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Cabanas AM, Fuentes-Guajardo M, Sáez N, Catalán DD, Collao-Caiconte PO, Martín-Escudero P. Exploring the Hidden Complexity: Entropy Analysis in Pulse Oximetry of Female Athletes. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:52. [PMID: 38275305 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between physiological complexity, as measured by Approximate Entropy (ApEn) and Sample Entropy (SampEn), and fitness levels in female athletes. Our focus is on their association with maximal oxygen consumption (VO2,max). Our findings reveal a complex relationship between entropy metrics and fitness levels, indicating that higher fitness typically, though not invariably, correlates with greater entropy in physiological time series data; however, this is not consistent for all individuals. For Heart Rate (HR), entropy measures suggest stable patterns across fitness categories, while pulse oximetry (SpO2) data shows greater variability. For instance, the medium fitness group displayed an ApEn(HR) = 0.57±0.13 with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 22.17 and ApEn(SpO2) = 0.96±0.49 with a CV of 46.08%, compared to the excellent fitness group with ApEn(HR) = 0.60±0.09 with a CV of 15.19% and ApEn(SpO2) =0.85±0.42 with a CV of 49.46%, suggesting broader physiological responses among more fit individuals. The larger standard deviations and CVs for SpO2 entropy may indicate the body's proficient oxygen utilization at higher levels of physical demand. Our findings advocate for combining entropy metrics with wearable sensor technology for improved biomedical analysis and personalized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Cabanas
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1010069, Chile
| | | | - Nicolas Sáez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1010069, Chile
| | | | | | - Pilar Martín-Escudero
- Medical School of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Lai Y, Loy F, Isola M, Noli R, Rinaldi A, Lobina C, Vargiu R, Cesare Marincola F, Isola R. Male and Female Mitochondria Respond Differently after Exercising in Acute Hypoxia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3149. [PMID: 38137370 PMCID: PMC10740434 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of hypoxic devices among athletes who train in normobaric hypoxia has become increasingly popular; however, the acute effects on heart and brain metabolism are not yet fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the mitochondrial bioenergetics in trained male and female Wistar rats after acute hypoxia training. The experimental plan included exercising for 30 min on a treadmill in a Plexiglas cage connected to a hypoxic generator set at 12.5% O2 or in normoxia. After the exercise, the rats were sacrificed, and their mitochondria were isolated from their brains and hearts. The bioenergetics for each complex of the electron transport chain was tested using a Clark-type electrode. The results showed that following hypoxia training, females experienced impaired oxidative phosphorylation through complex II in heart subsarcolemmal mitochondria, while males had an altered ADP/O in heart interfibrillar mitochondria, without any change in oxidative capacity. No differences from controls were evident in the brain, but an increased electron transport system efficiency was observed with complex I and IV substrates in males. Therefore, the study's findings suggest that hypoxia training affects the heart mitochondria of females more than males. This raises a cautionary flag for female athletes who use hypoxic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Lai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Francesco Loy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Michela Isola
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Roberta Noli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Carla Lobina
- Neuroscience Institute, Division of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Romina Vargiu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Flaminia Cesare Marincola
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Raffaella Isola
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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Yan Y, Mao Z, Jia Q, Zhao XJ, Yang SH. Reply to: 'Early decrease in ventilatory sensitivity at very high altitude?'. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23947. [PMID: 37335241 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Mao
- Respiratory Cardiology and Nephrology, The 957th Chinese PLA Hospital, Ngari, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Jia
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hong Yang
- The 949th Chinese PLA Hospital, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
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Beidleman BA, Figueiredo PS, Landspurg SD, Femling JK, Williams JD, Staab JE, Buller MJ, Karl JP, Reilly AJ, Mayschak TJ, Atkinson EY, Mesite TJ, Hoyt RW. Active ascent accelerates the time course but not the overall incidence and severity of acute mountain sickness at 3,600 m. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:436-444. [PMID: 37318986 PMCID: PMC10538982 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00216.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) typically peaks following the first night at high altitude (HA) and resolves over the next 2-3 days, but the impact of active ascent on AMS is debated. To determine the impact of ascent conditions on AMS, 78 healthy Soldiers (means ± SD; age = 26 ± 5 yr) were tested at baseline residence, transported to Taos, NM (2,845 m), hiked (n = 39) or were driven (n = 39) to HA (3,600 m), and stayed for 4 days. AMS-cerebral (AMS-C) factor score was assessed at HA twice on day 1 (HA1), five times on days 2 and 3 (HA2 and HA3), and once on day 4 (HA4). If AMS-C was ≥0.7 at any assessment, individuals were AMS susceptible (AMS+; n = 33); others were nonsusceptible (AMS-; n = 45). Daily peak AMS-C scores were analyzed. Ascent conditions (active vs. passive) did not impact the overall incidence and severity of AMS at HA1-HA4. The AMS+ group, however, demonstrated a higher (P < 0.05) AMS incidence in the active vs. passive ascent cohort on HA1 (93% vs. 56%), similar incidence on HA2 (60% vs. 78%), lower incidence (P < 0.05) on HA3 (33% vs. 67%), and similar incidence on HA4 (13% vs. 28%). The AMS+ group also demonstrated a higher (P < 0.05) AMS severity in the active vs. passive ascent cohort on HA1 (1.35 ± 0.97 vs. 0.90 ± 0.70), similar score on HA2 (1.00 ± 0.97 vs. 1.34 ± 0.70), and lower (P < 0.05) score on HA3 (0.56 ± 0.55 vs. 1.02 ± 0.75) and HA4 (0.32 ± 0.41 vs. 0.60 ± 0.72). Active compared with passive ascent accelerated the time course of AMS with more individuals sick on HA1 and less individuals sick on HA3 and HA4.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This research demonstrated that active ascent accelerated the time course but not overall incidence and severity of acute mountain sickness (AMS) following rapid ascent to 3,600 m in unacclimatized lowlanders. Active ascenders became sicker faster and recovered quicker than passive ascenders, which may be due to differences in body fluid regulation. Findings from this well-controlled large sample-size study suggest that previously reported discrepancies in the literature regarding the impact of exercise on AMS may be related to differences in the timing of AMS measurements between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Beidleman
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Peter S Figueiredo
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Steven D Landspurg
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jon K Femling
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Jason D Williams
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Janet E Staab
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mark J Buller
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
| | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Aaron J Reilly
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Trevor J Mayschak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Emma Y Atkinson
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Timothy J Mesite
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Reed W Hoyt
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
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