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Li Z, Li Y, Geng L, Wang J, Ouyang Y, Li J. Genome-wide methylation, transcriptome and characteristic metabolites reveal the balance between diosgenin and brassinosteroids in Dioscorea zingiberensis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae056. [PMID: 38659444 PMCID: PMC11040209 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Diosgenin (DG) is a bioactive metabolite isolated from Dioscorea species, renowned for its medicinal properties. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of crucial plant steroidal hormones. Cholesterol and campesterol are important intermediates of DG and BR biosynthesis, respectively. DG and BRs are structurally similar components; however, the regulatory network and metabolic interplays have not been fully elucidated. In an effort to decode these complex networks, we conducted a comprehensive study integrating genome-wide methylation, transcriptome and characteristic metabolite data from Dioscorea zingiberensis. Leveraging these data, we were able to construct a comprehensive regulatory network linking DG and BRs. Mass spectrometry results enabled us to clarify the alterations in cholesterol, campesterol, diosgenin, and castasterone (one of the major active BRs). The DG content decreased by 27.72% at 6 h after brassinolide treatment, whereas the content increased by 85.34% at 6 h after brassinazole treatment. Moreover, we pinpointed DG/BR-related genes, such as CASs, CYP90s, and B3-ARFs, implicated in the metabolic pathways of DG and BRs. Moreover, CASs and CYP90s exhibit hypomethylation, which is closely related to their high transcription. These findings provide robust evidence for the homeostasis between DG and BRs. In conclusion, our research revealed the existence of a balance between DG and BRs in D. zingiberensis. Furthermore, our work not only provides new insights into the relationship between the two pathways but also offers a fresh perspective on the functions of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Luyu Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiachen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yidan Ouyang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiaru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Lone BA, Tabassum M, Bhushan A, Rani D, Dhiman U, Ahmad A, Mir HA, Gupta PN, Mondhe DM, Gairola S, Gupta P. Trilliumosides K and L, two novel steroidal saponins from rhizomes of Trillium govanianum, as potent anti-cancer agents targeting apoptosis in the A-549 cancer cell line. Front Chem 2023; 11:1306271. [PMID: 38188932 PMCID: PMC10767554 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1306271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Two novel steroidal saponins, trilliumosides K (1) and L (2), were isolated from the rhizomes of Trillium govanianum led by bioactivity-guided phytochemical investigation along with seven known compounds: govanoside D (3), protodioscin (4), borassoside E (5), 20-hydroxyecdysone (6), 5,20-hydroxyecdysone (7), govanic acid (8), and diosgenin (9). The structure of novel compounds 1-2 was established using analysis of spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) data. All isolated compounds were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic activity against a panel of human cancer cell lines. Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxic activity against the A-549 (Lung) and SW-620 (Colon) cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 1.83 and 1.85 µM, respectively whereas the IC50 value of Compound 2 against the A-549 cell line was found to be 1.79 µM. Among the previously known compounds 3, 5, and 9, the cytotoxic IC50 values were found to be in the range of 5-10 µM. Comprehensive anti-cancer investigation revealed that Compound 2 inhibited in vitro migration and colony-forming capability in the A-549 cell line. Additionally, the mechanistic analysis of Compound 2 on the A-549 cell line indicated distinctive alterations in nuclear morphology, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and decreased levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). By upregulating the pro-apoptotic protein BAX and downregulating the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2, the aforementioned actions eventually cause apoptosis, a crucial hallmark in cancer research, which activates Caspase-3. To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the first mechanistic anti-cancer evaluation of the compounds isolated from the rhizomes of T. govanianum with remarkable cytotoxic activity in the desired micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Ahmad Lone
- CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Misbah Tabassum
- CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Anil Bhushan
- CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Dixhya Rani
- CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Urvashi Dhiman
- CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hilal Ahmad Mir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Prem N. Gupta
- CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - D. M. Mondhe
- CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Sumeet Gairola
- CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
- Plant Science and Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Prasoon Gupta
- CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
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Li Y, Li Z, Zhang F, Li S, Gu Y, Tian W, Tian W, Wang J, Wen J, Li J. Integrated evolutionary pattern analyses reveal multiple origins of steroidal saponins in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:823-839. [PMID: 37522396 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal saponins are a class of specialized metabolites essential for plant's response to biotic and abiotic stresses. They are also important raw materials for the industrial production of steroid drugs. Steroidal saponins are present in some monocots, such as Dioscorea and Paris, but their distribution, origin, and evolution in plants remain poorly understood. By reconstructing the evolutionary history of the steroidal saponin-associated module (SSAM) in plants, we reveal that the steroidal saponin pathway has its origin in Asparagus and Dioscorea. Through evaluating the distribution and evolutionary pattern of steroidal saponins in angiosperms, we further show that steroidal saponins originated multiple times in angiosperms, and exist in early diverged lineages of certain monocot lineages including Asparagales, Dioscoreales, and Liliales. In these lineages, steroidal saponins are synthesized through the high copy and/or high expression mechanisms of key genes in SSAM. Together with shifts in gene evolutionary rates and amino acid usage, these molecular mechanisms shape the current distribution and diversity of steroidal saponins in plants. Consequently, our results provide new insights into the distribution, diversity and evolutionary history of steroidal saponins in plants, and enhance our understanding of plants' resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Additionally, fundamental understanding of the steroidal saponin biosynthesis will facilitate their industrial production and pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zihao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Furui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Song Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yongbing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Weijun Tian
- Yunnan Baotian Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Kunming, 650101, China
| | - Weirong Tian
- Yunnan Baotian Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Kunming, 650101, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 20013-7012, DC, USA
| | - Jiaru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Du Y, Cai X. Therapeutic potential of natural compounds from herbs and nutraceuticals in spinal cord injury: Regulation of the mTOR signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114905. [PMID: 37207430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disease in which the spinal cord is subjected to various external forces that cause it to burst, shift, or, in severe cases, injure the spinal tissue, resulting in nerve injury. SCI includes not only acute primary injury but also delayed and persistent spinal tissue injury (i.e., secondary injury). The pathological changes post-SCI are complex, and effective clinical treatment strategies are lacking. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) coordinates the growth and metabolism of eukaryotic cells in response to various nutrients and growth factors. The mTOR signaling pathway has multiple roles in the pathogenesis of SCI. There is evidence for the beneficial effects of natural compounds and nutraceuticals that regulate the mTOR signaling pathways in a variety of diseases. Therefore, the effects of natural compounds on the pathogenesis of SCI were evaluated by a comprehensive review using electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Medline, combined with our expertise in neuropathology. In particular, we reviewed the pathogenesis of SCI, including the importance of secondary nerve injury after the primary mechanical injury, the roles of the mTOR signaling pathways, and the beneficial effects and mechanisms of natural compounds that regulate the mTOR signaling pathway on pathological changes post-SCI, including effects on inflammation, neuronal apoptosis, autophagy, nerve regeneration, and other pathways. This recent research highlights the value of natural compounds in regulating the mTOR pathway, providing a basis for developing novel therapeutic strategies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xue Cai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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