Transforming Psoriasis Care: Probiotics and Prebiotics as Novel Therapeutic Approaches

Targeting gut microbiota and its associated metabolites as a potential strategy for promoting would healing in diabetes

Impaired healing of diabetic wounds is one of the most important complications of diabetes, often leading to lower limb amputations and incurring significant economic and psychosocial costs. Unfortunately, there are currently no effective prevention or treatment strategies available. Recent research has reported that an imbalance in the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, was linked to the onset of type 2 diabetes, as well as the development and progression of diabetic complications. Indeed, the gut microbiota has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for treating type 2 diabetes and related diseases. However, there is few of literatures specifically discussing the relationship between gut microbiota and diabetic wounds. This review aims to explore the potential role of the gut microbiota, especially probiotics, and its associated byproducts such as short chain fatty acids, bile acids, hydrogen sulfide, and tryptophan metabolites on wound healing to provide fresh insights and novel perspectives for the treatment of chronic wounds in diabetes.

Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: Pathogenesis, Diseases, Prevention, and Therapy

Dysbiosis refers to the disruption of the gut microbiota balance and is the pathological basis of various diseases. The main pathogenic mechanisms include impaired intestinal mucosal barrier function, inflammation activation, immune dysregulation, and metabolic abnormalities. These mechanisms involve dysfunctions in the gut-brain axis, gut-liver axis, and others to cause broader effects. Although the association between diseases caused by dysbiosis has been extensively studied, many questions remain regarding the specific pathogenic mechanisms and treatment strategies. This review begins by examining the causes of gut microbiota dysbiosis and summarizes the potential mechanisms of representative diseases caused by microbiota imbalance. It integrates clinical evidence to explore preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota dysregulation, emphasizing the importance of understanding gut microbiota dysbiosis. Finally, we summarized the development of artificial intelligence (AI) in the gut microbiota research and suggested that it will play a critical role in future studies on gut dysbiosis. The research combining multiomics technologies and AI will further uncover the complex mechanisms of gut microbiota dysbiosis. It will drive the development of personalized treatment strategies.

Isolation and safety evaluation of food-derived potential probiotic Bacillus with antimicrobial properties

Traditional Chinese fermented foods, known for their probiotic content and microbial diversity, contribute significantly to dietary nutrition. This study aimed to assess the safety and antimicrobial potential of Bacillus isolated from these foods for industrial applications. Evaluating the antimicrobial activity and safety of probiotics such as Bacillus is imperative for application in the fermented food industry. Sixty Bacillus strains were isolated from 60 fermented food samples and confirmed by 16S rDNA testing. Of these, 39 were identified as non-toxic based on PCR screening, suggesting a favorable safety profile for consumption. Among the pathogens tested, B. subtilis YH91-2 demonstrated the most potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (n = 2) and Gram-negative (n = 7) bacteria. Comprehensive analyses of hemolytic evaluation, DNA enzyme activity, antibiotic susceptibility, cytotoxicity tests, and tolerance to unfavorable conditions, B. subtilis YH91-2 had the potential as a promising probiotic. Besides vitro evaluation, the effects of B. subtilis YH91-2 in vivo safety were also examined. No harmful health effects were observed in mice irrigating with high, medium, and low doses of YH91-2 for 21 days. Notably, mice receiving high doses showed significant weight gain and a marked decrease in triglyceride levels compared to control subjects. The results provided compelling evidence for the potential of B. subtilis YH91-2 as a probiotic for advancing food industry applications.

Targeting Cytokine Dysregulation in Psoriasis: The Role of Dietary Interventions in Modulating the Immune Response

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated skin disease characterized by cytokine dysregulation. Pro-inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-23, play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary interventions can modulate cytokine activity, providing a complementary approach to standard therapies. This narrative review examines the impact of various dietary strategies, including a Mediterranean diet, ketogenic diet, gluten-free diet, and fasting-mimicking diet, on cytokine profiles and clinical outcomes in psoriasis. Research insights reveal that dietary components such as omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, and short-chain fatty acids influence immune signaling pathways. These pathways include nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3). Additionally, these dietary components promote anti-inflammatory effects mediated by gut microbiota. Clinical studies demonstrate significant reductions in psoriasis severity, improved quality of life, and modulation of key cytokines associated with disease activity. Despite these advancements, significant challenges persist in effectively integrating these findings into clinical practice. These challenges include variability in patient responses, adherence issues, and the need for robust biomarkers to monitor efficacy. Future directions emphasize the potential of personalized nutrition and precision medicine approaches to optimize dietary interventions tailored to individual cytokine profiles and genetic predispositions. Integrating these strategies into psoriasis care could transform treatment paradigms by simultaneously addressing both systemic inflammation and comorbid conditions.

