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Huayamares SG, Loughrey D, Kim H, Dahlman JE, Sorscher EJ. Nucleic acid-based drugs for patients with solid tumours. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:407-427. [PMID: 38589512 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-024-00883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of patients with advanced-stage solid tumours typically involves a multimodality approach (including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and/or immunotherapy), which is often ultimately ineffective. Nucleic acid-based drugs, either as monotherapies or in combination with standard-of-care therapies, are rapidly emerging as novel treatments capable of generating responses in otherwise refractory tumours. These therapies include those using viral vectors (also referred to as gene therapies), several of which have now been approved by regulatory agencies, and nanoparticles containing mRNAs and a range of other nucleotides. In this Review, we describe the development and clinical activity of viral and non-viral nucleic acid-based treatments, including their mechanisms of action, tolerability and available efficacy data from patients with solid tumours. We also describe the effects of the tumour microenvironment on drug delivery for both systemically administered and locally administered agents. Finally, we discuss important trends resulting from ongoing clinical trials and preclinical testing, and manufacturing and/or stability considerations that are expected to underpin the next generation of nucleic acid agents for patients with solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian G Huayamares
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Loughrey
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James E Dahlman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Eric J Sorscher
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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2
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Hana C, Thaw Dar NN, Galo Venegas M, Vulfovich M. Claudins in Cancer: A Current and Future Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4634. [PMID: 38731853 PMCID: PMC11083183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Claudins are a family of 27 proteins that have an important role in the formation of tight junctions. They also have an important function in ion exchange, cell mobility, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, the latter being very important in cancer invasion and metastasis. Therapeutic targeting of claudins has been investigated to improve cancer outcomes. Recent evidence shows improved outcomes when combining monoclonal antibodies against claudin 18.2 with chemotherapy for patients with gastroesophageal junction cancer. Currently, chimeric antigen receptor T-cells targeting claudin 18 are under investigation. In this review, we will discuss the major functions of claudins, their distribution in the normal as well as cancerous tissues, and their effect in cancer metastasis, with a special focus on the therapeutic targeting of claudins to improve cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hana
- Hematology/Oncology Department, Memorial Healthcare System, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA; (N.N.T.D.); (M.G.V.)
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3
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Qi D, Lu Y, Qu H, Dong Y, Jin Q, Sun M, Li Y, Quan C. Independent prognostic value of CLDN6 in bladder cancer based on M2 macrophages related signature. iScience 2024; 27:109138. [PMID: 38380255 PMCID: PMC10877962 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
M2 macrophages are associated with the prognosis of bladder cancer. CLDN6 has been linked to immune infiltration and is crucial for predicting the prognosis in multi-tumor. The effect of CLDN6 on M2 macrophages in bladder cancer remains elusive. Here, we compared a total of 40 machine learning algorithms, then selected optimal algorithm to develop M2 macrophages-related signature (MMRS) based on the identified M2 macrophages related module. MMRS predicted the prognosis better than other models and associated to immunotherapy response. CLDN6, as an important variable in MMRS, was an independent factor for poor prognosis. We found that CLDN6 was highly expressed and affected immune infiltration, immunotherapy response, and M2 macrophages polarization. Meanwhile, CLDN6 promoted the growth of bladder cancer and enhanced the carcinogenic effect by inducing polarization of M2 macrophages. In total, CLDN6 is an independent risk factor in MMRS to predict the prognosis of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yan Lu
- The Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Huinan Qu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Qiu Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Minghao Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yanru Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, China
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4
