A Schematic Approach to Defining the Prevalence of COL VI Variants in Five Years of Next-Generation Sequencing

KLHL40-Related Myopathy: A Systematic Review and Insight into a Follow-up Biomarker via a New Case Report

BACKGROUND

Mutations in the KLHL40 gene are a common cause of severe or even lethal nemaline myopathy. Some cases with mild forms have been described, although the cases are still anecdotal. The aim of this paper was to systematically review the cases described in the literature and to describe a 12-year clinical and imaging follow-up in an Italian patient with KLHL40- related myopathy in order to suggest possible follow-up measurements.

METHODS

Having searched through three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO), 18 articles describing 65 patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous KLHL40 mutations were selected. A patient with a KLHL40 homozygous mutation (c.1582G>A/p.E528K) was added and clinical and genetic data were collected.

RESULTS

The most common mutation identified in our systematic review was the (c.1516A>C) followed by the (c.1582G>A). In our review, 60% percent of the patients died within the first 4 years of life. Clinical features were similar across the sample. Unfortunately, however, there is no record of the natural history data in the surviving patients. The 12-year follow-up of our patient revealed a slow improvement in her clinical course, identifying muscle MRI as the only possible marker of disease progression.

CONCLUSIONS

Due to its clinical and genotype homogeneity, KLHL40-related myopathy may be a condition that would greatly benefit from the development of new gene therapies; muscle MRI could be a good biomarker to monitor disease progression.

COL6A3 enhances the osteogenic differentiation potential of BMSCs by promoting mitophagy in the osteoporotic microenvironment

BACKGROUND

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been widely recognized as a highly promising option for cell-based tissue engineering therapy targeting osteoporosis. However, the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs is impeded by the limited viability and diminished capacity for bone formation within the osteoporotic microenvironment.

METHODS

In this study, the COL6A3 gene was confirmed through an extensive analysis of the preceding single-cell sequencing database. The generation of an inflammatory microenvironment resembling osteoporotic cell transplantation was achieved by employing lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A lentivirus targeting the COL6A3 gene was constructed, and a Western blotting assay was used to measure the marker proteins of osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and mitophagy. Immunofluorescence was utilized to observe the colocalization of mitochondria and lysosomes. The apoptosis rate of each group was evaluated using the TUNEL assay, and the mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed using JC-1 staining.

RESULTS

This investigation discovered that the impaired differentiation capacity and decreased viability of BMSCs within the inflammatory microenvironment were markedly ameliorated upon overexpression of the specific COL6A3 gene. Moreover, the administration of COL6A3 gene overexpression successfully mitigated the inhibitory impacts of LPS on mitophagy and the expression of inflammatory mediators, specifically inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), in BMSCs. To clarify the underlying mechanism, the role of mitophagy during the differentiation of COL6A3 gene-modified BMSCs in the inflammatory microenvironment was evaluated using the mitophagy inhibitor Mdivi-1.

CONCLUSIONS

In the context of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, COL6A3 enhances the differentiation of BMSCs into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages through the promotion of mitophagy and the maintenance of mitochondrial health. Our findings may provide a novel therapeutic approach utilizing stem cells in the treatment of osteoporosis.

A Diagnostic Challenge in an Adolescent with Collagen VI-Related Myopathy and Emotional Disorder-Case Report

Collagen VI-related disorders constitute a spectrum of severities from the milder Bethlem myopathy (BM) to the Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD), which is more severe, and an intermediate form characterized by muscle weakness that begins in infancy. Affected children are able to walk, although walking becomes increasingly difficult starting in early adulthood. They develop contractures in the ankles, elbows, knees, and spine in childhood. In some affected cases, the respiratory muscles are weakened, requiring mechanical ventilation, particularly during sleep. Individuals with collagen VI-related myopathy are at risk of restrictive lung disease and sleep-disordered breathing due to the development of scoliosis associated with neuromuscular weakness. Typical signs of respiratory failure are not always present, and some patients are unaware that their respiratory muscles have become weaker. Here, we report a case of an intermediate form of collagen VI-related myopathy confirmed by next-generation sequencing. The girl presented morning headache, irritability, and aggressiveness, and because of these main symptoms, she was referred by the neurologist for respiratory evaluation. The result of spirometry was associated with hypoventilation shown during sleep studies, indicating the necessity to initiate home non-invasive ventilation (NIV) with immediate improvement in the symptoms. Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) have a great impact on sleep, but only very few studies evaluating sleep quality in young patients with collagen VI-related myopathy have been described. Daytime symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing may include irritability, emotional lability, and poor attentiveness, but these can be overseen by the severity of other complex medical problems in patients with collagen VI-related myopathy. We underline the importance of the close monitoring of respiratory function, sleep evaluation, and decision making to support the NIV treatment of other collagen VI-related myopathy variant-specific patients. Early recognition of sleep disturbances and initiation of respiratory support can preserve or enhance the quality of life for patients and their caregivers. Routine screening for identification of emotional distress should be instituted in the clinical practice using validated psychological measures in a multidisciplinary approach with different intervention strategies for both patient and parent when necessary.

Congenital Myopathy as a Phenotypic Expression of CACNA1S Gene Mutation: Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature

BACKGROUND

Congenital myopathies are a group of clinically, genetically, and histologically heterogeneous diseases caused by mutations in a large group of genes. One of these is CACNA1S, which is recognized as the cause of Dihydropyridine Receptor Congenital Myopathy.

METHODS

To better characterize the phenotypic spectrum of CACNA1S myopathy, we conducted a systematic review of cases in the literature through three electronic databases following the PRISMA guidelines. We selected nine articles describing 23 patients with heterozygous, homozygous, or compound heterozygous mutations in CACNA1S and we added one patient with a compound heterozygous mutation in CACNA1S (c.1394-2A>G; c.1724T>C, p.L575P) followed at our Institute. We collected clinical and genetic data, muscle biopsies, and muscle MRIs when available.

RESULTS

The phenotype of this myopathy is heterogeneous, ranging from more severe forms with a lethal early onset and mild-moderate forms with a better clinical course.

CONCLUSIONS

Our patient presented a phenotype compatible with the mild-moderate form, although she presented peculiar features such as a short stature, myopia, mild sensorineural hearing loss, psychiatric symptoms, and posterior-anterior impairment gradient on thigh muscle MRI.