Nutritional guidance in spondyloarthritis: confronting the evidence gap

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

to summarize current evidence on the role of specific dietary patterns in spondyloarthritis (SpA) management.

RECENT FINDINGS

dietary interventions may offer a novel, complementary strategy to manage symptoms and enhance overall quality of life in many rheumatic diseases, including SpA. Evidence suggests that the Mediterranean diet may have beneficial effects on inflammation and SpA symptoms. Although there is growing interest in the ketogenic diet with some promising results, data is scarce. Some SpA patients may have sensitivities or intolerances to certain foods containing gluten, which can trigger or worsen their symptoms, especially when associated with intestinal inflammation. Hypocaloric diets and weight loss can provide significant benefit in overweight and obese patients with SpA, potentially reducing systemic inflammation. Finally, while the efficacy of probiotics remains a matter of debate, periods of fasting have proven effective in reducing disease activity indices.

SUMMARY

the importance of a healthy dietary lifestyle and its potential benefits in symptom management is acknowledged by the majority of the patients. There is an increased need and demand from patients to receive nutritional counseling that should be integrated into routine SpA management to enhance patient outcomes.

Alterations of gut microbiota for the onset and treatment of psoriasis: A systematic review

Psoriasis is a chronic, recurrent and systemic inflammatory skin disease which is mediated by immunoreaction. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial, and the exact driving factor remains unclear. Recent studies showed that gut microbiota, which maintain immune homeostasis of our bodies, is closely related with occurrence, development and prognosis of psoriasis. The intestinal microbial abundance and diversity in patients with psoriasis have changed significantly, including intestinal microbiota disorders and reduced production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), abnormalities in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B), etc. Besides, the intestinal microbiota of psoriasis patients has also changed after treatment of systemic drugs, biologics and small molecule chemical drugs, suggesting that the intestinal microbiota may be a potential response-to-treatment biomarker for evaluating treatment effectiveness. Oral probiotics and prebiotics administration as well as fecal microbial transplantation were also reported to benefit well in psoriasis patients. Additionally, we also discussed the microbial changes from the skin and other organs, which regulated both the onset and treatment of psoriasis together with gut microbiota. Herein, we reviewed recent studies on the psoriasis-related microbiota in an attempt to confidently identify the "core" microbiota of psoriatic patients, understand how microbiota influence psoriasis through the gut-skin axis, and explore potential therapeutic strategies for psoriasis.

From Structure to Function: How Prebiotic Diversity Shapes Gut Integrity and Immune Balance

The microbiota stability, diversity, and composition are pillars for an efficient and beneficial symbiotic relationship between its host and itself. Microbial dysbiosis, a condition where a homeostatic bacterial community is disturbed by acute or chronic events, is a predisposition for many diseases, including local and systemic inflammation that leads to metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and some types of cancers. Classical dysbiosis occurs in the large intestine. During this period, pathogenic strains can multiply, taking advantage of the compromised environment. This overgrowth triggers an exaggerated inflammatory response from the human immune system due to the weakened integrity of the intestinal barrier. Such inflammation can also directly influence higher polyp formation and/or tumorigenesis. Prebiotics can be instrumental in preventing or correcting dysbiosis. Prebiotics are molecules capable of serving as substrates for fermentation processes by gut microorganisms. This can promote returning the intestinal environment to homeostasis. Effective prebiotics are generally specific oligo- and polysaccharides, such as FOS or inulin. However, the direct effects of prebiotics on intestinal epithelial and immune cells must also be taken into consideration. This interaction happens with diverse prebiotic nondigestible carbohydrates, and they can inhibit or decrease the inflammatory response. The present work aims to elucidate and describe the different types of prebiotics, their influence, and their functionalities for health, primarily focusing on their ability to reduce and control inflammation in the intestinal epithelial barrier, gut, and systemic environments.