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Vonniessen B, Tabariès S, Siegel PM. Antibody-mediated targeting of Claudins in cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1320766. [PMID: 38371623 PMCID: PMC10869466 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1320766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are large intercellular adhesion complexes that maintain cell polarity in normal epithelia and endothelia. Claudins are critical components of TJs, forming homo- and heteromeric interaction between adjacent cells, which have emerged as key functional modulators of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Numerous epithelial-derived cancers display altered claudin expression patterns, and these aberrantly expressed claudins have been shown to regulate cancer cell proliferation/growth, metabolism, metastasis and cell stemness. Certain claudins can now be used as biomarkers to predict patient prognosis in a variety of solid cancers. Our understanding of the distinct roles played by claudins during the cancer progression has progressed significantly over the last decade and claudins are now being investigated as possible diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. In this review, we will summarize recent progress in the use of antibody-based or related strategies for targeting claudins in cancer treatment. We first describe pre-clinical studies that have facilitated the development of neutralizing antibodies and antibody-drug-conjugates targeting Claudins (Claudins-1, -3, -4, -6 and 18.2). Next, we summarize clinical trials assessing the efficacy of antibodies targeting Claudin-6 or Claudin-18.2. Finally, emerging strategies for targeting Claudins, including Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy and Bi-specific T cell engagers (BiTEs), are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Vonniessen
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Tabariès
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter M. Siegel
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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5
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Wang W, Zhou Y, Li W, Quan C, Li Y. Claudins and hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116109. [PMID: 38185042 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high incidence and dismal prognosis, making it a significant global health burden. To change this, the development of new therapeutic strategies is imminent. The claudin (CLDN) family, as key components of tight junctions (TJs), plays an important role in the initiation and development of cancer. Dysregulated expression of CLDNs leads to loss of intercellular adhesion and aberrant cell signaling, which are closely related to cancer cell invasion, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). CLDN1, CLDN3, CLDN4, CLDN5, CLDN6, CLDN7, CLDN9, CLDN10, CLDN11, CLDN14, and CLDN17 are aberrantly expressed in HCC, which drives the progression of the disease. Consequently, they have tremendous potential as prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets. This article summarizes the aberrant expression, molecular mechanisms, and clinical application studies of different subtypes of CLDNs in HCC, with a particular emphasis on CLDN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; The Second Norman Bethune College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; The First Norman Bethune College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yanru Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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Morisseau L, Tokito F, Poulain S, Plaisance V, Pawlowski V, Kim SH, Legallais C, Jellali R, Sakai Y, Abderrahmani A, Leclerc E. Generation of β-like cell subtypes from differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells in 3D spheroids. Mol Omics 2023; 19:810-822. [PMID: 37698079 DOI: 10.1039/d3mo00050h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of four different pancreatic β-cell subtypes and bi-hormomal cells playing a role in the diabetes pathogenesis, the search for in vitro models that mimics such cells heterogeneity became a key priority in experimental and clinical diabetology. We investigated the potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells to lead to the development of the different β-cells subtypes in honeycomb microwell-based 3D spheroids. The glucose-stimulated insulin secretion confirmed the spheroids functionality. Then, we performed a single cell RNA sequencing of the spheroids. Using a knowledge-based analysis with a stringency on the pancreatic markers, we extracted the β-cells INS+/UCN3+ subtype (11%; β1-like cells), the INS+/ST8SIA1+/CD9- subtype (3%, β3-like cells) and INS+/CD9+/ST8SIA1-subtype (1%; β2-like cells) consistently with literature findings. We did not detect the INS+/ST8SIA1+/CD9+ cells (β4-like cells). Then, we also identified four bi-hormonal cells subpopulations including δ-like cells (INS+/SST+, 6%), γ-like cells (INS+/PPY+, 3%), α-like-cells (INS+/GCG+, 6%) and ε-like-cells (INS+/GHRL+, 2%). Using data-driven clustering, we extracted four progenitors' subpopulations (with the lower level of INS gene) that included one population highly expressing inhibin genes (INHBA+/INHBB+), one population highly expressing KCNJ3+/TPH1+, one population expressing hepatocyte-like lineage markers (HNF1A+/AFP+), and one population expressing stem-like cell pancreatic progenitor markers (SOX2+/NEUROG3+). Furthermore, among the cycling population we found a large number of REST+ cells and CD9+ cells (CD9+/SPARC+/REST+). Our data confirm that our differentiation leads to large β-cell heterogeneity, which can be used for investigating β-cells plasticity under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Morisseau
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering UMR 7338, Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, Compiègne, 60203 Cedex, France
| | - Fumiya Tokito
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Stéphane Poulain
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba; Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Valerie Plaisance
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valerie Pawlowski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Soo Hyeon Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba; Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Cécile Legallais
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering UMR 7338, Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, Compiègne, 60203 Cedex, France
| | - Rachid Jellali
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering UMR 7338, Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, Compiègne, 60203 Cedex, France
