Kanikowska D, Kanikowska A, Strojny Z, Kawka E, Zawada A, Rutkowski R, Litwinowicz M, Sato M, Grzymisławski M, Bręborowicz A, Witowski J, Korybalska K. Assessment of EN-RAGE, sRAGE, and its isoforms: cRAGE, esRAGE in obese patients treated by moderate caloric restriction combined with physical activity conducted in hospital condition.
Cytokine 2024;
180:156665. [PMID:
38823153 DOI:
10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156665]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
AGEs, their receptor (RAGE), and the extracellular newly identified receptor for AGEs product-binding protein (EN-RAGE) are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation.
AIM
We analyzed serum EN-RAGE, soluble RAGE (sRAGE), and their isoforms: endogenous secretory - esRAGE and cleaved - cRAGE concentrations in lean controls (n = 74) and in patients with obesity (n = 71) treated for three weeks with moderate calorie restriction (CR) combined with physical activity in a hospital condition.
METHODS
Using the ELISA method, serum sRAGE, esRAGE, and EN-RAGE were measured before and after CR.
RESULTS
The serum level of sRAGE and esRAGE in patients with obesity was lower than that in non-obese individuals, contrary to cRAGE. EN-RAGE concentration was about three times higher in obese patients. Gradually, a rise in BMI resulted in sRAGE, esRAGE reduction, and EN-RAGE increase. The sRAGE concentration was sex-dependent, indicating a higher value in lean men. A moderate negative correlation was observed between BMI and all RAGE isoforms, whereas EN-RAGE displays a positive correlation. CR resulted in an expected decrease in anthropometric, metabolic, and proinflammatory parameters and EN-RAGE, but no RAGE isoforms. The ratio EN-RAGE/sRAGE was higher in obese humans than in control and was not modified by CR.
CONCLUSION
Obesity decreases sRAGE and esRAGE and increases EN-RAGE concentration. Moderate CR and physical activity by decreasing inflammation reduces EN-RAGE but is insufficient to increase sRAGE and esRAGE to the extent observed in lean patients. EN-RAGE instead of sRAGE could be helpful to indicate a better outcome of moderate dietary intervention in obese subjects.
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