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), promoting the parasitism and pathogenicity of nematodes.
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Saravanan R, Saranya N, Ragapriya V, Rajaswaminathan V, Kavino M, Krishnamoorthy AS, Nakkeeran S. Nematicidal Property of Clindamycin and 5-hydroxy-2-methyl Furfural (HMF) from the Banana Endophyte Bacillus velezensis (YEBBR6) Against Banana Burrowing Nematode Radopholus similis. Indian J Microbiol 2022; 62:364-373. [PMID: 35974914 PMCID: PMC9375788 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-022-01011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Radopholus similis is a burrowing nematode which causes banana toppling disease and is of major economic threat for the banana production. Bacterial endophyte Bacillus velezensis (YEBBR6) produce biomolecules like 5-hydroxy-2-methyl furfural (HMF) and clindamycin in during interaction with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense. Molecular modelling and docking studies were performed on Radopholus similis protein targets such as calreticulin, cathepsin S-like cysteine proteinase, β-1,4 -endoglucanase, reticulocalbin, venom allergen-like protein and serine carboxypeptidase to understand the mode of action of HMF and clindamycin against Radopholus similis. Structurally validated protein targets of R. similis were docked with biomolecules through AutoDock Vina module in PyRx 0.8 software to predict the binding energy of ligand and target protein. Among the chosen six targets, docking analysis revealed that clindamycin had the maximum binding affinity for β-1,4-endoglucanase (- 7.2 kcal/mol), reticulocalbin (- 7.5 kcal/mol) and serine carboxypeptidase (- 6.9 kcal/mol) in comparison with HMF and the nematicide, carbofuran 3G. Besides, clindamycin also had the maximum binding energy for the target sites calreticulin and venom allergen-like protein compared to the small molecule HMF. Novel molecule, clindamycin produced by B. velezensis served as a potential inhibitor of the target sites associated in interrupting the functions of β-1,4-endoglucanase, reticulocalbin, serine carboxypeptidase, calreticulin, cathepsin S-like cysteine proteinase, and venom allergen-like proteins. Besides, increased binding affinity of clindamycin with the protein target sites facilitated to explore it as a novel nematicidal molecule for the management of banana burrowing nematode R. similis. Thus, present investigation confirmed that, the small molecules clindamycin can be explored for nematicidal activity. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-022-01011-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Saravanan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - N. Saranya
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - V. Ragapriya
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - V. Rajaswaminathan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - M. Kavino
- Department of Fruit Science, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - A. S. Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - S. Nakkeeran
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
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