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, CNRS/IIS IRL 2820, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba; Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Amar Abderrahmani
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Eric Leclerc
- Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, CNRS/IIS IRL 2820, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba; Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
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Dong Y, Xu W, Qi D, Qu H, Jin Q, Sun M, Wang X, Quan C. CLDN6 inhibits colorectal cancer proliferation dependent on restraining p53 ubiquitination via ZO-1/PTEN axis. Cell Signal 2023; 112:110930. [PMID: 37852424 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Abnormal proliferation is a chief characteristic of cancer and is the initiation of CRC progression. As an important component of tight junctions, CLDN6 regulates the proliferation of multiple tumors. Our previous study showed that CLDN6 was low expressed in CRC, and CLDN6 overexpression inhibited CRC proliferation. However, the specific mechanism of how CLDN6 works remains unclear. This research aimed to reveal the relationship between CLDN6 and clinical features, as well as the molecular mechanism by which CLDN6 inhibited CRC proliferation. We found that low expression of CLDN6 was associated with pathological grade and prognosis of CRC patients, and confirmed that CLDN6 inhibited CRC proliferation dependent on p53. Mechanically, we elucidated that CLDN6 regulated ubiquitination to enhance p53 stability and nuclear import by PTEN/AKT/MDM2 pathway. Through the PDZ-binding motif (PBM), CLDN6 bound to ZO-1 to interact with PTEN, and regulate AKT/MDM2 pathway. Collectively, our data enriched the theoretical basis for CLDN6 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Wenhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Da Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Huinan Qu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Qiu Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Minghao Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China.
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
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Romero-Estrada JH, Montaño LF, Rendón-Huerta EP. Binding of YY1/CREB to an Enhancer Region Triggers Claudin 6 Expression in H. pylori LPS-Stimulated AGS Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13974. [PMID: 37762277 PMCID: PMC10531490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of the tight junction protein claudin 6 (CLDN6) is a hallmark of gastric cancer progression. Its expression is regulated by the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). In gastric cancer induced by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) there is no information regarding what transcription factors induce/upregulate the expression of CLDN6. We aimed to identify whether CREB and Yin Yang1 (YY1) regulate the expression of CLDN6 and the site where they bind to the promoter sequence. Bioinformatics analysis, H. pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS), YY1 and CREB silencing, Western blot, luciferase assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments were performed using the stomach gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS. A gen reporter assay suggested that the initial 2000 bp contains the regulatory sequence associated with CLDN6 transcription; the luciferase assay demonstrated three different regions with transcriptional activity, but the -901 to -1421 bp region displayed the maximal transcriptional activity in response to LPS. Fragment 1279-1421 showed CREB and, surprisingly, YY1 occupancy. Sequential Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments confirmed that YY1 and CREB interact in the 1279-1421 region. Our results suggest that CLDN6 expression is regulated by the binding of YY1 and CREB in the 901-1421 enhancer, in which a non-described interaction of YY1 with CREB was established in the 1279-1421 region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis F. Montaño
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Erika P. Rendón-Huerta
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
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McDermott MS, O'Brien NA, Hoffstrom B, Gong K, Lu M, Zhang J, Luo T, Liang M, Jia W, Hong JJ, Chau K, Davenport S, Xie B, Press MF, Panayiotou R, Handly-Santana A, Brugge JS, Presta L, Glaspy J, Slamon DJ. Preclinical Efficacy of the Antibody-Drug Conjugate CLDN6-23-ADC for the Treatment of CLDN6-Positive Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:2131-2143. [PMID: 36884217 PMCID: PMC10233360 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Claudin-6 (CLDN6) is expressed at elevated levels in multiple human cancers including ovarian and endometrial malignancies, with little or no detectable expression in normal adult tissue. This expression profile makes CLDN6 an ideal target for development of a potential therapeutic antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). This study describes the generation and preclinical characterization of CLDN6-23-ADC, an ADC consisting of a humanized anti-CLDN6 monoclonal antibody coupled to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) via a cleavable linker. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A fully humanized anti-CLDN6 antibody was conjugated to MMAE resulting in the potential therapeutic ADC, CLDN6-23-ADC. The antitumor efficacy of CLDN6-23-ADC was assessed for antitumor efficacy in CLDN6-positive (CLDN6+) and -negative (CLDN6-) xenografts and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of human cancers. RESULTS CLDN6-23-ADC selectively binds to CLDN6, versus other CLDN family members, inhibits the proliferation of CLDN6+ cancer cells in vitro, and is rapidly internalized in CLDN6+ cells. Robust tumor regressions were observed in multiple CLDN6+ xenograft models and tumor inhibition led to markedly enhanced survival of CLDN6+ PDX tumors following treatment with CLDN6-23-ADC. IHC assessment of cancer tissue microarrays demonstrate elevated levels of CLDN6 in 29% of ovarian epithelial carcinomas. Approximately 45% of high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas and 11% of endometrial carcinomas are positive for the target. CONCLUSIONS We report the development of a novel ADC, CLDN6-23-ADC, that selectively targets CLDN6, a potential onco-fetal-antigen which is highly expressed in ovarian and endometrial cancers. CLDN6-23-ADC exhibits robust tumor regressions in mouse models of human ovarian and endometrial cancers and is currently undergoing phase I study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina S.J. McDermott
