1
|
Lin WD, Liu TY, Chen YC, Chou IC, Tsai FJ. Genome-wide association study identifies DRAM1 associated with Tourette syndrome in Taiwan. Biomed J 2024:100725. [PMID: 38608873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics. Several susceptibility loci associated with TS have been identified previously in populations of European descent using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, the exact pathogenic mechanism underlying TS is unknown; additionally, the results of previous GWAS for TS were based on Western populations, which may not translate to other populations. Therefore, we conducted a GWAS in Taiwanese patients with TS and chronic tic disorders (CTDs), with an aim to elucidate the genetic basis and potential risk factors for TS in this population. METHODS GWAS was performed on a Taiwanese TS/CTDs cohort with a sample size of 1,007 patients with TS and 25,522 ancestry-matched controls. Additionally, polygenic risk score was calculated and assessed. RESULTS Genome-wide significant locus, rs12313062 (p=1.43 × 10-8) and other 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms, were identified in chromosomes 12q23.2, associated with DRAM1 and was a novel susceptibility locus identified in TS/CTDs group. DRAM1, a lysosomal transmembrane protein regulated by p53, modulates autophagy and apoptosis, with potential implications for neuropsychiatric conditions associated with autophagy disruption. CONCLUSIONS This study conducted the first GWAS for TS in a Taiwanese population, identifying a significant locus on chromosome 12q23.2 associated with DRAM1. These findings provide novel insights into the neurobiology of TS and potential directions for future research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-De Lin
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Post Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yuan Liu
- Million-person precision medicine initiative, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Chen
- Million-person precision medicine initiative, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Ching Chou
- Division of Pediatrics Neurology, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Genetics and Metabolism, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oh EY, Han KM, Kim A, Kang Y, Tae WS, Han MR, Ham BJ. Integration of whole-exome sequencing and structural neuroimaging analysis in major depressive disorder: a joint study. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:141. [PMID: 38461185 PMCID: PMC10924915 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental illness worldwide and is triggered by an intricate interplay between environmental and genetic factors. Although there are several studies on common variants in MDD, studies on rare variants are relatively limited. In addition, few studies have examined the genetic contributions to neurostructural alterations in MDD using whole-exome sequencing (WES). We performed WES in 367 patients with MDD and 161 healthy controls (HCs) to detect germline and copy number variations in the Korean population. Gene-based rare variants were analyzed to investigate the association between the genes and individuals, followed by neuroimaging-genetic analysis to explore the neural mechanisms underlying the genetic impact in 234 patients with MDD and 135 HCs using diffusion tensor imaging data. We identified 40 MDD-related genes and observed 95 recurrent regions of copy number variations. We also discovered a novel gene, FRMPD3, carrying rare variants that influence MDD. In addition, the single nucleotide polymorphism rs771995197 in the MUC6 gene was significantly associated with the integrity of widespread white matter tracts. Moreover, we identified 918 rare exonic missense variants in genes associated with MDD susceptibility. We postulate that rare variants of FRMPD3 may contribute significantly to MDD, with a mild penetration effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Oh
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Man Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youbin Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Suk Tae
- Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ryung Han
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung-Joo Ham
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahmed H, Wallimann R, Gisler L, Elghazawy NH, Gruber S, Keller C, Liang SH, Sippl W, Haider A, Ametamey SM. Characterization of ( R)- and ( S)-[ 18F]OF-NB1 in Rodents as Positron Emission Tomography Probes for Imaging GluN2B Subunit-Containing N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4323-4334. [PMID: 38060344 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subtype 2B (GluN1/2B) is implicated in various neuropathologies. Given the lack of a validated radiofluorinated positron emission tomography (PET) probe for the imaging of GluN1/2B receptors, we comprehensively investigated the enantiomers of [18F]OF-NB1 in rodents. Particularly, the (R)- and (S)- enantiomers were evaluated using in silico docking, in vitro autoradiography, in vivo PET imaging, and ex vivo biodistribution studies. A select panel of GluN1/2B antagonists (CP-101,606, CERC-301, and eliprodil) and the off-target sigma-1 receptor ligands (fluspidine and SA4503) were used to determine the specificity and selectivity of the tested enantiomers. Additionally, a nonmetal-mediated radiofluorination strategy was devised that harnesses the potential of diaryliodoniums in the nucleophilic radiofluorination of nonactivated aromatic compounds. Both enantiomers exhibited known GluN1/2B binding patterns; however, the R-enantiomer showed higher GluN1/2B-specific accumulation in rodent autoradiography and higher brain uptake in PET imaging experiments compared to the S-enantiomer. Molecular simulation studies provided further insights with respect to the difference in binding, whereby a reduced ligand-receptor interaction was observed for the S-enantiomer. Nonetheless, both enantiomers showed dose dependency when two different doses (1 and 5 mg/kg) of the GluN1/2B antagonist, CP-101,606, were used in the PET imaging study. Taken together, (R)-[18F]OF-NB1 appears to exhibit the characteristics of a suitable PET probe for imaging of GluN2B-containing NMDARs in clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Ahmed