Probiotic effects on skin health: comprehensive visual analysis and perspectives

Background

Bacteria play a crucial role in maintaining the health of human skin. Research has demonstrated that probiotics present notable benefits for extraintestinal organs. Despite the extensive research on the impact of probiotics on skin health, there is a notable absence of regulatory frameworks governing their external application, with no approval from the FDA for any probiotic products for external use. The aim of this study is to offer a thorough summary of the research status in the field since 2000 and project future trends.

Method

The Web of Science Core Collection and SCI-Expanded index were selected for an extensive search of studies concerning the role of probiotics in skin health since 2000. A total of 1,306 publications were identified. Employing a double-blind method, two subsets of literature were scrutinized and subsequently combined for analysis. Using CiteSpace, this research explored key aspects such as primary countries, institutions, authors, journals, trending topics, research frontiers, and emerging patterns in research related to application of probiotic for skin health.

Result

This article included 709 research papers. The number of published papers has shown a rapid increase. The United States had the highest number of research papers (128), and Canada had the highest intermediate centrality (0.23). The University of California System emerged as the most prolific institution. Huang, Chun-Ming has published the most articles, and his research is at the forefront among those prolific authors. Twelve clusters were identified, with cluster #0 skin microbiota, #3 mechanisms, and #8 antimicrobial being the most recent. As for the hot topic, "diversity," "health," "skin microbiome," "oxidative stress," "microbiota," and "antioxidants" have been at the forefront of the current field. The overall research trend has shifted from clinical trials to mechanistic exploration and from oral treatments to external applications, with the research level moving from general categories to specific strains.

Conclusion

This paper summarized and visualized academic achievements in the field of probiotic application for skin health using CiteSpace and VOSviewer, offering a systematic and comprehensive perspective, along with a longitudinal overview of this research field.

The Effects of Smoking, Alcohol, and Dietary Habits on the Progression and Management of Spondyloarthritis

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a group of chronic inflammatory diseases affecting the spine and peripheral joints, causing pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. This narrative review examines how lifestyle factors-specifically smoking, alcohol consumption, and unhealthy diet-contribute to the onset and progression of SpA. It highlights their impact on disease activity, comorbidities, radiographic damage, and treatment response. Therefore, healthcare providers are encouraged to support patients in making personalized lifestyle changes. These findings underscore the importance of a comprehensive approach to SpA management, integrating lifestyle modifications with conventional therapies for optimal disease control and improved outcomes.

Role of microbiota in the GUT-SKIN AXIS responses to outdoor stressors

Beside the respiratory tract, the skin and the gut represent the first defensive lines of our body against the external insults displaying many important biochemical features able to maintain the epithelial barrier integrity and to regulate the tissue immune responses. The human microbiome is essential in maintaining the tissue homeostasis and its dysregulation may lead to tissue conditions including inflammatory pathologies. Among all external insults, air pollutants have been shown to cause oxidative stress damage within the target tissues via an OxInflammatory response. Dysregulation of the gut microbiome (dysbiosis) by outdoor stressors, including air pollutants, may promote the exacerbation of the skin tissue damage via the interplay between the gut-skin axis. The intent of this review is to highlight the ability of exogenous stressors to modulate the human gut-skin axis via a redox regulated mechanism affecting the microbiome and therefore contributing to the development and aggravation of gut and skin conditions.