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Neil A. O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Benjamin Hoffstrom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - KeWei Gong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tong Luo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Min Liang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jenny J. Hong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kevin Chau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Simon Davenport
- Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bin Xie
- Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael F. Press
- Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Richard Panayiotou
- Department of Cell Biology and Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abram Handly-Santana
- Department of Cell Biology and Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joan S. Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology and Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leonard Presta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - John Glaspy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dennis J. Slamon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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10
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Dong Y, Jin Q, Sun M, Qi D, Qu H, Wang X, Quan C. CLDN6 inhibits breast cancer metastasis through WIP-dependent actin cytoskeleton-mediated autophagy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:68. [PMID: 36935496 PMCID: PMC10026481 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a breast cancer suppressor gene, CLDN6 overexpression was found to inhibit breast cancer metastasis in our previous studies, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the role and mechanism of CLDN6 in inhibiting breast cancer metastasis. METHODS Western blot, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy were performed to detect autophagy. Wound healing, transwell assays and lung metastasis mouse models were used to examine breast cancer metastasis. Phalloidin staining and immunofluorescent staining were used to observe actin cytoskeleton. mRNA seq, RT-PCR, western blot, chromatin immunoprecipitation, dual luciferase reporter assay, co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were performed to define the molecular mechanism. The expression levels and clinical implication of CLDN6, WIP and LC3 in breast cancer tissues were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We demonstrated that CLDN6 inhibited breast cancer metastasis through autophagy in vitro and vivo. We unraveled a novel mechanism that CLDN6 regulated autophagy via WIP-dependent actin cytoskeleton assembly. Through its PDZ-binding motif, overexpressed CLDN6 interacted with JNK and upregulated JNK/c-Jun pathway. C-Jun promoted WIP expression at the transcriptional level. Notably, we observed c-Jun transcriptionally upregulated CLDN6 expression, and there was a positive feedback loop between CLDN6 and JNK/c-Jun. Finally, we found that CLDN6, WIP and LC3 expression correlated with each other, and WIP expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis of breast cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS The data provide a new insight into the inhibitory effects of CLDN6-mediated autophagy on breast cancer metastasis, and revealed the new mechanism of CLDN6 regulating autophagy through WIP-dependent actin cytoskeleton. Our findings enrich the theoretical basis for CLDN6 as a potential biomarker for breast cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Qiu Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Minghao Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Da Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Huinan Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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11
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Zhou W, Cheng Y, Li L, Zhang H, Li X, Chang R, Xiao X, Lu L, Yi B, Gao Y, Zhang C, Zhang J. Cuproptosis Depicts Immunophenotype and Predicts Immunotherapy Response in Lung Adenocarcinoma. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13030482. [PMID: 36983664 PMCID: PMC10051631 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13030482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although significant progress has been made in immunotherapy for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), there is an urgent need to identify effective indicators to screen patients who are suitable for immunotherapy. Systematically investigating the cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) in LUAD may provide new ideas for patients' immunotherapy stratification. METHOD We comprehensively analyzed the landscape of 12 CRGs in a merged TCGA and GEO LUAD cohort. We investigated the associations between tumor microenvironment and immunophenotypes. We utilized a risk score to predict the prognosis and immunotherapy response for an individual patient. Additionally, we conducted CCK-8 experiments to evaluate