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Shao ZY, Yang WD, Qiu H, He ZH, Lu MR, Shen Q, Ding J, Zheng JN, Bai J. The role of USP7-YY1 interaction in promoting colorectal cancer growth and metastasis. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:347. [PMID: 38769122 PMCID: PMC11106261 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant global health issue with high incidence and mortality. Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a powerful transcription factor that acts dual roles in gene activation and repression. High expression level of YY1 has been reported in CRC, indicating the existence of stable factors of YY1 in CRC cells. We aimed to identify the key molecules and underlying mechanisms responsible for stabilizing YY1 expression in CRC. Mass spectrometry analysis was utilized to identify USP7 as a potential molecule that interacted with YY1. Mechanically, USP7 stabilizes YY1 expression at the protein level by interfering its K63 linkage ubiquitination. YY1 exerts its oncogenic function through transcriptionally activating TRIAP1 but suppressing LC3B. In addition, at the pathological level, there is a positive correlation between the expression of YY1 and the budding of CRC. This study has revealed the intricate interplay between YY1 and USP7 in CRC, suggesting that they could serve as novel therapeutic targets or predictive biomarkers for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ying Shao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Clinical Trial, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Dong Yang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Qiu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Hong He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Ru Lu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jun-Nian Zheng
- Center of Clinical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jin Bai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Center of Clinical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Lee S, Son JY, Lee J, Cheong H. Unraveling the Intricacies of Autophagy and Mitophagy: Implications in Cancer Biology. Cells 2023; 12:2742. [PMID: 38067169 PMCID: PMC10706449 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential lysosome-mediated degradation pathway that maintains cellular homeostasis and viability in response to various intra- and extracellular stresses. Mitophagy is a type of autophagy that is involved in the intricate removal of dysfunctional mitochondria during conditions of metabolic stress. In this review, we describe the multifaceted roles of autophagy and mitophagy in normal physiology and the field of cancer biology. Autophagy and mitophagy exhibit dual context-dependent roles in cancer development, acting as tumor suppressors and promoters. We also discuss the important role of autophagy and mitophagy within the cancer microenvironment and how autophagy and mitophagy influence tumor host-cell interactions to overcome metabolic deficiencies and sustain the activity of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in a stromal environment. Finally, we explore the dynamic interplay between autophagy and the immune response in tumors, indicating their potential as immunomodulatory targets in cancer therapy. As the field of autophagy and mitophagy continues to evolve, this comprehensive review provides insights into their important roles in cancer and cancer microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmi Lee
- Branch of Molecular Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si 10408, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Ji-Yoon Son
- Branch of Molecular Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si 10408, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Jinkyung Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science & Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si 10408, Republic of Korea;
| | - Heesun Cheong
- Branch of Molecular Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si 10408, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science & Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si 10408, Republic of Korea;
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3
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Shen J, Wang Q, Mao Y, Gao W, Duan S. Targeting the p53 signaling pathway in cancers: Molecular mechanisms and clinical studies. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e288. [PMID: 37256211 PMCID: PMC10225743 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 can transcriptionally activate downstream genes in response to stress, and then regulate the cell cycle, DNA repair, metabolism, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and other biological responses. p53 has seven functional domains and 12 splice isoforms, and different domains and subtypes play different roles. The activation and inactivation of p53 are finely regulated and are associated with phosphorylation/acetylation modification and ubiquitination modification, respectively. Abnormal activation of p53 is closely related to the occurrence and development of cancer. While targeted therapy of the p53 signaling pathway is still in its early stages and only a few drugs or treatments have entered clinical trials, the development of new drugs and ongoing clinical trials are expected to lead to the widespread use of p53 signaling-targeted therapy in cancer treatment in the future. TRIAP1 is a novel p53 downstream inhibitor of apoptosis. TRIAP1 is the homolog of yeast mitochondrial intermembrane protein MDM35, which can play a tumor-promoting role by blocking the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway. This work provides a systematic overview of recent basic research and clinical progress in the p53 signaling pathway and proposes that TRIAP1 is an important therapeutic target downstream of p53 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Shen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Qurui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yunan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
