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Al Akl NS, Khalifa O, Habibullah M, Arredouani A. Salivary α-amylase activity is associated with cardiometabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in overweight/obese, non-diabetic Qatari women. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1348853. [PMID: 38562410 PMCID: PMC10982335 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1348853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity, prevalent in approximately 80% of Qatar's adult population, increases the risk of complications like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Predictive biomarkers are crucial for preventive strategies. Salivary α-amylase activity (sAAa) inversely correlates with obesity and insulin resistance in adults and children. However, the connection between sAAa and cardiometabolic risk factors or chronic low-grade inflammation markers remains unclear. This study explores the association between serum sAAa and adiposity markers related to cardiovascular diseases, as well as markers indicative of chronic low-grade inflammation. Methods Serum samples and clinical data of 1500 adult, non-diabetic, Overweight/Obese participants were obtained from Qatar Biobank (QBB). We quantified sAAa and C reactive protein (CRP) levels with an autoanalyzer. Cytokines, adipokines, and adiponectin of a subset of 228 samples were quantified using a bead-based multiplex assay. The associations between the sAAa and the adiposity indices and low-grade inflammatory protein CRP and multiple cytokines were assessed using Pearson's correlation and adjusted linear regression. Results The mean age of the participants was 36 ± 10 years for both sexes of which 76.6% are women. Our analysis revealed a significant linear association between sAAa and adiposity-associated biomarkers, including body mass index β -0.032 [95% CI -0.049 to -0.05], waist circumference β -0.05 [95% CI -0.09 to -0.02], hip circumference β -0.052 [95% CI -0.087 to -0.017], and HDL β 0.002 [95% CI 0.001 to 0.004], albeit only in women. Additionally, sAAa demonstrated a significant positive association with adiponectin β 0.007 [95% CI 0.001 to 0.01]while concurrently displaying significant negative associations with CRP β -0.02 [95% CI -0.044 to -0.0001], TNF-α β -0.105 [95% CI -0.207 to -0.004], IL-6 β [95% CI -0.39 -0.75 to -0.04], and ghrelin β -5.95 [95% CI -11.71 to -0.20], specifically within the female population. Conclusion Our findings delineate significant associations between sAAa and markers indicative of cardiovascular disease risk and inflammation among overweight/obese adult Qatari females. Subsequent investigations are warranted to elucidate the nuances of these gender-specific associations comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neyla S. Al Akl
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Olfa Khalifa
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Abdelilah Arredouani
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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Li H, Borné Y, Wang Y, Sonestedt E. Starch intake, amylase gene copy number variation, plasma proteins, and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. BMC Med 2023; 21:27. [PMID: 36691017 PMCID: PMC9872432 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary amylase, encoded by the AMY1 gene, initiate the digestion of starch. Whether starch intake or AMY1 copy number is related to disease risk is currently rather unknown. The aim was to investigate the association between starch intake and AMY1 copy number and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality and whether there is an interaction. In addition, we aim to identify CVD-related plasma proteins associated with starch intake and AMY1 copy number. METHODS This prospective cohort study used data from 21,268 participants from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. Dietary data were collected through a modified diet history method and incident CVD and mortality were ascertained through registers. AMY1 gene copy number was determined by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction, a risk score of 10 genetic variants in AMY1 was measured, and a total of 88 selected CVD-related proteins were measured. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyze the associations of starch intake and AMY1 copy number with disease risk. Linear regression was used to identify plasma proteins associated with starch intake and AMY1 copy number. RESULTS Over a median of 23 years' follow-up, 4443 individuals developed CVD event and 8125 died. After adjusting for potential confounders, a U-shape association between starch intake and risk of CVD (P-nonlinearity = 0.001) and all-cause mortality (P-nonlinearity = 0.03) was observed. No significant association was found between AMY1 copy number and risk of CVD and mortality, and there were no interactions between starch intake and AMY1 copy number (P interaction > 0.23). Among the 88 plasma proteins, adrenomedullin, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein, fatty acid-binding protein, leptin, and C-C motif chemokine 20 were associated with starch intake after adjusting for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS In this large prospective study among Swedish adults, a U-shaped association between starch intake and risk of CVD and all-cause mortality was found. Several plasma proteins were identified which might provide information on potential pathways for such association. AMY1 copy number was not associated with CVD risk or any of the plasma proteins, and there was no interaction between starch intake and AMY1 copy number on disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Li