Advances in the mechanism of action of short-chain fatty acids in psoriasis

Psoriasis is a prevalent chronic inflammatory and immunological disorder. Its lesions are present as scaly erythema or plaques. Disruptions in the body's immune system play a significant role in developing psoriasis. Recent evidence suggests a potential role of the gut microbiome in autoimmune diseases. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the primary metabolites created by gut microbes and play a crucial fuction in autoimmunity. SCFAs act on various cells by mediating signaling to participate in host physiological and pathological processes. These processes encompass body metabolism, maintenance of intestinal barrier function, and immune system modulation. SCFAs can regulate immune cells to enhance the body's immune function, potentially influencing the prevention and treatment of psoriasis. However, the mechanisms underlying the role of SCFAs in psoriasis remain incompletely understood. This paper examines the relationship between SCFAs and psoriasis, elucidating how SCFAs influence the immune system, inflammatory response, and gut barrier in psoriasis. According to the study, in psoriasis, SCFAs have been shown to regulate neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the adaptive immune system, as well as T and B cells in the innate immune system. Additionally, we explore the role of SCFAs in psoriasis by maintaining intestinal barrier function, restoring intestinal ecological homeostasis, and investigating the potential therapeutic benefits of SCFAs for psoriasis.

Gut microbiota and skin pathologies: Mechanism of the gut-skin axis in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis are chronic skin diseases with a global impact, posing significant challenges to public health systems and severely affecting patients' quality of life. This review delves into the key role of the gut microbiota in these diseases, emphasizing the importance of the gut-skin axis in inflammatory mediators and immune regulation and revealing a complex bidirectional communication system. We comprehensively assessed the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment strategies for AD and psoriasis, with a particular focus on how the gut microbiota and their metabolites influence disease progression via the gut-skin axis. In addition, personalized treatment plans based on individual patient microbiome characteristics have been proposed, offering new perspectives for future treatment approaches. We call for enhanced interdisciplinary cooperation to further explore the interactions between gut microbiota and skin diseases and to assess the potential of drugs and natural products in modulating the gut-skin axis, aiming to advance the treatment of skin diseases.

Advances in psoriasis research: From pathogenesis to therapeutics

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting approximately 2 % to 3 % of the global population. The pathogenesis of psoriasis is complex, involving immune dysregulation, hyperproliferation and angiogenesis. It is a multifactorial disease which is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The development of various therapeutic agents, such as JAK inhibitors, small molecules, and biologics with potential anti-psoriatic properties was possible with the vast understanding of the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Various signalling pathways, including NF-κB, JAK-STAT, S1P, PDE-4, and A3AR that are involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis as well as the preclinical models utilised in the research of psoriasis have been highlighted in this review. The review also focuses on technological advancements that have contributed to a better understanding of psoriasis. Then, the molecules targeting the respective signalling pathways that are still under clinical trials or recently approved as well as the latest breakthroughs in therapeutic and drug delivery approaches that can contribute to the improvement in the management of psoriasis are highlighted in this review. This review provides an extensive understanding of the current state of research in psoriasis, giving rise to opportunities for researchers to discover future therapeutic breakthroughs and personalised interventions. Efficient treatment options for individuals with psoriasis can be achieved by an extensive understanding of pathogenesis, therapeutic agents, and novel drug delivery strategies.

The Contribution of the Skin Microbiome to Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Its Implications for Therapeutic Strategies

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease, associated with significant morbidity and a considerable negative impact on the patients' quality of life. The complex pathogenesis of psoriasis is still incompletely understood. Genetic predisposition, environmental factors like smoking, alcohol consumption, psychological stress, consumption of certain drugs, and mechanical trauma, as well as specific immune dysfunctions, contribute to the onset of the disease. Mounting evidence indicate that skin dysbiosis plays a significant role in the development and exacerbation of psoriasis through loss of immune tolerance to commensal skin flora, an altered balance between Tregs and effector cells, and an excessive Th1 and Th17 polarization. While the implications of skin dysbiosis in psoriasis pathogenesis are only starting to be revealed, the progress in the characterization of the skin microbiome changes in psoriasis patients has opened a whole new avenue of research focusing on the modulation of the skin microbiome as an adjuvant treatment for psoriasis and as part of a long-term plan to prevent disease flares. The skin microbiome may also represent a valuable predictive marker of treatment response and may aid in the selection of the optimal personalized treatment. We present the current knowledge on the skin microbiome changes in psoriasis and the results of the studies that investigated the efficacy of the different skin microbiome modulation strategies in the management of psoriasis, and discuss the complex interaction between the host and skin commensal flora.

