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Leuci R, Brunetti L, Tufarelli V, Cerini M, Paparella M, Puvača N, Piemontese L. Role of copper chelating agents: between old applications and new perspectives in neuroscience. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:751-762. [PMID: 38886940 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of copper element has been an increasingly relevant topic in recent years in the fields of human and animal health, for both the study of new drugs and innovative food and feed supplements. This metal plays an important role in the central nervous system, where it is associated with glutamatergic signaling, and it is widely involved in inflammatory processes. Thus, diseases involving copper (II) dyshomeostasis often have neurological symptoms, as exemplified by Alzheimer's and other diseases (such as Parkinson's and Wilson's diseases). Moreover, imbalanced copper ion concentrations have also been associated with diabetes and certain types of cancer, including glioma. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive overview of recent results that show the importance of these metal ions in several pathologies, mainly Alzheimer's disease, through the lens of the development and use of copper chelators as research compounds and potential therapeutics if included in multi-target hybrid drugs. Seeing how copper homeostasis is important for the well-being of animals as well as humans, we shortly describe the state of the art regarding the effects of copper and its chelators in agriculture, livestock rearing, and aquaculture, as ingredients for the formulation of feed supplements as well as to prevent the effects of pollution on animal productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Leuci
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Leonardo Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tufarelli
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonian Area (DiMePRe-J), Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Cerini
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Paparella
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Nikola Puvača
- Department of Engineering Management in Biotechnology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering Management in Novi Sad, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Luca Piemontese
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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2
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Bielenica A, Głogowska A, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Orzelska-Górka J, Kurpios-Piec D, Struga M. In vitro antimycobacterial activity and interaction profiles of diarylthiourea-copper (II) complexes with antitubercular drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 143:102412. [PMID: 37774599 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The activity of several halogenated copper (II) complexes of 4-chloro-3-nitrophenylthiourea derivatives has been tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and strains of non-tuberculous mycobacteria. The compounds were 2-16 times more potent than current TB-drugs against multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis 210. The 3,4-dichlorophenylthiourea complex (5) was equipotent to ethambutol (EMB) towards M. tuberculosis H37Rv and 192 strains. All derivatives acted 2-8 times stronger than isoniazid (INH) against nontuberculous isolates. In the presence of chosen coordinates, the 2-64 times reduction of MIC values of standard drugs was denoted. The synergistic interaction was found between the complex 4 and rifampicin (RMP), and additivity of 1-5, 8 in pairs with EMB and/or streptomycin (SM) against M. tuberculosis 800 was established. All coordination compounds in combination with at least one drug showed additive activity towards both H37Rv and 192 isolates. In 67% incidences of indifference, the individual MIC of a drug decreased 2-16-fold. One can conclude that the novel thiourea chelates described here are potent hits for further developments of new agents against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bielenica
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Głogowska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Orzelska-Górka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dagmara Kurpios-Piec
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Struga
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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Strzyga-Łach P, Chrzanowska A, Kiernozek-Kalińska E, Żyżyńska-Granica B, Podsadni K, Podsadni P, Bielenica A. Proapoptotic effects of halogenated bis-phenylthiourea derivatives in cancer cells. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300105. [PMID: 37401845 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
New halogenated thiourea derivatives were synthesized via the reaction of substituted phenylisothiocyanates with aromatic amines. Their cytotoxic activity was examined in in vitro studies against solid tumors (SW480, SW620, PC3), a hematological malignance (K-562), and normal keratinocytes (HaCaT). Most of the compounds were more effective against SW480 (1a, 3a, 3b, 5j), K-562 (2b, 3a, 4a), or PC3 (5d) cells than cisplatin, with favorable selectivity. Their anticancer mechanisms were studied by Annexin V-fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate apoptosis, caspase-3/caspase-7 assessment, cell cycle analysis, interleukin-6 (IL-6) release inhibition, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation assay. Thioureas 1a, 2b, 3a, and 4a were the most potent activators of early apoptosis in K-562 cells, and substances 1a, 3b, 5j triggered late-apoptosis or necrosis in SW480 cells. This proapoptotic effect was proved by the significant increase of caspase-3/caspase-7 activation. Cell cycle analysis revealed that derivatives 1a, 3a, 5j increased the number of SW480 and K-562 cells in the sub-G1 and/or G0/G1 phases, and one evoked cycle arrest at the G2 phase. The most potent thioureas inhibited IL-6 cytokine secretion from PC3 cells and both colon cancer cell lines. Apoptosis-inducing compounds also increased ROS production in all tumor cell cultures, which may enhance their anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Strzyga-Łach
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Chrzanowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Katarzyna Podsadni
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Podsadni
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bielenica