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Wallimann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Livio Gisler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nehal H Elghazawy
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Gruber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Keller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Korff M, Chaudhary A, Li Y, Zhou X, Zhao C, Rong J, Chen J, Xiao Z, Elghazawy NH, Sippl W, Davenport AT, Daunais JB, Wang L, Abate C, Ahmed H, Crowe R, Schmidt TJ, Liang SH, Ametamey SM, Wünsch B, Haider A. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Enantiomerically Pure ( R) - and ( S) -[18F]OF-NB1 for Imaging the GluN2B Subunit-Containing NMDA Receptors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16018-16031. [PMID: 37979148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
GluN2B subunit-containing N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors have been implicated in various neurological disorders. Nonetheless, a validated fluorine-18 labeled positron emission tomography (PET) ligand for GluN2B imaging in the living human brain is currently lacking. The aim of this study was to develop a novel synthetic approach that allows an enantiomerically pure radiosynthesis of the previously reported PET radioligands (R)-[18F]OF-NB1 and (S)-[18F]OF-NB1 as well as to assess their in vitro and in vivo performance characteristics for imaging the GluN2B subunit-containing NMDA receptor in rodents. A novel synthetic approach was successfully developed, which allows for the enantiomerically pure radiosynthesis of (R)-[18F]OF-NB1 and (S)-[18F]OF-NB1 and the translation of the probe to the clinic. While both enantiomers were selective over sigma2 receptors in vitro and in vivo, (R)-[18F]OF-NB1 showed superior GluN2B subunit specificity by in vitro autoradiography and higher volumes of distribution in the rodent brain by small animal PET studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Korff
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yinlong Li
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jian Rong
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Nehal H Elghazawy
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - April T Davenport
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - James B Daunais
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Hazem Ahmed
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ron Crowe
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Thomas J Schmidt
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Phytochemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Steven H Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Korff M, Lüken J, Schmidt J, Schepmann D, Goerges G, Ritter N, Disse P, Schreiber JA, Seebohm G, Wünsch B. Negative allosteric modulators of NMDA receptors with GluN2B subunit: synthesis of β-aminoalcohols by epoxide opening and subsequent rearrangement. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7616-7638. [PMID: 37682049 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01208e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to obtain novel antagonists of GluN2B subunit containing NMDA receptors, aryloxiranes were opened with benzylpiperidines. Phenyloxiranes 6 and (indazolyl)oxirane 15 were opened regioselectively at the position bearing the aryl moiety. Reaction of the resulting β-aminoalcohols 7 and 16 with carboxylic acids under Mitsunobu conditions (DIAD, PPh3) led to rearrangement and after ester hydrolysis to the regioisomeric β-aminoalcohols 9 and 18. This strategy allows the synthesis of amino-ifenprodil 12 as well using phthalimide in the Mitsunobu reaction. Unexpectedly, the isomeric (indazolyl)oxirane 21 reacted with benzylpiperidines to afford both regioisomeric β-aminoalcohols 22 and 23. In radioligand receptor binding studies, the indazolyl derivative 18a, which can be regarded as indazole bioisostere of ifenprodil, showed high GluN2B affinity (Ki = 31 nM). Replacement of the benzylic OH moiety of ifenprodil by the NH2 moiety in amino-ifenprodil 12 also resulted in low nanomolar GluN2B affinity (Ki = 72 nM). In TEVC experiments, 18a inhibited the ion flux to the same extent as ifenprodil proving that the phenol of ifenprodil can be replaced bioisosterically by an indazole ring maintaining affinity and inhibitory activity. Whereas 10-fold selectivity was found for the ifenprodil binding site over σ1 receptors, only low preference for the GluN2B receptor over σ2 receptors was detected. The log D7.4 value of 18a (log D7.4 = 2.08) indicates promising bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Korff
- Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
- Universität Münster, GRK 2515, Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion), Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Judith Lüken
- Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Judith Schmidt
- Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Gunnar Goerges
- University Hospital Münster, Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nadine Ritter
- University Hospital Münster, Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Universität Münster, GRK 2515, Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion), Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Disse
- University Hospital Münster, Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Universität Münster, GRK 2515, Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion), Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Julian A Schreiber
- Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
- University Hospital Münster, Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- University Hospital Münster, Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Universität Münster, GRK 2515, Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion), Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
- Universität Münster, GRK 2515, Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion), Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sowa-Kućma M, Stachowicz K. Molecular Research on Mental Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087104. [PMID: 37108266 PMCID: PMC10138498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders and substance use disorders affect approximately 13% of the world's population [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Sowa-Kućma
