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Shimi G, Sohouli MH, Ghorbani A, Shakery A, Zand H. The interplay between obesity, immunosenescence, and insulin resistance. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:13. [PMID: 38317257 PMCID: PMC10840211 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Obesity, which is the accumulation of fat in adipose tissue, has adverse impacts on human health. Obesity-related metabolic dysregulation has similarities to the metabolic alterations observed in aging. It has been shown that the adipocytes of obese individuals undergo cellular aging, known as senescence. Senescence can be transmitted to other normal cells through a series of chemical factors referred to as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Most of these factors are pro-inflammatory compounds. The immune system removes these senescent T-cells, but immunosenescence, which is the senescence of immune cells, disrupts the clearance of senescent T-cells. Immunosenescence occurs as a result of aging or indirectly through transmission from senescent tissues. The significant occurrence of senescence in obesity is expected to cause immunosenescence and impairs the immune response to resolve inflammation. The sustained and chronic inflammation disrupts insulin's metabolic actions in metabolic tissues. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of senescent adipocyte cells in obesity-associated immunosenescence and subsequent metabolic dysregulation. Moreover, the article suggests novel therapeutic approaches to improve metabolic syndrome by targeting senescent T-cells or using senotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Shimi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1981619573, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Sohouli
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1981619573, Iran
| | - Arman Ghorbani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1981619573, Iran
| | - Azam Shakery
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1981619573, Iran
| | - Hamid Zand
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1981619573, Iran.
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Hao Y, Wei Z, Wang S, An P, Huang Y, Yu L, Zhu M, Yu H, Yuan F, Wang S. Inhibition of SOCS3 signaling in the nucleus tractus solitarii and retrotrapezoid nucleus alleviates hypoventilation in diet-induced obese male mice. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148608. [PMID: 37778648 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The central leptin signaling system has been found to facilitate breathing and is linked to obesity-related hypoventilation. Activation of leptin signaling in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) enhances respiratory drive. In this study, we investigated how medullary leptin signaling contributes to hypoventilation and whether respective deletion of SOCS3 in the NTS and RTN could mitigate hypoventilation in diet-induced obesity (DIO) male mice. Our findings revealed a decrease in the number of CO2-activated NTS neurons and downregulation of acid-sensing ion channels in DIO mice compared to lean control mice. Moreover, NTS leptin signaling was disrupted, as evidenced by the downregulation of phosphorylated STAT3 and the upregulation of SOCS3 in DIO mice. Importantly, deleting SOCS3 in the NTS and RTN significantly improved the diminished hypercapnic ventilatory response in DIO mice. In conclusion, our study suggests that disrupted medullary leptin signaling contributes to obesity-related hypoventilation, and inhibiting the upregulated SOCS3 in the NTS and RTN can alleviate this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchao Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China; Functional Laboratory, Experimental Center for Teaching, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ziqian Wei
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Pei An
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yifei Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lingxiao Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Mengchu Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hongxiao Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China.
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Recent Advances in the Knowledge of the Mechanisms of Leptin Physiology and Actions in Neurological and Metabolic Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021422. [PMID: 36674935 PMCID: PMC9860943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess body weight is frequently associated with low-grade inflammation. Evidence indicates a relationship between obesity and cancer, as well as with other diseases, such as diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, in which inflammation and the actions of various adipokines play a role in the pathological mechanisms involved in these disorders. Leptin is mainly produced by adipose tissue in proportion to fat stores, but it is also synthesized in other organs, where leptin receptors are expressed. This hormone performs numerous actions in the brain, mainly related to the control of energy homeostasis. It is also involved in neurogenesis and neuroprotection, and central leptin resistance is related to some neurological disorders, e.g., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. In peripheral tissues, leptin is implicated in the regulation of metabolism, as well as of bone density and muscle mass. All these actions can be affected by changes in leptin levels and the mechanisms associated with resistance to this hormone. This review will present recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of leptin action and their underlying roles in pathological situations, which may be of interest for revealing new approaches for the treatment of diseases where the actions of this adipokine might be compromised.
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Evans MC, Campbell RE, Anderson GM. Physiological regulation of leptin as an integrative signal of reproductive readiness. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 67:102321. [PMID: 36427399 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive function is tightly regulated by both environmental and physiological factors. The adipose-derived hormone leptin has been identified as one such critical factor that relays information about peripheral energy availability to the centrally-governed HPG axis to ensure there is sufficient energy availability to support the high energy demands of mammalian reproduction. In the absence of adequate central leptin signaling, reproductive function is suppressed. While leptin levels are predominantly regulated by adiposity, circulating leptin levels are also under the modulatory influence of other factors, such as stress system activation, circadian rhythmicity, and immune activation and the inflammatory response. Furthermore, changes in leptin sensitivity can affect the degree to which leptin exerts its influence on the neuroendocrine reproductive axis. This review will discuss the different mechanisms by which leptin serves to integrate and relay information about metabolic, psychological, environmental and immune conditions to the central neuronal network that governs reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie C Evans
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca E Campbell
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Greg M Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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