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Hogh-Binder SA, Klein D, Wolfsperger F, Huber SM, Hennenlotter J, Stenzl A, Rudner J. Protein Levels of Anti-Apoptotic Mcl-1 and the Deubiquitinase USP9x Are Cooperatively Upregulated during Prostate Cancer Progression and Limit Response of Prostate Cancer Cells to Radiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092496. [PMID: 37173959 PMCID: PMC10177233 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy constitutes an important therapeutic option for prostate cancer. However, prostate cancer cells often acquire resistance during cancer progression, limiting the cytotoxic effects of radiotherapy. Among factors regulating sensitivity to radiotherapy are members of the Bcl-2 protein family, known to regulate apoptosis at the mitochondrial level. Here, we analyzed the role of anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 and USP9x, a deubiquitinase stabilizing Mcl-1 protein levels, in prostate cancer progression and response to radiotherapy. METHODS Changes in Mcl-1 and USP9x levels during prostate cancer progression were determined by immunohistochemistry. Neutralization of Mcl-1 and USP9x was achieved by siRNA-mediated knockdown. We analyzed Mcl-1 stability after translational inhibition by cycloheximide. Cell death was determined by flow cytometry using an exclusion assay of mitochondrial membrane potential-sensitive dye. Changes in the clonogenic potential were examined by colony formation assay. RESULTS Protein levels of Mcl-1 and USP9x increased during prostate cancer progression, and high protein levels correlated with advanced prostate cancer stages. The stability of Mcl-1 reflected Mcl-1 protein levels in LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cells. Moreover, radiotherapy itself affected Mcl-1 protein turnover in prostate cancer cells. Particularly in LNCaP cells, the knockdown of USP9x expression reduced Mcl-1 protein levels and increased sensitivity to radiotherapy. CONCLUSION Posttranslational regulation of protein stability was often responsible for high protein levels of Mcl-1. Moreover, we demonstrated that deubiquitinase USP9x as a factor regulating Mcl-1 levels in prostate cancer cells, thus limiting cytotoxic response to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia A Hogh-Binder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Diana Klein
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 173, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Frederik Wolfsperger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan M Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Justine Rudner
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 173, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Chen Y, Zhang X, Yang H, Liang T, Bai X. The "Self-eating" of cancer-associated fibroblast: A potential target for cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114762. [PMID: 37100015 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy helps maintain energy homeostasis and protect cells from stress effects by selectively removing misfolded/polyubiquitylated proteins, lipids, and damaged mitochondria. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are cellular components of tumor microenvironment (TME). Autophagy in CAFs inhibits tumor development in the early stages; however, it has a tumor-promoting effect in advanced stages. In this review, we aimed to summarize the modulators responsible for the induction of autophagy in CAFs, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, mitochondrial stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, we aimed to present autophagy-related signaling pathways in CAFs, and role of autophagy in CAF activation, tumor progression, tumor immune microenvironment. Autophagy in CAFs may be an emerging target for tumor therapy. In summary, autophagy in CAFs is regulated by a variety of modulators and can reshape tumor immune microenvironment, affecting tumor progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanshen Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xueli Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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6
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Zhang R, Liu F. Cancer-associated fibroblast-derived gene signatures predict radiotherapeutic survival in prostate cancer patients. J Transl Med 2022; 20:453. [PMID: 36195908 PMCID: PMC9533530 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play multiple roles in regulating tumor metastasis and treatment response. Current clinical indicators are insufficient to accurately assess disease risk and radiotherapy response, emphasizing the urgent need for additional molecular prognostic markers. METHODS In order to investigate CAF-related genes associated with radiotherapy and construct prognostic CAF-related gene signatures for prostate cancer, we firstly established a radio-resistant prostate CAF cell subline (referred to as CAFR) from Mus-CAF (referred to as CAF) through fractionated irradiation using X-rays. Transcriptome sequencing for CAF and CAFR was conducted, and 2626 CAF-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with radiotherapy were identified. Human homologous genes of mouse CAF-related DEGs were then obtained. RESULTS Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these CAF-related DEGs were significantly enriched ECM- and immune-related functions and pathways. Based on GSE116918 dataset, 186 CAF-related DEGs were correlated with biochemical recurrence-free survival (BCRFS) of prostate cancer patients, 16 of which were selected to construct a BCRFS-related CAF signature, such as ACPP, THBS2, and KCTD14; 142 CAF-related DEGs were correlated with metastasis-free survival (MFS), 16 of which were used to construct a MFS-related CAF signature, such as HOPX, TMEM132A, and ZNF467. Both Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets confirmed that the two CAF signatures accurately predicted BCRFS and MFS of prostate cancer patients. The risk scores were higher in patients with higher gleason grades and higher clinical T stages. Moreover, the BCRFS-related CAF signature was an independent prognostic factor and a nomogram consisting of BCRFS-related CAF signature and various clinical factors accurately predicted 2-, 3-, and 5-year survival time of prostate cancer patients. Furthermore, the risk score was positively correlated with multiple immune checkpoints. CONCLUSIONS Our established CAF signatures could accurately predict BCRFS and MFS in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Laboratory of Radio-Immunology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Alamilla-Presuel JC, Burgos-Molina AM, González-Vidal A, Sendra-Portero F, Ruiz-Gómez MJ. Factors and molecular mechanisms of radiation resistance in cancer cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1301-1315. [PMID: 35225732 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2047825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this work is to review the published studies on radiation resistance mechanisms and molecular markers involved in different tumors. The revision has been focused in the last 5 years (2016-2021). CONCLUSIONS Radioresistance is a cause of concern as it causes failure of radiation therapy and subsequent tumor relapse. Combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy are clinically successful in treating many types of tumors. Despite continued improvements in cancer treatment, locoregional recurrence or metastatic spread continues