Comparative Analysis of the Cutaneous Microbiome in Psoriasis Patients and Healthy Individuals-Insights into Microbial Dysbiosis: Final Results

Psoriasis is one of the most frequent chronic inflammatory skin diseases and exerts a significant psychological impact, causing stigmatization, low self-esteem and depression. The pathogenesis of psoriasis is remarkably complex, involving genetic, immune and environmental factors, some of which are still incompletely explored. The cutaneous microbiome has become more and more important in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases such as acne, rosacea, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Dysbiosis of the skin microbiome could be linked to acute flare ups in psoriatic disease, as recent studies suggest. Given this hypothesis, we conducted a study in which we evaluated the cutaneous microbiome of psoriasis patients and healthy individuals. In our study, we collected multiple samples using swab sampling, adhesive tape and punch biopsies. Our results are similar to other studies in which the qualitative and quantitative changes found in the cutaneous microbiome of psoriasis patients are different than healthy individuals. Larger, standardized studies are needed in order to elucidate the microbiome changes in psoriasis patients, clarify their role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, decipher the interactions between the commensal microorganisms of the same and different niches and between microbiomes and the host and identify new therapeutic strategies.

Shared Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Psoriasis: Unraveling the Connection

Psoriasis (PS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are immune-mediated chronic conditions that share pathophysiological processes, including immune system dysfunction, microbiome dysbiosis, and inflammatory pathways. These pathways result in increased turnover of epithelial cells and compromised barrier function. The assessment of the literature suggests that immunopathogenic mechanisms, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α signaling and IL-23/IL-17 axis dysregulation, are shared by PS and IBD. Clinical characteristics and diagnostic approaches overlap significantly, and advances in biomarker identification benefit both conditions. Current treatments, namely biologics that target TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-23, show promising results in decreasing inflammation and controlling symptoms. Precision medicine approaches are prioritized in prospective therapeutic procedures to tailor pharmaceuticals based on specific biomarkers, perhaps improving outcomes and minimizing side effects. This study thoroughly examines and evaluates the body of research on PS and IBD. Several papers were examined to compile data on clinical features, diagnosis, therapies, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and potential future therapeutic developments. The selection of articles was based on three methodological qualities: relevance and addition to the knowledge of IBD and PS. The retrieved data were combined to provide a coherent summary of the state of the knowledge and to spot new trends. The overview of the latest studies demonstrates that both PS and IBD share pathophysiological foundations and therapeutic approaches. With a spotlight on particular biomarkers, advances in precision medicine provide a promising path toward enhancing therapeutic effectiveness and minimizing side effects.

Gut microbiota and psoriasis: pathogenesis, targeted therapy, and future directions

Background

Psoriasis is one of the most common autoimmune skin diseases. Increasing evidence shows that alterations in the diversity and function of microbiota can participate in the pathogenesis of psoriasis through various pathways and mechanisms.

Objective

To review the connection between microbial changes and psoriasis, how microbial-targeted therapy can be used to treat psoriasis, as well as the potential of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, diet, and Traditional Chinese Medicine as supplementary and adjunctive therapies.

Methods

Literature related to the relationship between psoriasis and gut microbiota was searched in PubMed and CNKI.

Results

Adjunct therapies such as dietary interventions, traditional Chinese medicine, and probiotics can enhance gut microbiota abundance and diversity in patients with psoriasis. These therapies stimulate immune mediators including IL-23, IL-17, IL-22, and modulate gamma interferon (IFN-γ) along with the NF-kB pathway, thereby suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ameliorating systemic inflammatory conditions.

Conclusion

This article discusses the direction of future research and clinical treatment of psoriasis from the perspective of intestinal microbiota and the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine, so as to provide clinicians with more comprehensive diagnosis and treatment options and bring greater hope to patients with psoriasis.

Role of Anti-Inflammatory Diet and Fecal Microbiota Transplant in Psoriatic Arthritis

PURPOSE

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory condition with complex and heterogenous manifestations. Although a myriad of treatment options including biologic medications are available to alleviate symptoms and slow disease progression, there is currently no cure for this condition. There has been a recent emergence of understanding about the relationship between the gut microbiome and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. This has generated interest in the potential role of dietary interventions, particularly anti-inflammatory diets, and fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) as novel therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the role of an anti-inflammatory diet and FMT in turn and whether their combination may offer alternate approaches for the management of PsA.