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Elbialy NA, Elhakim HKA, Mohamed MH, Zakaria Z. Evaluation of the synergistic effect of chitosan metal ions (Cu 2+/Co 2+) in combination with antibiotics to counteract the effects on antibiotic resistant bacteria. RSC Adv 2023; 13:17978-17990. [PMID: 37323456 PMCID: PMC10265139 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02758a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of antibiotics that save millions of lives is in danger due to the increasing rise of resistant bacteria around the world. We proposed chitosan-copper ions (CSNP-Cu2+) and chitosan-cobalt ion nanoparticles (CSNP-Co2+) as biodegradable nanoparticles loaded with metal ions synthesized via an ionic gelation method for treatment of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The nanoparticles were characterized using TEM, FT-IR, zeta potential and ICP-OES. The MIC was evaluated for the NPs in addition to evaluating the synergetic effect of the nanoparticles in combination with cefepime or penicillin for five different antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. In order to investigate the mode of action, MRSA, DSMZ 28766 and Escherichia coli E0157:H7 were selected for further evaluation of antibiotic resistant genes expression upon treatment with NPs. Finally, the cytotoxic activities were investigated using MCF7, HEPG2 and A549 and WI-38 cell lines. The results showed quasi spherical shape and mean particle size of 19.9 ± 5 nm, 21 ± 5 nm and 22.27 ± 5 for CSNP, CSNP-Cu2+ and CSNP-Co2+ respectively. FT-IR showed slight shifting of the hydroxyl and amine group's peaks of chitosan indicating the adsorption of metal ions. Both nanoparticles had antibacterial activity with MIC ranging between 125 and 62 μg ml-1 for the used standard bacterial strains. Moreover, the combination of each of the synthesized NP with either cefepime or penicillin not only showed a synergetic effect as antibacterial activity of each NP or antibiotics alone, but also decreased the fold of antibiotic resistance genes expression. The NPs showed potent cytotoxic activities for MCF-7, HepG2 and A549 cancer cell lines with lower cytotoxic values for the WI-38 normal cell line. The NPs' antibacterial activity may be due to penetration and rupture of the cell membrane and the outer membrane of Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria causing bacterial cell death, in addition to, penetration into the bacterial genes and blocking gene expression that is vital to bacterial growth. The fabricated nanoparticles can be an effective, affordable and biodegradable solution to challenge antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouran A Elbialy
- Biotechnology and Bimolecular Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - Heba K A Elhakim
- Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | | | - Zainab Zakaria
- Research and Development Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University Cairo Egypt
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Cavalcante CDQO, da Mota THA, de Oliveira DM, Nascimento ÉCM, Martins JBL, Pittella-Silva F, Gatto CC. Dithiocarbazate ligands and their Ni(II) complexes with potential biological activity: Structural, antitumor and molecular docking study. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1146820. [PMID: 36968279 PMCID: PMC10034969 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1146820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for new metal complexes with antitumor potential, two dithiocarbazate ligands derived from 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione (H2L1) and (H2L2) and four Ni(II) complexes, [Ni(L1)PPh3] (1), [Ni(L1)Py] (2), [Ni(L2)PPh3] (3), and [Ni(L2)Py] (4), were successfully synthesized and investigated by physical-chemistry and spectroscopic methods. The crystal structure of the H2L1 and the Ni(II) complexes has been elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The obtained structure from H2L1 confirms the cyclization reaction and formation of the pyrazoline derivative. The results showed square planar geometry to the metal centers, in which dithiocarbazates coordinated by the ONS donor system and a triphenylphosphine or pyridine molecule complete the coordination sphere. Hirshfeld surface analysis by dnorm function was investigated and showed π–π stacking interactions upon the molecular packing of H2L1 and non-classical hydrogen bonds for all compounds. Fingerprint plots showed the main interactions attributed to H⋅H C⋅H, O⋅H, Br⋅H, and F⋅H, with contacts contributing between 1.9% and 38.2%. The mass spectrometry data indicated the presence of molecular ions [M + H]+ and characteristic fragmentations of the compounds, which indicated the same behavior of the compounds in solution and solid state. Molecular docking simulations were studied to evaluate the properties and interactions of the free dithiocarbazates and their Ni(II) complexes with selected proteins and DNA. These results were supported by in vitro cytotoxicity assays against four cancer cell lines, showing that the synthesized metal complexes display promising biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia de Q. O. Cavalcante
- University of Brasília, Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Crystallography, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Tales H. A. da Mota
- University of Brasília, Faculdade UnB Ceilândia, Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Human Health, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Diêgo M. de Oliveira
- University of Brasília, Faculdade UnB Ceilândia, Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Human Health, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Érica C. M. Nascimento
- University of Brasília, Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Computational Chemistry, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - João B. L. Martins
- University of Brasília, Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Computational Chemistry, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Fabio Pittella-Silva
- University of Brasília, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Pathology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Claudia C. Gatto
- University of Brasília, Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Crystallography, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Claudia C. Gatto,