to occur in a high proportion of patients after being treated with radiation therapy or combination treatments. There is strong evidence that cancer stem cells contribute to radiation resistance, contributing to treatment failure. The mechanisms of radiation resistance in different tumors are not fully understood. A better understanding of cancer stem cells and the associated signaling pathways that regulate radiation resistance will open up new strategies for treating cancer by radiation therapy. Radiation can damage malignant cells mainly by the induction of DNA double strand breaks. However, in some tumors appear resistant cells that repopulate the tumor following therapy leading over time to the failure of the treatment. Native mechanisms and induced pathways, are the cause of radiation resistance. It has been described that numerous molecular markers acting through numerous mechanisms of action involved in radiation resistance, such as apoptosis resistance, alterations of cell growth, proliferation and DNA repair, hypoxia, increase in invasiveness and migration capacity, cell cycle alterations and expression of heat shock proteins, among others. Therefore, resistance to radiation is a multifactorial phenomenon that, in different cell types, it occurs through different regulatory mechanisms in which different molecules intervene. Resistance can be acquired by altering different regulatory pathways in different tumors. The knowledge of radiation resistance markers could help in the classification and treatment of patients with more aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Alamilla-Presuel
- Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Antonio M Burgos-Molina
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Alejandro González-Vidal
- Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Francisco Sendra-Portero
- Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Miguel J Ruiz-Gómez
- Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
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Wittka A, Ketteler J, Borgards L, Maier P, Herskind C, Jendrossek V, Klein D. Stromal Fibroblasts Counteract the Caveolin-1-Dependent Radiation Response of LNCaP Prostate Carcinoma Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:802482. [PMID: 35155239 PMCID: PMC8826751 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.802482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In prostate cancer (PCa), a characteristic stromal–epithelial redistribution of the membrane protein caveolin 1 (CAV1) occurs upon tumor progression, where a gain of CAV1 in the malignant epithelial cells is accompanied by a loss of CAV1 in the tumor stroma, both facts that were correlated with higher Gleason scores, poor prognosis, and pronounced resistance to therapy particularly to radiotherapy (RT). However, it needs to be clarified whether inhibiting the CAV1 gain in the malignant prostate epithelium or limiting the loss of stromal CAV1 would be the better choice for improving PCa therapy, particularly for improving the response to RT; or whether ideally both processes need to be targeted. Concerning the first assumption, we investigated the RT response of LNCaP PCa cells following overexpression of different CAV1 mutants. While CAV1 overexpression generally caused an increased epithelial-to-mesenchymal phenotype in respective LNCaP cells, effects that were accompanied by increasing levels of the 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of cellular homeostasis, only wildtype CAV1 was able to increase the three-dimensional growth of LNCaP spheroids, particularly following RT. Both effects could be limited by an additional treatment with the SRC inhibitor dasatinib, finally resulting in radiosensitization. Using co-cultured (CAV1-expressing) fibroblasts as an approximation to the in vivo situation of early PCa it could be revealed that RT itself caused an activated, more tumor-promoting phenotype of stromal fibroblats with an increased an increased metabolic potential, that could not be limited by combined dasatinib treatment. Thus, targeting fibroblasts and/or limiting fibroblast activation, potentially by limiting the loss of stromal CAV1 seems to be absolute for inhibiting the resistance-promoting CAV1-dependent signals of the tumor stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Wittka
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Ketteler
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lars Borgards
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Patrick Maier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Herskind
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Diana Klein
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty Essen, Essen, Germany
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Low JY, Laiho M. Caveolae-Associated Molecules, Tumor Stroma, and Cancer Drug Resistance: Current Findings and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030589. [PMID: 35158857 PMCID: PMC8833326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cell membranes contain small invaginations called caveolae. They are a specialized lipid domain and orchestrate cellular signaling events, mechanoprotection, and lipid homeostasis. Formation of the caveolae depends on two classes of proteins, the caveolins and cavins, which form large complexes that allow their self-assembly into caveolae. Loss of either of these two proteins leads to distortion of the caveolae structure and disruption of many physiological processes that affect diseases of the muscle, metabolic states governing lipids, and the glucose balance as well as cancers. In cancers, the expression of caveolins and cavins is heterogenous, and they undergo alterations both in the tumors and the surrounding tumor microenvironment stromal cells. Remarkably, their expression and function has been associated with resistance to many cancer drugs. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the resistance mechanisms and how this knowledge could be applied into the clinic in future. Abstract The discovery of small, “cave-like” invaginations at the plasma membrane, called caveola, has opened up a new and exciting research area in health and diseases revolving around this cellular ultrastructure. Caveolae are rich in cholesterol and orchestrate cellular signaling events. Within caveola, the caveola-associated proteins, caveolins and cavins, are critical components for the formation of these lipid rafts, their dynamics, and cellular pathophysiology. Their alterations underlie human diseases such as lipodystrophy, muscular dystrophy, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The expression of caveolins and cavins is modulated in tumors and in tumor stroma, and their alterations are connected with cancer progression and treatment resistance. To date, although substantial breakthroughs in cancer drug development have been made, drug resistance remains a problem leading to treatment failures and challenging translation and bench-to-bedside research. Here, we summarize the current progress in understanding cancer drug resistance in the context of caveola-associated molecules and tumor stroma and discuss how we can potentially design therapeutic avenues to target these molecules in order to overcome treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yih Low