the impact of DLGAP5 knockdown on A549 cell proliferation. RESULT We utilized an integrative approach to analyze 12 CRGs and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LUAD samples, resulting in the identification of two distinct CRG clusters and two gene clusters. Based on these clusters, we generated immunophenotypes and observed that the inflamed phenotype had the most abundant immune infiltrations, while the desert phenotype showed the poorest immune infiltrations. We then developed a risk score model for individual patient prognosis and immunotherapy response prediction. Patients in the low-risk group had higher immune scores and ESTIMATE scores, indicating an active immune state with richer immune cell infiltrations and higher expression of immune checkpoint genes. Moreover, the low-risk group exhibited better immunotherapy response according to IPS, TIDE scores, and Imvigor210 cohort validation results. In addition, our in vitro wet experiments demonstrated that DLGAP5 knockdown could suppress the cell proliferation of A549. CONCLUSION Novel cuproptosis molecular patterns reflected the distinct immunophenotypes in LUAD patients. The risk model might pave the way to stratify patients suitable for immunotherapy and predict immunotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolong Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yuanda Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xizhe Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ruimin Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Liqing Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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12
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Maher J, Davies DM. CAR Based Immunotherapy of Solid Tumours-A Clinically Based Review of Target Antigens. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020287. [PMID: 36829563 PMCID: PMC9953298 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy with CAR-engineered immune cells has transformed the management of selected haematological cancers. However, solid tumours have proven much more difficult to control using this emerging therapeutic modality. In this review, we survey the clinical impact of solid tumour CAR-based immunotherapy, focusing on specific targets across a range of disease indications Among the many candidates which have been the subject of non-clinical CAR T-cell research, clinical data are available for studies involving 30 of these targets. Here, we map out this clinical experience, highlighting challenges such as immunogenicity and on-target off-tumour toxicity, an issue that has been both unexpected and devastating in some cases. We also summarise how regional delivery and repeated dosing have been used in an effort to enhance impact and safety. Finally, we consider how emerging armouring systems and multi-targeted CAR approaches might be used to enhance tumour access and better enable discrimination between healthy and transformed cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maher
- CAR Mechanics Group, Guy’s Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Kings Drive, Eastbourne BN21 2UD, UK
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)207188-1468
| | - David M. Davies
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Wang C, Wu N, Pei B, Ma X, Yang W. Claudin and pancreatic cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1136227. [PMID: 36959784 PMCID: PMC10027734 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1136227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the lack of timely and accurate screening modalities and treatments, most pancreatic cancer (PCa) patients undergo fatal PCa progression within a short period since diagnosis. The claudin(CLDN) family is expressed specifically as tight junction structure in a variety of tumors, including PCa, and affects tumor progression by changing the cell junctions. Thus far, many of the 27 members of the claudin family, including claudin-18.2 and claudin-4, have significantly aberrantly expression in pancreatic tumors. In addition, some studies have confirmed the role of some claudin proteins in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic tumors. By targeting different targets of claudin protein and combining chemotherapy, further enhance tumor cell necrosis and inhibit tumor invasion and metastasis. Claudins can either promote or inhibit the development of pancreatic cancer, which indicates that the diagnosis and treatment of different kinds of claudins require to consider different biological characteristics. This literature summarizes the functional characteristics and clinical applications of various claudin proteins in Pca cells, with a focus on claudin-18.2 and claudin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/ Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Na Wu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Beibei Pei
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/ Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhui Yang,
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14