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Yan Borné
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yaogang Wang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Emily Sonestedt
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Lv Y, Liu R, Jia H, Sun X, Gong Y, Ma L, Qiu W, Wang X. Alterations of the gut microbiota in type 2 diabetics with or without subclinical hypothyroidism. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15193. [PMID: 37073275 PMCID: PMC10106085 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes and thyroid dysfunction are two closely related endocrine diseases. Increasing evidences show that gut microbiota plays an important role in both glucose metabolism and thyroid homeostasis. Meanwhile, copy number variation (CNV) of host salivary α-amylase gene (AMY1) has been shown to correlate with glucose homeostasis. Hence, we aim to characterize the gut microbiota and CNV of AMY1 in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with or without subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). Methods High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the gut microbiota of euthyroid T2D patients, T2D patients with SCH and healthy controls. Highly sensitive droplet digital PCR was used to measure AMY1 CN. Results Our results revealed that T2D patients have lower gut microbial diversity, no matter with or without SCH. The characteristic taxa of T2D patients were Coriobacteriales, Coriobacteriaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Collinsella, Pseudomonas and Romboutsia. Meanwhile, Escherichia/Shigella, Lactobacillus_Oris, Parabacteroides Distasonis_ATCC_8503, Acetanaerobacterium, Lactonifactor, uncultured bacterium of Acetanaerobacterium were enriched in T2D patients with SCH. Moreover, serum levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) in T2D patients were both negatively correlated with richness of gut microbiota. A number of specific taxa were also associated with clinical parameters at the phylum and genus level. In contrast, no correlation was found between AMY1 CN and T2D or T2D_SCH. Conclusion This study identified characteristic bacterial taxa in gut microbiota of T2D patients with or without SCH, as well as the taxa associated with clinical indices in T2D patients. These results might be exploited in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Lv
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huaijie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary of Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Sun
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Gong
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinxiang First People’s Hospital, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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The independent association between salivary alpha-amylase activity and arterial stiffness in Japanese men and women: the Toon Health Study. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:1249-1262. [PMID: 35732824 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00963-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stress is considered to be a potential contributor in the development of arterial stiffness. However, an independent association between arterial stiffness and biological markers of stress has not yet been established. We examined the independent association between salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) activity and arterial stiffness, not mediated by cardiometabolic disease associated with arterial stiffness, in a sample of healthy Japanese men and women. Participants (992 in total, 296 men and 696 women aged 30-79 years) had neither previous cardiovascular events or stroke, nor coexisting hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia. Arterial stiffness was measured by the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), and increased CAVI was defined as a CAVI value of 9 or higher. A saliva sample was collected in the morning and sAA was measured with a commercial assay kit. Higher sAA activity was positively associated with greater arterial stiffness particularly among women (β = 0.070; 95% CI = 0.014-0.126; p = 0.01), and not across all participants (β = 0.042; 95% CI = -0.005-0.089; p = 0.08) and in men (β = -0.005; 95% CI = -0.097-0.087; p = 0.91). The association was strongest in the group of women aged 60 years and older (β = 0.121; 95% CI = 0.018-0.224; p = 0.02). Although the association between sAA and increased CAVI (CAVI ≥ 9) was not significant in all and sex subgroups, odds ratios (OR) for CAVI ≥ 7 were significantly high in all participants (OR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.03-1.53) and women (OR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.12-1.82). Elevation of sAA was associated with an increase in arterial stiffness, particularly for women aged 60 years or older.