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-502-9748; Fax: +1-410-502-2821
| | - Marikki Laiho
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Apoptosis Deregulation and the Development of Cancer Multi-Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174363. [PMID: 34503172 PMCID: PMC8430856 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite recent therapeutic advances against cancer, many patients do not respond well or respond poorly, to treatment and develop resistance to more than one anti-cancer drug, a term called multi-drug resistance (MDR). One of the main factors that contribute to MDR is the deregulation of apoptosis or programmed cell death. Herein, we describe the major apoptotic pathways and discuss how pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins are modified in cancer cells to convey drug resistance. We also focus on our current understanding related to the interactions between survival and cell death pathways, as well as on mechanisms underlying the balance shift towards cancer cell growth and drug resistance. Moreover, we highlight the role of the tumor microenvironment components in blocking apoptosis in MDR tumors, and we discuss the significance and potential exploitation of epigenetic modifications for cancer treatment. Finally, we summarize the current and future therapeutic approaches for overcoming MDR. Abstract The ability of tumor cells to evade apoptosis is established as one of the hallmarks of cancer. The deregulation of apoptotic pathways conveys a survival advantage enabling cancer cells to develop multi-drug resistance (MDR), a complex tumor phenotype referring to concurrent resistance toward agents with different function and/or structure. Proteins implicated in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, including the Bcl-2 superfamily and Inhibitors of Apoptosis (IAP) family members, as well as their regulator, tumor suppressor p53, have been implicated in the development of MDR in many cancer types. The PI3K/AKT pathway is pivotal in promoting survival and proliferation and is often overactive in MDR tumors. In addition, the tumor microenvironment, particularly factors secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts, can inhibit apoptosis in cancer cells and reduce the effectiveness of different anti-cancer drugs. In this review, we describe the main alterations that occur in apoptosis-and related pathways to promote MDR. We also summarize the main therapeutic approaches against resistant tumors, including agents targeting Bcl-2 family members, small molecule inhibitors against IAPs or AKT and agents of natural origin that may be used as monotherapy or in combination with conventional therapeutics. Finally, we highlight the potential of therapeutic exploitation of epigenetic modifications to reverse the MDR phenotype.
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Ritter V, Krautter F, Klein D, Jendrossek V, Rudner J. Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor ABT-263 overcomes hypoxia-driven radioresistence and improves radiotherapy. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:694. [PMID: 34257274 PMCID: PMC8277842 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03971-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia, a characteristic of most human solid tumors, is a major obstacle to successful radiotherapy. While moderate acute hypoxia increases cell survival, chronic cycling hypoxia triggers adaptation processes, leading to the clonal selection of hypoxia-tolerant, apoptosis-resistant cancer cells. Our results demonstrate that exposure to acute and adaptation to chronic cycling hypoxia alters the balance of Bcl-2 family proteins in favor of anti-apoptotic family members, thereby elevating the apoptotic threshold and attenuating the success of radiotherapy. Of note, inhibition of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL by BH3-mimetic ABT-263 enhanced the sensitivity of HCT116 colon cancer and NCI-H460 lung cancer cells to the cytotoxic action of ionizing radiation. Importantly, we observed this effect not only in normoxia, but also in severe hypoxia to a similar or even higher extent. ABT-263 furthermore enhanced the response of xenograft tumors of control and hypoxia-selected NCI-H460 cells to radiotherapy, thereby confirming the beneficial effect of combined treatment in vivo. Targeting the Bcl-2 rheostat with ABT-263, therefore, is a particularly promising approach to overcome radioresistance of cancer cells exposed to acute or chronic hypoxia with intermittent reoxygenation. Moreover, we found intrinsic as well as ABT-263- and irradiation-induced regulation of Bcl-2 family members to determine therapy sensitivity. In this context, we identified Mcl-1 as a resistance factor that interfered with apoptosis induction by ABT-263, ionizing radiation, and combinatorial treatment. Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the molecular determinants of hypoxia-mediated resistance to apoptosis and radiotherapy and a rationale for future therapies of hypoxic and hypoxia-selected tumor cell fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Ritter
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Franziska Krautter
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Diana Klein
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Justine Rudner