METHODS

Our non-systematic narrative review was informed by a literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar using the terms anti-inflammatory diet, FMT, nutrition supplements, and PsA. Preclinical studies and non-English language articles were excluded when synthesizing the narrative review.

FINDINGS

Current randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational evidence suggest that a hypocaloric diet or Mediterranean diet can help achieve weight loss among PsA patients who are overweight or obese, which in turn reduces inflammation and improves disease activity. However, there is no strong data to support the beneficial effects of intermittent fasting, vitamin supplements, turmeric supplements, probiotics, or omega-3 fatty acid supplements in PsA. Current evidence on the use of FMT in PsA is limited as only one small RCT has been conducted which did not demonstrate efficacy for improving clinical symptoms.

IMPLICATIONS

Clinicians can consider recommending hypocaloric or Mediterranean diets as an adjunct to standard management of PsA, possibly under the guidance of a dietician. Further research is needed to explore the beneficial effects of the synergistic role of combining an anti-inflammatory diet with FMT in PsA.

Efficacy of probiotic supplementation in the treatment of psoriasis-A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

Many studies have emphasized the possible role of probiotics in psoriasis, probiotic supplementation might be helpful to treat psoriasis. This study systematically evaluated the efficacy of probiotic supplementation for the treatment of psoriasis.

METHODS

We searched some databases with keywords until November 10, 2023, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science. These keywords included probiotics, psoriasis RCT, and so on. After rigorous literature screening by two authors, five studies were identified. Eventually, the required data were independently extracted by another author.

RESULTS

A total of five studies with 286 patients were included. The pooled results showed that the efficacy of probiotic supplementation was superior to placebo in the treatment of psoriasis. The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (SMD = -1.40, 95% Cl = -2.63 to -0.17, p < 0.00001) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (SMD = -0.92, 95% Cl = -1.86 to 0.01, p < 0.00001). Score decreased after probiotic supplementation.

CONCLUSIONS

The meta-analysis showed that probiotic supplementation could be a new treatment option for psoriasis.

Modulation of the skin and gut microbiome by psoriasis treatment: a comprehensive systematic review

The microbiome is intricately linked to the development of psoriasis, serving as both a potential cause and consequence of the psoriatic process. In recent years, there has been growing interest among psoriasis researchers in exploring how psoriasis treatments affect the skin and gut microbiome. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the impact of modern treatment approaches on the microbiome has yet to be conducted. In this systematic review, we analyze studies investigating alterations in the skin and gut microbiome resulting from psoriasis treatment, aiming to understand how current therapies influence the role of the microbiome in psoriasis development. The systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for eligible studies from the inception dates until July 5, 2023. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were carried out by three overlapping pairs of reviewers, resolving any disagreements through consensus. Our analysis of various treatments, including biologics, conventional medications, phototherapy, and probiotics, reveals significant shifts in microbial diversity and abundance. Importantly, favorable treatment outcomes are associated with microbiota alterations that approach those observed in healthy individuals. While the studies reviewed exhibit varying degrees of bias, underscoring the need for further research, this review supports the potential of microbiome modulation as both a preventive and therapeutic strategy for psoriasis patients. The findings underscore the importance of personalized therapeutic approaches, recognizing the profound impact of treatment on the microbiome. They also highlight the promise of probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary interventions in psoriasis management.

The interaction between gut microbiome and bone health

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This review critically examines interconnected health domains like gut microbiome, bone health, interleukins, chronic periodontitis, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), offering insights into fundamental mechanisms and clinical implications, contributing significantly to healthcare and biomedical research.

RECENT FINDINGS

This review explores the relationship between gut microbiome and bone health, a growing area of study. It provides insights into skeletal integrity and potential therapeutic avenues. The review also examines interleukins, chronic periodontitis, and COVID-19, highlighting the complexity of viral susceptibility and immune responses. It highlights the importance of understanding genetic predispositions and immune dynamics in the context of disease outcomes. The review emphasizes experimental evidence and therapeutic strategies, aligning with evidence-based medicine and personalized interventions. This approach offers actionable insights for healthcare practitioners and researchers, paving the way for targeted therapeutic approaches and improved patient outcomes.