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Effect of AMY1 copy number variation and various doses of starch intake on glucose homeostasis: data from a cross-sectional observational study and a crossover meal study. GENES & NUTRITION 2021; 16:21. [PMID: 34789141 PMCID: PMC8596830 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-021-00701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Copy number (CN) variation (CNV) of the salivary amylase gene (AMY1) influences the ability to digest starch and may influence glucose homeostasis, obesity and gut microbiota composition. Hence, the aim was to examine the association of AMY1 CNV with fasting glucose, BMI, and gut microbiota composition considering habitual starch intake and to investigate the effect of AMY1 CNV on the postprandial response after two different starch doses. Methods The Malmö Offspring Study (n = 1764, 18–71 years) was used to assess interaction effects between AMY1 CNV (genotyped by digital droplet polymerase chain reaction) and starch intake (assessed by 4-day food records) on fasting glucose, BMI, and 64 gut bacteria (16S rRNA sequencing). Participants with low (≤ 4 copies, n = 9) and high (≥ 10 copies, n = 10) AMY1 CN were recruited for a crossover meal study to compare postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses to 40 g and 80 g starch from white wheat bread. Results In the observational study, no overall associations were found between AMY1 CNV and fasting glucose, BMI, or gut microbiota composition. However, interaction effects between AMY1 CNV and habitual starch intake on fasting glucose (P = 0.03) and BMI (P = 0.05) were observed, suggesting inverse associations between AMY1 CNV and fasting glucose and BMI at high starch intake levels and positive association at low starch intake levels. No associations with the gut microbiota were observed. In the meal study, increased postprandial glucose (P = 0.02) and insulin (P = 0.05) were observed in those with high AMY1 CN after consuming 40 g starch. This difference was smaller and nonsignificant after consuming 80 g starch. Conclusions Starch intake modified the observed association between AMY1 CNV and fasting glucose and BMI. Furthermore, depending on the starch dose, a higher postprandial glucose and insulin response was observed in individuals with high AMY1 CN than in those with low AMY1 CN. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03974126. Registered 4 June 2019—retrospectively registered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12263-021-00701-8.
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Al-Akl NS, Thompson RI, Arredouani A. Reduced odds of diabetes associated with high plasma salivary α-amylase activity in Qatari women: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11495. [PMID: 34075145 PMCID: PMC8169920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of salivary α-amylase activity (SAA) activity or low copy number of its coding gene AMY1 with diabetes remains controversial. We aimed to reinvestigate the association of these factors with diabetes in Qatar, where diabetes prevalence is about 16%. We obtained cross-sectional data of 929 Qataris (age > 18 years) from the Qatar Biobank. We estimated AMY1 copy number variants (CNV) from whole-genome data, and quantified the SAA activity in plasma (pSAA). We used adjusted logistic regression to examine the association between pSAA activity or AMY1 CNV and diabetes odds. We found a significant association between high pSAA activity, but not AMY1 CNV, and reduced odds of diabetes in Qatari women. The OR per pSAA activity unit was 0.95 [95% CI 0.92, 0.98] (p = 0.002) (pSAA activity range: 4.7 U/L to 65 U/L) in women. The association is driven largely by the highest levels of pSAA activity. The probability of having diabetes was significantly lower in the fifth pSAA activity quintile relative to the first (0.21 ± 0.03 (Q1) versus 0.82 ± 0.02 (Q5)), resulting in significantly reduced diabetes prevalence in Q5 in women. Our study indicates a beneficial effect of high pSAA activity, but not AMY1 CN, on diabetes odds in Qatari women, and suggests pSAA activity levels as a potential marker to predict future diabetes in Qatari women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neyla S Al-Akl
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), PO Box: 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Richard Ian Thompson
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), PO Box: 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelilah Arredouani
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), PO Box: 34110, Doha, Qatar.
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar.
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Hariharan R, Mousa A, de Courten B. Influence of AMY1A copy number variations on obesity and other cardiometabolic risk factors: A review of the evidence. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13205. [PMID: 33432778 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The rising incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is contributing to the escalating burden of disease globally. These metabolic disorders are closely linked with diet and in particular with carbohydrate consumption; hence, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms that influence carbohydrate metabolism. Amylase, the enzyme responsible for the digestion of starch, is coded by the genes AMY1A, AMY1B, and AMY1C (salivary amylase) and AMY2A and AMY2B (pancreatic amylase). Previous studies demonstrate wide variations in AMY1A copy numbers, which can be attributed to several genetic, nutritional, and geographical diversities seen in populations globally. Current literature suggests that AMY1A copy number variations are important in obesity and other cardiometabolic disorders through their effects on glucose and lipid homeostasis, inflammatory markers, and the gut microbiome. This review synthesizes the available evidence to improve understanding of the role of AMY1A in obesity and related cardiometabolic risk factors and disorders including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular risk and inflammation, and the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Hariharan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Aya Mousa