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Jena BC, Rout L, Dey A, Mandal M. Active autophagy in cancer-associated fibroblasts: Recent advances in understanding the novel mechanism of tumor progression and therapeutic response. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7887-7902. [PMID: 34008184 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is primarily a homeostatic and catabolic process that is increasingly being recognized to have a pivotal role in the initiation and maintenance of cancer cells, as well as in the emergence of therapeutic resistance. Moreover, in the tumor microenvironment (TME) autophagy plays a crucial and sometimes dichotomous role in tumor progression. Recent studies show that during the early stages of tumor initiation, autophagy suppresses tumorigenesis. However, in the advanced stage of tumorigenesis, autophagy promotes cancer progression by protecting cancer cells against stressful conditions and therapeutic assault. Specifically, in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), autophagy promotes tumorigenesis not only by providing nutrients to the cancerous cells but also by inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, stemness, and metastatic dissemination of the cancer cells, whereas in the immune cells, autophagy induces the tumor-localized immune response. In the TME, CAFs play a crucial role in cancer cell metabolism, immunoreaction, and growth. Therefore, targeting autophagy in CAFs by several pharmacological inducers like rapamycin or the inhibitor such as chloroquine has gained importance in preclinical and clinical trials. In the present review, we summarized the basic mechanism of autophagy in CAFs along with its role in driving tumorigenic progression through several emerging as well as classical hallmarks of cancer. We also addressed various autophagy inducers as well as inhibitors of autophagy for more efficient cancer management. Eventually, we prioritized some of the outstanding issues that must be addressed with utmost priority in the future to elucidate the role of autophagy in CAFs on tumor progression and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Chandra Jena
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Lipsa Rout
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha'O'Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ankita Dey
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
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Panic A, Reis H, Wittka A, Darr C, Hadaschik B, Jendrossek V, Klein D. The Biomarker Potential of Caveolin-1 in Penile Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:606122. [PMID: 33868995 PMCID: PMC8045968 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.606122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Various types of human cancers were characterized by an altered expression of epithelial or stromal caveolin-1 (CAV1). However, the clinical significance of CAV1 expression in penile cancer remains largely unknown. Here the expression patterns of CAV1 were analyzed in a retrospective cohort (n=43) of penile squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Upon penile cancer progression, significantly increased CAV1-levels were determined within the malignant epithelium, whereas within the tumor stroma, namely the fibroblastic tumor compartment harboring activated and/or cancer associated fibroblasts, CAV1 levels significantly decline. Concerning the clinicopathological significance of CAV1 expression in penile cancer as well as respective epithelial-stromal CAV1 distributions, high expression within the tumor cells as well as low expression of CAV1 within the stromal compartment were correlated with decreased overall survival of penile cancer patients. Herein, CAV1 expressions and distributions at advanced penile cancer stages were independent of the immunohistochemically proven tumor protein p53 status. In contrast, less differentiated p16-positive tumor epithelia (indicative for human papilloma virus infection) were characterized by significantly decreased CAV1 levels. Conclusively, we provide further and new evidence that the characteristic shift in stromal‐epithelial CAV1 being functionally relevant to tumor progression even occurs in penile SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Panic
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Henning Reis
- Institute of Pathology, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alina Wittka
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Christopher Darr
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Boris Hadaschik
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Diana Klein
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
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Abstract
Caveolae are specialised and dynamic plasma membrane subdomains, involved in many cellular functions including endocytosis, signal transduction, mechanosensing and lipid storage, trafficking, and metabolism. Two protein families are indispensable for caveola formation and function, namely caveolins and cavins. Mutations of genes encoding these caveolar proteins cause serious pathological conditions such as cardiomyopathies, skeletal muscle diseases, and lipodystrophies. Deregulation of caveola-forming protein expression is associated with many types of cancers including prostate cancer. The distinct function of secretion of the prostatic fluid, and the unique metabolic phenotype of prostate cells relying on lipid metabolism as a main bioenergetic pathway further suggest a significant role of caveolae and caveolar proteins in prostate malignancy. Accumulating in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence showed the association of caveolin-1 with prostate cancer grade, stage, metastasis, and drug resistance. In contrast, cavin-1 was found to exhibit tumour suppressive roles. Studies on prostate cancer were the first to show the distinct function of the caveolar proteins depending on their localisation within the caveolar compartment or as cytoplasmic or secreted proteins. In this review, we summarise the roles of caveola-forming proteins in prostate cancer and the potential of exploiting them as therapeutic targets or biological markers.
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15
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Li L, Yang K, Ye F, Xu Y, Cao L, Sheng J. Abnormal expression of TRIAP1 and its role in gestational diabetes mellitus-related pancreatic β cells. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:187. [PMID: 33488796 PMCID: PMC7812572 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disease that is typically characterized by insulin resistance and pancreatic β cell dysfunction. Currently, the role of TP53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (TRIAP1) in the process of GDM remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of TRIAP1 on GDM-related pancreatic β cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot assays were conducted to analyze the expression levels of TRIAP1 in the peripheral blood of patients with GDM and subjects with healthy pregnancies. Subsequently, TRIAP1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), control siRNA, TRIAP1 plasmid and control plasmid were transfected into INS-1 cells to assess the effects of TRIAP1 on pancreatic β cells. ELISA was used to assess the total insulin content and insulin secretion of pancreatic β cells. MTT and flow cytometry assays were performed to determine the viability and apoptosis of pancreatic β cells. The results demonstrated that TRIAP1 expression was downregulated in peripheral blood samples from patients with GDM. Transfection with TRIAP1 siRNA significantly decreased the levels of total insulin content and reduced insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. In addition, downregulation of TRIAP1 in pancreatic β cells significantly induced cell apoptosis and reduced cell viability. Accordingly, transfection of INS1 cells with TRIAP1 siRNA increased the levels of the apoptosis-associated genes apoptotic protease-activating factor 1, caspase-3, caspase-7 and caspase-9. However, transfection of the cells with TRIAP1 plasmid resulted in the opposite effects. TRIAP1 increased the growth of pancreatic β cells and their ability to secrete insulin, thus playing a protective role in GDM. The findings verified the effects and the underlying mechanism of TRIAP1 in pancreatic β cells and may provide additional clinical applications for the therapy of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxia Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, P.R. China