SUMMARY

The implications of these findings for clinical practice and research underscore the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to healthcare that considers the complex interactions between genetics, immune responses, oral health, and systemic diseases. By leveraging advances in biomedical research, clinicians can optimize patient care and improve health outcomes across diverse patient populations.

Emerging role of gut microbiota in autoimmune diseases

Accumulating studies have indicated that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the onset of autoimmune diseases by engaging in complex interactions with the host. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literatures concerning the relationship between the gut microbiota and autoimmune diseases, shedding light on the complex interplay between the gut microbiota, the host and the immune system. Furthermore, we aim to summarize the impacts and potential mechanisms that underlie the interactions between the gut microbiota and the host in autoimmune diseases, primarily focusing on systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, type 1 diabetes mellitus, ulcerative colitis and psoriasis. The present review will emphasize the clinical significance and potential applications of interventions based on the gut microbiota as innovative adjunctive therapies for autoimmune diseases.

Etiopathogenesis of Psoriasis: Integration of Proposed Theories

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by squamous and erythematous plaques on the skin and the involvement of the immune system. Global prevalence for psoriasis has been reported around 1-3% with a higher incidence in adults and similar proportions between men and women. The risk factors associated with psoriasis are both extrinsic and intrinsic, out of which a polygenic predisposition is a highlight out of the latter. Psoriasis etiology is not yet fully described, but several hypothesis have been proposed: 1) the autoimmunity hypothesis is based on the over-expression of antimicrobial peptides such as LL-37, the proteins ADAMTSL5, K17, and hsp27, or lipids synthesized by the PLA2G4D enzyme, all of which may serve as autoantigens to promote the differentiation of autoreactive lymphocytes T and unleash a chronic inflammatory response; 2) dysbiosis of skin microbiota hypothesis in psoriasis has gained relevance due to the observations of a loss of diversity and the participation of pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus spp. or Staphylococcus spp. the fungi Malassezia spp. or Candida spp. and the virus HPV, HCV, or HIV in psoriatic plaques; 3) the oxidative stress hypothesis, the most recent one, describes that the cell injury and the release of proinflammatory mediators and antimicrobial peptides that leads to activate of the Th1/Th17 axis observed in psoriasis is caused by a higher release of reactive oxygen species and the imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms. This review aims to describe the mechanisms involved in the three hypotheses on the etiopathogeneses of psoriasis.

The Role of the Gut Microbiome and Microbial Dysbiosis in Common Skin Diseases

Dermatoses are an increasingly common problem, particularly in developed countries. The causes of this phenomenon include genetic factors and environmental elements. More and more scientific reports suggest that the gut microbiome, more specifically its dysbiosis, also plays an important role in the induction and progression of diseases, including dermatological diseases. The gut microbiome is recognised as the largest endocrine organ, and has a key function in maintaining human homeostasis. In this review, the authors will take a close look at the link between the gut-skin axis and the pathogenesis of dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, alopecia areata, and acne. The authors will also focus on the role of probiotics in remodelling the microbiome and the alleviation of dermatoses.

Modulation of Gut Microbiome as a Therapeutic Modality for Auditory Disorders

The gut microbiome has been shown to play a pivotal role in health and disease. Recently, there has been increased interest within the auditory community to explore the role of the gut microbiome in the auditory system and its implications for hearing disorders such as sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), otitis media, and tinnitus. Studies have suggested that modulating the gut microbiome using probiotics as well as with diets high in monounsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids is associated with a reduction in inflammation prevalence in auditory disorders. This review aims to evaluate the current literature on modulation of the gut microbiome and its effects on otological conditions. The probiotic conversion of nondigestible carbohydrates into short-chain fatty acids has been shown to provide benefits for improving hearing by maintaining an adequate vascular supply. For acute and secretory otitis media, studies have shown that a combination therapy of probiotics with a decreased dose of antibiotics yields better clinical outcomes than aggressive antibiotic treatment alone. Gut microbiome modulation also alters neurotransmitter levels and reduces neuroinflammation, which may provide benefits for tinnitus by preventing increased neuronal activity. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics, natural health products, and micronutrients on auditory disorders, paving the way to develop novel interventions.