Ultrasonic-Cellulase Synergistic Extraction of Crude Polysaccharides from Moringa oleifera Leaves and Alleviation of Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Cells

Ficus carica polysaccharide extraction via ultrasound-assisted technique: Structure characterization, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and immunomodulatory activities

In this research, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions of the water-soluble polysaccharide (FCPS) from Ficus carica fruits were optimized using the response surface methodology. The optimal FCPS yield was 7.97 % achieved by conducting ultrasound-assisted extraction four times at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:20 (g/mL) and an ultrasound temperature of 70 °C. Then, the structure, antioxidant properties, hypoglycemic effects, and immunomodulatory activities of FCPS were evaluated. FCPS was characterized as irregular, rough-surfaced, flaky materials consisting of pyran-type polysaccharides with α- and β-glycosidic linkages, and composed of multiple monosaccharides and only one homogeneous concentrated polysaccharide component (FCPS1) with a molecular weight of 4.224 × 104 Da. The results suggested FCPS exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity in vitro, as evidenced by improved cell viability and reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Meanwhile, FCPS effectively improved liver-related insulin resistance by promoting glucose consumption in hepatocytes and activated the immune response through activation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and upregulation of interleukin 6 (IL6) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) expression. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of the UAE technique in isolating FCPS with biological functionality and FCPS could potentially serve as a beneficial organic antioxidant source and functional food, carrying important implications for future studies.

Ultrasound-assisted enzyme extraction and properties of Shatian pomelo peel polysaccharide

In this study, Shatian pomelo peel was used as the raw material for extracting polysaccharides using hot water extraction (HW) and ultrasonic-assisted enzyme (UVE) methods, respectively. The optimal parameters for extractingShatian pomelo peel polysaccharides (StPP) using the ultrasound-assisted enzymatic method were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions for the extraction of StPP were as follows: ultrasound power 350 W, ultrasound time 50 min, enzymatic digestion time 50 min, compound enzyme addition 1.5%, and enzymatic digestion temperature 55 °C. The yield of StPP was found to be 30.1310% under these conditions. Comparing the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of StPP extracted using different methods, it was observed that ultrasound-assisted enzyme extraction resulted in higher yield, sugar content and glucuronic acid content of StPP compared to traditional hot water extraction. Additionally, StPP extracted by ultrasound-assisted enzyme extraction showed better antioxidant activity. These results suggest that ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction is an effective method to enhance the activity of natural polysaccharides.

Extraction, purification, structural characterization and biological activity of polysaccharides from Fritillaria: A review

Fritillaria is a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) with a history of thousands of years. Fritillaria always contain saponins, alkaloids, amino acids, flavones, and polysaccharides. Among them, Fritillaria polysaccharide has a variety of biological activities. Its anti-inflammatory and antiaging activities are new study hotspots. The extraction, purification, quantitative determination, monosaccharide composition, and biological activity of Fritillaria polysaccharides have been examined for several years in an attempt to identify the active components and understand the pharmacological process. In this review, ample original publications related to the distribution, extraction, purification, quantitative determination, monosaccharide composition and biological activities of Fritillaria until 2023 were searched and collected by using various literature databases. Databases included the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP database, Wan Fang database, PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Web of Science database, as well as the classic Chinese medical books and PhD and MSc theses. The properties and outcomes of various extractions, purifications, quantitative determination methods, monosaccharide compositions, and biological activities of Fritillaria polysaccharides are discussed here. Additionally, we summarize the research potential of Fritillaria polysaccharide and identify promising research direction candidates.