| | - Kaihan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, P.R. China
| | - Fang Ye
- Department of Biochemistry, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, P.R. China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, P.R. China
| | - Lili Cao
- Department of Microbiological Immunology, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, P.R. China
| | - Jia Sheng
- Department of Nursing, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Gilbreath C, Ma S, Yu L, Sonavane R, Roggero CM, Devineni A, Mauck R, Desai NB, Bagrodia A, Kittler R, Raj GV, Yin Y. Dynamic differences between DNA damage repair responses in primary tumors and cell lines. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100898. [PMID: 33096336 PMCID: PMC7576517 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of DNA damage repair response (DDR) in prostate cancer is restricted by the limited number of prostate cancer cell lines and lack of surrogates for heterogeneity in clinical samples. Here, we sought to leverage our experience with patient derived explants (PDEs) cultured ex vivo to study dynamics of DDR in primary tumors following application of clinically relevant doses of ionizing radiation (IR) to tumor cells in their native 3-dimensional microenvironment. We compared DDR dynamics between prostate cancer cell lines, PDEs and xenograft derived explants (XDEs) following treatment with IR (2Gy) either alone or in combination with pharmacological modulators of DDR. We have shown that following treatment with 2Gy, DDR can be consistently detected in PDEs from multiple solid tumors, including prostate, kidney, testes, lung and breast, as evidenced by γ-H2AX, 53BP1, phospho-ATM and phospho-DNA-PKcs foci. By examining kinetics of resolution of IR-induced foci, we have shown that DDR in prostate PDEs (complete resolution in 8 h) is much faster than in prostate cancer cell lines (<50% resolution in 8 h). The transcriptional profile of DDR genes following 2Gy IR appears to be distinct between PDEs and cell lines. Pre-treatment with drugs targeting DDR pathways differentially alter the kinetics of DDR in the PDEs and cell lines, as evidenced by altered kinetics of foci resolution. This study highlights the utility of PDEs as a robust model system for short-term evaluation of DDR in primary solid tumors in clinically relevant microenvironment. IR induces distinct DNA damage repair kinetics in prostate cancer PDEs and cell lines. IR induces a distinct transcriptional program in prostate cancer PDE and cell lines. DNA-PKcs inhibition blocks IR-induced DDR in prostate cancer PDE. Inhibition of AR impairs NHEJ in prostate cancer PDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Gilbreath
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shihong Ma
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rajni Sonavane
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carlos M Roggero
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anvita Devineni
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ryan Mauck
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Neil B Desai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Aditya Bagrodia
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ralf Kittler
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Yu T, Tong L, Ao Y, Zhang G, Liu Y, Zhang H. Upregulation of TRIAP1 by the lncRNA MFI2-AS1/miR-125a-5p Axis Promotes Thyroid Cancer Tumorigenesis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:6967-6974. [PMID: 32764987 PMCID: PMC7373409 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s236476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid cancer is a very common endocrine cancer worldwide. How long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) regulates thyroid cancer is elusive. LncRNA MFI2-AS1 has been demonstrated to initiate colorectal cancer. Nevertheless, the role of MFI2-AS1 in thyroid cancer remains unknown. This study aims to determine the roles of MFI2-AS1 in thyroid cancer. Methods qRT-PCR was used to determine the expression of MFI2-AS1 in thyroid cancer tissues and cells. Proliferation was determined by using CCK8 and colony formation assays. Transwell assay was utilized to analyze migration and invasion. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to confirm the interaction between MFI2-AS1 and miR-125a-5p. Results MFI2-AS1 was shown to be highly expressed in thyroid cancer tissues and predicted poor prognosis. Knockdown of MFI2-AS1 inhibited proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion of thyroid cancer cells in vitro. Bioinformatics screening identified MFI2-AS1 as the sponge for miR-125a-5p. And miR-125a-5p was further confirmed to target TRIAP1 directly. Our data further demonstrated that MFI2-AS1 promoted TRIAP1 expression via repressing miR-125a-5p. Finally, TRIAP1 was found to be upregulated in thyroid cancer tissues and its restoration reversed the effects of MFI2-AS1 depletion. Conclusion Our results elucidated a novel mechanism that MFI2-AS1 promotes thyroid cancer progression via the miR-125a-5p/TRIAP1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Yu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Jilin University China-Japan Union Hospital, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Tong
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Jilin University China-Japan Union Hospital, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Ao
- Department of Pediatrics, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun 130031, People's Republic of China
| | - Genmao Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Jilin University China-Japan Union Hospital, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun 130031, People's Republic of China
| | - Hejia Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Jilin University China-Japan Union Hospital, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
