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Wang S, Ballard TE, Christopher LJ, Foti RS, Gu C, Khojasteh SC, Liu J, Ma S, Ma B, Obach RS, Schadt S, Zhang Z, Zhang D. The Importance of Tracking "Missing" Metabolites: How and Why? J Med Chem 2023; 66:15586-15612. [PMID: 37769129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Technologies currently employed to find and identify drug metabolites in complex biological matrices generally yield results that offer a comprehensive picture of the drug metabolite profile. However, drug metabolites can be missed or are captured only late in the drug development process. This could be due to a variety of factors, such as metabolism that results in partial loss of the molecule, covalent bonding to macromolecules, the drug being metabolized in specific human tissues, or poor ionization in a mass spectrometer. These scenarios often draw a great deal of attention from chemistry, safety assessment, and pharmacology. This review will summarize scenarios of missing metabolites, why they are missing, and associated uncovering strategies from deeper investigations. Uncovering previously missed metabolites can have ramifications in drug development with toxicological and pharmacological consequences, and knowledge of these can help in the design of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - T Eric Ballard
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., 35 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lisa J Christopher
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Robert S Foti
- Preclinical Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chungang Gu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shuguang Ma
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pliant Therapeutics, 260 Littlefield Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Simone Schadt
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacher Strasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhoupeng Zhang
- DMPK Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Battis N, Ekstein SF, Shaik JA, Hylwa S. Negative formaldehyde release from textiles washed with a formaldehyde-containing laundry soap according to manufacturer instructions: An application of chromotropic acid testing. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 89:484-487. [PMID: 37706536 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formaldehyde is a common preservative used to prevent microbial growth in water. It can be found in personal care products and household cleaning products, including laundry detergents. Formaldehyde has frequently been recognised as a cause of allergic contact dermatitis, but whether it remains present in textiles washed with formaldehyde-containing laundry detergents is unknown. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to utilise the chromotropic acid method (CAM) to assess formaldehyde release from textiles washed with a laundry detergent known to contain formaldehyde. MATERIALS AND METHODS Textiles were laundered with a detergent containing calcium formate at four concentrations (0×, 0.5×, 1× and 5× the recommended amount per manufacturer label) and kept wet or allowed to dry. Select textiles were subjected to an additional rinse cycle. Textiles were then tested utilising the CAM. A sample of the pure laundry detergent was also tested using the CAM. RESULTS The CAM was positive only for wet textiles washed at 5× the recommended concentration of detergent and pure detergent. All dry textiles were negative. CONCLUSIONS Formaldehyde release was not detected from any textiles washed following the manufacturer's recommendations. Once dry, it is likely safe for formaldehyde-allergic patients to wear textiles washed with formaldehyde-containing detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Battis
- Contact Dermatitis Clinic, Park Nicollet Health System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samuel F Ekstein
- Contact Dermatitis Clinic, Park Nicollet Health System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Javed A Shaik
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sara Hylwa
- Contact Dermatitis Clinic, Park Nicollet Health System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Chothia SY, Carr M, Monks PS, Cordell RL, Hopkinson RJ. Quantitative detection of formaldehyde using solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled to cysteamine scavenging. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14642. [PMID: 37670131 PMCID: PMC10480157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a toxic and carcinogenic pollutant and human metabolite that reacts with biomolecules under physiological conditions. Quantifying HCHO is essential for ongoing biological and biomedical research on HCHO; however, its reactivity, small size and volatility make this challenging. Here, we report a novel HCHO detection/quantification method that couples cysteamine-mediated HCHO scavenging with SPME GC-MS analysis. Our NMR studies confirm cysteamine as an efficient and selective HCHO scavenger that out-competes O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine, the most commonly used scavenger, and forms a stable thiazolidine amenable to GC-MS quantification. Validation of our GC-MS method using FDA and EMA guidelines revealed detection and quantification limits in the nanomolar and micromolar ranges respectively, while analysis of bacterial cell lysate confirmed its applicability in biological samples. Overall, our studies confirm that cysteamine scavenging coupled to SPME GC-MS analysis provides a sensitive and chemically robust method to quantify HCHO in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Y Chothia
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Matthew Carr
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Paul S Monks
- Space Park Leicester, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Road, Leicester, LE4 5SP, UK
| | - Rebecca L Cordell
- Space Park Leicester, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Road, Leicester, LE4 5SP, UK
| | - Richard J Hopkinson
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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Gao G, Wang J, Wang X, Liu G, Fan L, Ru G, Wang S, Song M, Shen W, Zheng X, Han L, Liu L. Reversible Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe for Rapid Sensing Sulfur Dioxide and Formaldehyde: Recognition and Photoactivation Mechanism and Applications in Bioimaging and Encryption Ink. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13590-13597. [PMID: 36134508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent Probe 1 was successfully developed for the reversible detection of sulfur dioxide derivatives and formaldehyde. The purple solution of Probe 1 faded to colorless in 1.8 s with the addition of HSO3-. Meanwhile, its fluorescence signal disappeared instantaneously with a 39 nM detection limit. The probe exhibited excellent selectivity toward HSO3- over other potential interfering agents. Then, its absorption and fluorescence bands were able to effectively recover in response to formaldehyde. Remarkably, this reverse process was able to accelerate 84 times under UV light in 122 s and achieved a recovery rate of 98% by UV light, the photoactivation mechanism was fully determined by HRMS and theoretical calculation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Probe 1 was successfully applied for the detection of sulfur dioxide derivatives and formaldehyde in living cells and data encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqin Gao
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Agricultural Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Agricultural Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
| | - Xingxiao Wang
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Agricultural Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
| | - Guoxing Liu
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Agricultural Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
| | - Liangxin Fan
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Agricultural Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
| | - Guangxin Ru
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Agricultural Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
| | - Shun Wang
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Agricultural Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
| | - Meirong Song
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Agricultural Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Shen
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Agricultural Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zheng
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Agricultural Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
| | - Lei Han
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, P. R. China
| | - Lijie Liu
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Agricultural Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
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