- Department of Human Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Kopisto Street 2a, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stachowicz
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Korff M, Chaudhary A, Li Y, Zhou X, Zhao C, Rong J, Chen J, Xiao Z, Elghazawy NH, Sippl W, Davenport AT, Daunais JB, Wang L, Abate C, Ahmed H, Crowe R, Liang SH, Ametamey SM, Wünsch B, Haider A. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Enantiomerically Pure ( R)- and ( S)-[ 18F]OF-NB1 for Imaging the GluN2B Subunit-Containing NMDA receptors. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2516002. [PMID: 36747738 PMCID: PMC9901044 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2516002/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
GluN2B subunit-containing N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors have been implicated in various neurological disorders. Nonetheless, a validated fluorine-18 labeled positron emission tomography (PET) ligand for GluN2B imaging in the living human brain is currently lacking. As part of our PET ligand development program, we have recently reported on the preclinical evaluation of [18F]OF-NB1 - a GluN2B PET ligand with promising attributes for potential clinical translation. However, the further development of [18F]OF-NB1 is currently precluded by major limitations in the radiolabeling procedure. These limitations include the use of highly corrosive reactants and racemization during the radiosynthesis. As such, the aim of this study was to develop a synthetic approach that allows an enantiomerically pure radiosynthesis of (R)-[18F]OF-NB1 and (S)-[18F]OF-NB1, as well as to assess their in vitro and in vivo performance characteristics for imaging the GluN2B subunit-containing NMDA receptor in rodents. A two-step radiosynthesis involving radiofluorination of the boronic acid pinacol ester, followed by coupling to the 3-benzazepine core structure via reductive amination was employed. The new synthetic approach yielded enantiomerically pure (R)-[18F]OF-NB1 and (S)-[18F]OF-NB1, while concurrently circumventing the use of corrosive reactants. In vitro autoradiograms with mouse and rat brain sections revealed a higher selectivity of (R)-[18F]OF-NB1 over (S)-[18F]OFNB1 for GluN2B-rich brain regions. In concert with these observations, blockade studies with commercially available GluN2B antagonist, CP101606, showed a significant signal reduction, which was more pronounced for (R)-[18F]OF-NB1 than for (S)-[18F]OF-NB1. Conversely, blockade experiments with sigma2 ligand, FA10, did not result in a significant reduction of tracer binding for both enantiomers. PET imaging experiments with CD1 mice revealed a higher brain uptake and retention for (R)-[18F]OF-NB1, as assessed by visual inspection and volumes of distribution from Logan graphical analyses. In vivo blocking experiments with sigma2 ligand, FA10, did not result in a significant reduction of the brain signal for both enantiomers, thus corroborating the selectivity over sigma2 receptors. In conclusion, we have developed a novel synthetic approach that is suitable for upscale to human use and allows the enantiomerically pure radiosynthesis of (R)-[18F]OF-NB1 and (S)-[18F]OF-NB1. While both enantiomers were selective over sigma2 receptors in vitro and in vivo, (R)-[18F]OF-NB1 showed superior GluN2B subunit specificity by in vitro autoradiography and higher volumes of distribution in small animal PET studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Korff
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yinlong Li
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jian Rong
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nehal H Elghazawy
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - April T Davenport
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - James B Daunais
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Hazem Ahmed
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ron Crowe
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Steven H Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Anderson G. Depression Pathophysiology: Astrocyte Mitochondrial Melatonergic Pathway as Crucial Hub. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010350. [PMID: 36613794 PMCID: PMC9820523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is widely accepted as having a heterogenous pathophysiology involving a complex mixture of systemic and CNS processes. A developmental etiology coupled to genetic and epigenetic risk factors as well as lifestyle and social process influences add further to the complexity. Consequently, antidepressant treatment is generally regarded as open to improvement, undoubtedly as a consequence of inappropriately targeted pathophysiological processes. This article reviews the diverse array of pathophysiological processes linked to MDD, and integrates these within a perspective that emphasizes alterations in mitochondrial function, both centrally and systemically. It is proposed that the long-standing association of MDD with suppressed serotonin availability is reflective of the role of serotonin as a precursor for the mitochondrial melatonergic pathway. Astrocytes, and the astrocyte mitochondrial melatonergic pathway, are highlighted as crucial hubs in the integration of the wide array of biological underpinnings of MDD, including gut dysbiosis and permeability, as well as developmental and social stressors, which can act to suppress the capacity of mitochondria to upregulate the melatonergic pathway, with consequences for oxidant-induced changes in patterned microRNAs and subsequent patterned gene responses. This is placed within a development context, including how social processes, such as discrimination, can physiologically regulate a susceptibility to MDD. Future research directions and treatment implications are derived from this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Anderson
- CRC Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London SW1V 1PX, UK
| |
Collapse
|