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Zeng Y, Chen M, Ganesh S, Hu S, Chen H. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of caveolin-1 and ATG4C expression in the epithelial ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232235. [PMID: 32401768 PMCID: PMC7219755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Altered expression of caveolin-1 (CAV1) and autophagy marker ATG4C is observed in various types of human cancers. However, the clinical significance of CAV1 and ATG4C expression in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains largely unknown. The present study aims to explore the clinicopathological value and prognostic significance of CAV1 and ATG4C expression in EOC. Methods The expression pattern and prognostic value of CAV1 and ATG4C mRNA in EOC were analyzed using data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database (N = 373). In addition, immunohistochemistry analysis was performed to detect and assay the expression of CAV1 and ATG4C proteins in tissue microarray of EOC. Results Based on TCGA data, Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients with low CAV1 mRNA (p = 0.021) and high ATG4C mRNA (p = 0.018) expression had a significantly shorter overall survival (OS). Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of CAV1 (p = 0.023) and ATG4C mRNA (p = 0.040) were independent prognostic factors for OS in EOC. In addition, the Concordance Index of the nomogram for OS prediction was 0.660. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the expression levels of stromal CAV1 and cancerous ATG4C proteins, and high expression of both CAV1 and ATG4C protein in the stroma were found to significantly correlate with the histologic subtypes of EOC, especially with serous subtype. Conclusions Decreased expression of CAV1 mRNA and increased expression of ATG4C mRNA in EOC can predict poor overall survival. The expression levels of CAV1 protein in stromal cells and ATG4C protein in cancer cells are significantly associated with histologic subtypes of EOC. These findings suggest that CAV1 and ATG4C serve as useful prognostic biomarkers and candidate therapeutic targets in EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zeng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Mengxi Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Sridha Ganesh
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Shunze Hu
- Department of Pathology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (SH); (HC)
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (SH); (HC)
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Ansems M, Span PN. The tumor microenvironment and radiotherapy response; a central role for cancer-associated fibroblasts. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2020; 22:90-97. [PMID: 32337377 PMCID: PMC7177030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth is not only dictated by events involving tumor cells, but also by the environment they reside in, the so-called tumor microenvironment (TME). In the TME, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are often the predominant cell type. CAFs were long considered to be of limited importance in the TME, but are now recognized for their pivotal role in cancer progression. Recently, it has become evident that different subsets of CAFs exist, with certain CAF subtypes having protumorigenic properties, whereas others show more antitumorigenic characteristics. Currently, the intricate interaction between the different subsets of CAFs with tumor cells, but also with immune cells that reside in the TME, is still poorly understood. This crosstalk of CAFs with tumor and immune cells in the TME largely dictates how a tumor responds to therapy and whether the tumor will eventually be eliminated, stay dormant or will progress and metastasize. Radiotherapy (RT) is a widely used and mostly very effective local cancer treatment, but CAFs are remarkably RT resistant. Although radiation does cause persistent DNA damage, CAFs do not die upon clinically applied doses of RT, but rather become senescent. Through the secretion of cytokines and growth factors they have been implicated in the induction of tumor radioresistance and recruitment of specific immune cells to the TME, thereby affecting local immune responses. In this review we will discuss the versatile role of CAFs in the TME and their influence on RT response.
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Caveolin-1 regulates the ASMase/ceramide-mediated radiation response of endothelial cells in the context of tumor-stroma interactions. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:228. [PMID: 32273493 PMCID: PMC7145831 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The integral membrane protein caveolin-1 (CAV1) plays a central role in radioresistance-mediating tumor–stroma interactions of advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Among the tumor–stroma, endothelial cells (EC) evolved as critical determinants of the radiation response. CAV1 deficiency in angiogenic EC was already shown to account for increased apoptosis rates of irradiated EC. This study explores the potential impact of differential CAV1 levels in EC on the acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase)/ceramide pathway as a key player in the regulation of EC apoptosis upon irradiation and cancer cell radioresistance. Enhanced apoptosis sensitivity of CAV1-deficient EC was associated with increased ASMase activity, ceramide generation, formation of large lipid platforms, and finally an altered p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/heat-shock protein 27 (HSP27)/AKT (protein kinase B, PKB) signaling. CAV1-deficient EC increased the growth delay of LNCaP and PC3 PCa cells upon radiation treatment in direct 3D spheroid co-cultures. Exogenous C6 and C16 ceramide treatment in parallel increased the growth delay of PCa spheroids and induced PCa cell apoptosis. Analysis of the respective ceramide species in PCa cells with increased CAV1 levels like those typically found in radio-resistant advanced prostate tumors further revealed an upregulation of unsaturated C24:1 ceramide that might scavenge the effects of EC-derived apoptosis-inducing C16 ceramide. Higher ASMase as well as ceramide levels could be confirmed by immunohistochemistry in human advanced prostate cancer specimen bearing characteristic CAV1 tumor–stroma alterations. Conclusively, CAV1 critically regulates the generation of ceramide-dependent (re-)organization of the plasma membrane that in turn affects the radiation response of EC and adjacent PCa cells. Understanding the CAV1-dependent crosstalk between tumor cells and the host-derived tumor microvasculature and its impact on radiosensitivity may allow to define a rational strategy for overcoming tumor radiation resistance improving clinical outcomes by targeting CAV1.