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Chen Q, Lu L, Ma W. Efficacy, Safety, and Challenges of CAR T-Cells in the Treatment of Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235983. [PMID: 36497465 PMCID: PMC9739567 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been the fifth pillar of cancer treatment in the past decade. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a newly designed adoptive immunotherapy that is able to target and further eliminate cancer cells by engaging with MHC-independent tumor-antigens. CAR T-cell therapy has exhibited conspicuous clinical efficacy in hematological malignancies, but more than half of patients will relapse. Of note, the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy has been even more disappointing in solid tumors. These challenges mainly include (1) the failures of CAR T-cells to treat highly heterogeneous solid tumors due to the difficulty in identifying unique tumor antigen targets, (2) the expression of target antigens in non-cancer cells, (3) the inability of CAR T-cells to effectively infiltrate solid tumors, (4) the short lifespan and lack of persistence of CAR T-cells, and (5) cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. In combination with these characteristics, the ideal CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors should maintain adequate T-cell response over a long term while sparing healthy tissues. This article reviewed the status, clinical application, efficacy, safety, and challenges of CAR T-cell therapies, as well as the latest progress of CAR T-cell therapies for solid tumors. In addition, the potential strategies to improve the efficacy of CAR T-cells and prevent side effects in solid tumors were also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou University School of Medicine, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Cancer Center and Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wenxue Ma
- Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-246-1477
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15
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Sun R, Gao Y, Shen F. Identification of subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma and screening of prognostic molecular diagnostic markers based on cell adhesion molecule related genes. Front Genet 2022; 13:1042540. [PMID: 36482887 PMCID: PMC9723242 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1042540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules can predict liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) metastasis and determine prognosis, while the mechanism of the role of cell adhesion molecules in LIHC needs to be further explored. LIHC-related expression data were sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the gene expression omnibus (GEO) databases, and genes related to cell adhesion were sourced from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. First, the TCGA-LIHC dataset was clustered by the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm to find different subtypes of LIHC. Then the difference of prognosis and immune microenvironment between patients of different subtypes was evaluated. In addition, a prognostic risk model was obtained by least shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Cox analysis, while a nomogram was drawn. Furthermore, functional enrichment analysis between high and low risk groups was conducted. Finally, the expressions of model genes were explored by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The 371 LIHC patients were classified into four subtypes by NMF clustering, and survival analysis revealed that disease-free survival (DFS) of these four subtypes were clearly different. Cancer-related pathways and immune microenvironment among these four subtypes were dysregulated. Moreover, 58 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between four subtypes were identified and were mainly associated with PPAR signaling pathway and amino acid metabolism. Furthermore, a prognostic model consisting of IGSF11, CD8A, ALCAM, CLDN6, JAM2, ITGB7, SDC3, CNTNAP1, and MPZ was built. A nomogram consisting of pathologic T and riskScore was built, and the calibration curve illustrated that the nomogram could better forecast LIHC prognosis. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) demonstrated that DEGs between high and low risk groups were mainly involved in cell cycle. Finally, the qRT-PCR illustrated the expressions of nine model genes between normal and LIHC tissue. A prognostic model consisting of IGSF11, CD8A, ALCAM, CLDN6, JAM2, ITGB7, SDC3, CNTNAP1, and MPZ was obtained, which provides an important reference for the molecular diagnosis of patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruge Sun
- College of Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatoloy, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanchao Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Fengjun Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatoloy, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Chromosomally Unstable Gastric Cancers Overexpressing Claudin-6 Disclose Cross-Talk between HNF1A and HNF4A, and Upregulated Cholesterol Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213977. [PMID: 36430456 PMCID: PMC9694805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Abnormally increased expression of claudin-6 in gastric cancer is considered a prognostic marker of the chromosomal unstable molecular subtype. However, a detailed molecular profile analysis of differentially expressed genes and affected pathways associated with claudin-6 increased (Cldn6high) expression has not been assessed. (2) The TCGA Stomach Adenocarcinoma Pan-Cancer Atlas Data was evaluated using Cytoscape's Gene Mania, MCODE, and Cytohubba bioinformatic software. (3) 96.88% of Cldn6high gastric cancer tumors belonging to the chromosomal unstable molecular subtype are associated with a worse prognosis. Cldn6expression coincided with higher mutations in TP53, MIEN1, STARD3, PGAP3, and CCNE1 genes compared to Cldn6low expression. In Cldn6high cancers, 1316 genes were highly expressed. Cholesterol metabolism was the most affected pathway as APOA1, APOA2, APOH, APOC2, APOC3, APOB-100, LDL receptor-related protein 1/2, Sterol O-acyltransferase, STARD3, MAGEA-2, -3, -4, -6, -9B, and -12 genes were overexpressed in Cldn6high gastric cancers; interestingly, APOA2 and MAGEA9b were identified as top hub genes. Functional enrichment of DEGs linked HNF-4α and HNF-1α genes as highly expressed in Cldn6high gastric cancer. (4) Our results suggest that APOA2 and MAGEA9b could be considered as prognostic markers for Cldn6high gastric cancers.
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