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Drzewiecka-Antonik A, Struga M, Głogowska A, Augustynowicz-Kopec E, Dobrzyńska K, Chrzanowska A, Wolska A, Rejmak P, Klepka MT, Wrzosek M, Bielenica A. Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Biological Activity Evaluation of Novel Cu(II) Complexes with 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylthiourea Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415694. [PMID: 36555333 PMCID: PMC9779606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper complexes with 1,3-disubstituted thiourea derivatives, all containing 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl tail and 1-alkyl/halogen-phenyl substituent, were synthesized. The experimental spectroscopic studies and theoretical calculation revealed that two ligands coordinate to Cu(II) in a bidentate fashion via thiocarbonyl S and deprotonated N atoms of thiourea moiety. Such monomers are characteristic of alkylphenylthiourea complexes, whereas the formation of a sandwich-type dimer is observed for halogeno derivatives. For the first time, the structural identifications of CuN2S2-based complexes using experimental and theoretical X-ray absorption near edge structure are demonstrated. The dimeric halogeno derivatives showed higher antimicrobial activity in comparison with alkylphenylthiourea complexes. The Cu(II) complex of 1-(4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl)-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thiourea was active against 19 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococci (MIC = 2 µg/mL). This derivative acted as a dual inhibitor of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV isolated from Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, complexes of halogenphenylthiourea strongly inhibited the growth of mycobacteria isolated from tuberculosis patients, even fourfold stronger than the reference isoniazid. The complexes exerted weak to moderate antitumor activity (towards SW480, SW620, and PC3) being non-toxic towards normal HaCaT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Struga
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, PL-02097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Głogowska
- Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Microbiology Department, Plocka 26, PL-01138 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopec
- Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Microbiology Department, Plocka 26, PL-01138 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dobrzyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Warsaw Medical University, 3 Oczki Street, PL-02007 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Chrzanowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, PL-02097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wolska
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Rejmak
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin T. Klepka
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, PL-02097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bielenica
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, PL-02097 Warsaw, Poland
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Comparative investigation of Cu(II) complexes with dithiocarbazate: Structural design, theoretical calculation, and in vitro antitumor activity. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 237:112015. [PMID: 36191435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports the synthesis and investigation by semi-empirical Density Functional Theory (DFT), physical chemistry, and spectroscopic methods of two dithiocarbazates, 2-acetylpyridine-S-p-bromobenzyl-dithiocarbazate (HL1) and 2-acetylpyridine-S-p-nitrobenzyl-dithiocarbazate (HL2) and their Cu(II) complexes, [Cu(L1)Cl] (1), [Cu(L1)Br] (2), [Cu(L2)Cl] (3) and [Cu(L2)Br] (4). Single crystal X-ray analyzes showed distorted square planar geometry to the metal centers, which tridentate ligands coordinated by the NNS system and an additional halogen (Cl- or Br-) to complete the coordination sphere. Mass spectrometry data indicated the presence of [Cu(L1)(DMF)]+ and [Cu(L2)(DMF)]+, due to the exchanging of chloride/bromide ions and characteristic fragmentations of the compounds. The DFT composite method B97-3c was employed to optimize the geometries of ligands and complexes and IR spectra were calculated revealing good agreement with experimental data. Hydrogen bonds and π⋅⋅⋅π stacking interactions upon the molecular packing were investigated by Hirshfeld surface and fingerprint plots with the main interactions attributed to the H⋅⋅⋅H contacts. The biological activity of the dithiocarbazates and their Cu(II) complexes were evaluated in vitro against the human glioma U251 cells. Results revealed that the free dithiocarbazates present great in vitro antitumor activity that is increased after the complexation with copper. The measurement of cytotoxicity of the compounds showed biological activity in a low range of concentration, which indicates high efficiency as potential drugs.
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Evaluation of central-metal effect on anticancer activity and mechanism of action of isostructural Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes containing pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 245:114897. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kutner A, Brown G, Kallay E. Novel Strategies in the Development of New Therapies, Drug Substances, and Drug Carriers Volume I. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126635. [PMID: 35743075 PMCID: PMC9224470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kutner
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Geoffrey Brown
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
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Arafa WAA, Ghoneim AA, Mourad AK. N-Naphthoyl Thiourea Derivatives: An Efficient Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis, Reaction, and In Vitro Anticancer Evaluations. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6210-6222. [PMID: 35224384 PMCID: PMC8867804 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the optimization of an efficient, mild, and environmentally friendly synthetic approach to access a diverse library of N-naphthoyl thioureas. These derivatives could be exploited as precursor scaffolds for designing valuable heterocycles with anticipated biological activities. Additionally, the utilization of a copper complex derived from the newly synthesized N-naphthoyl thiourea ligand in the photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) dye was explored. The antiproliferative effect of the synthesized derivatives was examined against MCF-7, HCT116, and A549 cancer cell lines. Most of the assembled derivatives revealed a significant cytotoxic effect, in some cases, greater than doxorubicin. Of these, the copper complex demonstrated significant antitumor activities (IC50 < 1.3 μM) and lesser cytotoxic impact (IC50 > 76 μM), indicating its possibility as a pioneering candidate for future carcinogenic pharmaceutics. Relations between the structure and activity also have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Abdelgayed Ahmed Arafa
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P. O. Box 2014, Sakaka 2014 Jouf, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira Atef Ghoneim
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P. O. Box 2014, Sakaka 2014 Jouf, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa K. Mourad
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, P.O. Box 63514, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
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