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Hao CC, Luo JN, Xu CY, Zhao XY, Zhong ZB, Hu XN, Jin XM, Ge X. TRIAP1 knockdown sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer to ionizing radiation by disrupting redox homeostasis. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:1015-1025. [PMID: 32096592 PMCID: PMC7113066 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radioresistance of some non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) types increases the risk of recurrence or metastasis in afflicted patients, following radiotherapy. As such, further improvements to NSCLC radiotherapy are needed. The expression of oncogene TP53‐regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (TRIAP1) in NSCLC is increased following irradiation. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) has suggested that TRIAP1 might be involved in maintaining redox homeostasis. This in turn might enhance cell radioresistance. Methods In this study we irradiated human NSCLC cell lines (A549 and H460), while knocking down TRIAP1, to determine whether a disrupted redox homeostasis could attenuate radioresistance. Results Irradiation notably increased both mRNA and protein levels of TRIAP1. In addition, TRIAP1 knockdown decreased the expression of several antioxidant proteins, including thioredoxin‐related transmembrane protein (TMX) 1, TMX2, thioredoxin (TXN), glutaredoxin (GLRX) 2, GLRX3, peroxiredoxin (PRDX) 3, PRDX4, and PRDX6 in A549 and H460 cells. In addition, silencing TRIAP1 impaired the radiation‐induced increase of the aforementioned proteins. Continuing along this line, we observed a radiation‐induced reduction of cell viability and invasion, as well as increased apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species following TRIAP1 knockdown. Conclusions In summary, we identified TRIAP1 as a key contributor to the radioresistance of NSCLC by maintaining redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Cheng Hao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin City, China
| | - Jia-Ning Luo
- Department of Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin City, China
| | - Cui-Yang Xu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin City, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin City, China
| | - Zhen-Bin Zhong
- Department of Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin City, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Hu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin City, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Jin
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ge
- Department of Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin City, China
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Steer A, Cordes N, Jendrossek V, Klein D. Impact of Cancer-Associated Fibroblast on the Radiation-Response of Solid Xenograft Tumors. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:70. [PMID: 31475157 PMCID: PMC6705217 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the heterogeneous tumor stroma supports therapy resistance at multiple levels. Fibroblasts, particularly cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are critical components of the tumor stroma. However, the impact of CAFs on the outcome of radiotherapy (RT) is poorly understood. Here, we investigated if and how fibroblasts/CAFs modulate the radiation response of malignant tumors by altering cancer cell radiosensitivity or radioresistance in vitro and in vivo. The influence of fibroblasts on cancer cell proliferation, cell death induction and long-term survival after RT was studied using different sets of fibroblasts and cancer cells in an indirect co-culture (2D) system to analyse potential paracrine interactions or a 3D model to study direct interactions. Paracrine signals from embryonic NIH-3T3 fibroblasts promoted MPR31.4 prostate and Py8119 breast cancer cell proliferation. Indirect co-culture with L929 skin fibroblasts induced higher levels of apoptosis in irradiated MPR31.4 cells, while they promoted proliferation of irradiated Py8119 cells. In addition, NIH-3T3 fibroblasts promoted long-term clonogenic survival of both tumor cell types upon irradiation in the 3D co-culture system when compared to non-irradiated controls. Also in vivo, co-implantation of cancer cells and fibroblasts resulted in different effects depending on the respective cell combinations used: co-implantation of MPR31.4 cells with NIH-3T3 fibroblasts or of Py8119 cells with L929 fibroblasts led to increased tumor growth and reduced radiation-induced tumor growth delay when compared to the respective tumors without co-implanted fibroblasts. Taken together, the impact of fibroblasts on cancer cell behavior and radiation sensitivity largely depended on the respective cell types used as they either exerted a pro-tumorigenic and radioresistance-promoting effect, an anti-tumorigenic effect, or no effect. We conclude that the plasticity of fibroblasts allows for such a broad spectrum of activities by the same fibroblast and that this plasticity is at least in part mediated by cancer cell-induced fibroblast activation toward CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alizée Steer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Nils Cordes
- Faculty of Medicine, OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)-Partner Site Dresden, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Diana Klein
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
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23
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Yan Y, Chen X, Wang X, Zhao Z, Hu W, Zeng S, Wei J, Yang X, Qian L, Zhou S, Sun L, Gong Z, Xu Z. The effects and the mechanisms of autophagy on the cancer-associated fibroblasts in cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:171. [PMID: 31014370 PMCID: PMC6480893 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) plays an essential role in cancer cell growth, metabolism and immunoreaction. Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradative process that balances cell energy source and regulates tissue homeostasis. Targeting autophagy has gained interest with multiple preclinical and clinical trials, such as the pharmacological inhibitor chloroquine or the inducer rapamycin, especially in exploiting its ability to modulate the secretory capability of CAFs to enhance drug delivery or inhibit it to prevent its influence on cancer cell chemoresistance. In this review, we summarize the reports on autophagy in cancer-associated fibroblasts by detailing the mechanism and role of autophagy in CAFs, including the hypoxic-autophagy positive feedback cycle, the metabolic cross-talk between CAFs and tumors induced by autophagy, CAFs secreted cytokines promote cancer survival by secretory autophagy, CAFs autophagy-induced EMT, stemness, senescence and treatment sensitivity, as well as the research of antitumor chemicals, miRNAs and lncRNAs. Additionally, we discuss the evidence of molecules in CAFs that are relevant to autophagy and the contribution to sensitive treatments as a potential target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zijin Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Long Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shuyi Zhou
- Hunan Provincial People's Hospital Xingsha Branch (People's Hospital of Changsha County), Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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