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Zhan F, Chen J, Yan H, Wang S, Zhao M, Zhang S, Lan X, Maekawa M. Association of Serum Amylase Activity and the Copy Number Variation of AMY1/2A/2B with Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:4705-4714. [PMID: 34880639 PMCID: PMC8648087 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s339604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Low serum amylase activity and copy number (CN) variation (CNV) of the salivary amylase gene (AMY1) are reportedly associated with obesity and abnormal glucose metabolism; however, this association remains controversial. We aimed to clarify the relationship between serum amylase activity and the CNV of AMY1/2A/2B with the occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Chinese adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS Anthropometry, metabolic risk factors, and serum amylase activity were assessed in 560 subjects (260 MetS patients; 300 healthy controls). AMY1/2A/2B CNs were evaluated using the highly sensitive droplet digital PCR. RESULTS The serum total, pancreatic, and salivary amylase activity, but not the AMY1/2A/2B CNs, was significantly lower in MetS patients than that in the control subjects. Patients <45 y had a lower AMY1 CN, compared to that in healthy controls. Low serum amylase activity was significantly associated with high MetS prevalence (p < 0.001). In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, serum amylase activity was a significant diagnostic indicator for MetS. The diagnostic value of total amylase was second only to that of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; it was higher than that of alanine aminotransferase and uric acid. CONCLUSION Low serum amylase activity was significantly associated with increased risk of MetS in Chinese adults. Therefore, amylase could be a potential biomarker for predicting MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Zhan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huihui Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuiliang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenghang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaopeng Lan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaopeng Lan Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, 156th, Xierhuan Road, Fuzhou, 350025, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 591 22859482 Email
| | - Masato Maekawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Masato Maekawa Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, JapanTel +81-53-435-2721Fax +81-53-435-2096 Email
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High plasma salivary α-amylase, but not high AMY1 copy number, associated with low obesity rate in Qatari adults: cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17918. [PMID: 33087771 PMCID: PMC7578794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between salivary α-amylase activity (psAAa) or AMY1 copy number and the risk of obesity remains controversial. We aimed to assess this relationship in a cohort from Qatar, where obesity affects 43% of adults. The relationship was investigated cross-sectionally in 923 Qatari adults from the Qatar biobank cohort. AMY1 CN was estimated form whole genome sequencing data. The associations with obesity prevalence were assessed by linear and logistic regressions. We found no difference in AMY1 CN between obese and normal-weight individuals. However, the psAAa was significantly lower in obese individuals. Significant inverse correlations were found between adiposity markers and psAAa in both sexes, but were marginally stronger in men. A significant effect of high psAAa, but not AMY1 CN, on reduced obesity rates was identified in men (OR per psAAa unit 0.957 [95% CI 0.937–0.977], p < 0.001, with psAAa ranging between 5 to 66 U/L). A significantly higher prevalence of obesity was observed in the lowest quartile of psAAa in men (75% (Q1) vs. 36% (Q4), p < 0.001) and women (74% (Q1) vs 56% (Q4), p = 0.009). Our findings suggest that high psAAa, but not AMY1 CN, has a potential positive benefit against obesity in the Qatari population.
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Ikeda A, Steptoe A, Brunner EJ, Maruyama K, Tomooka K, Kato T, Miyoshi N, Nishioka S, Saito I, Tanigawa T. Salivary Alpha-Amylase Activity in Relation to Cardiometabolic Status in Japanese Adults without History of Cardiovascular Disease. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 28:852-864. [PMID: 33041312 PMCID: PMC8326169 DOI: 10.5551/jat.53926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims:
Stress is known to be a potential contributor to the development of diabetes and hypertension. However, the biological mechanisms underlying the association between cardiometabolic risk markers and the biological stress response have not yet been determined. Therefore, we examined salivary alpha-amylase and heart rate variability in relation to cardiometabolic status in a sample of healthy Japanese men and women.
Methods:
Participants (473 men and 1,029 women aged 30-84) underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test after a 10-hr fast. The homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance was based on fasting and 2-hr postload glucose and insulin concentrations. Sitting blood pressure was measured twice after rest. A saliva sample was collected in the morning and salivary alpha-amylase was assayed. A 5-min heart rate variability recording was evaluated using time-domain indices of standard deviations of normal-to-normal intervals and root mean square of successive differences. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate associations between salivary alpha-amylase and each outcome measure.
Results:
Salivary alpha-amylase was associated with fasting glucose (β=0.008; 95% CI=0.002, 0.014), 2-hr postload glucose (β=0.023; 95% CI=0.004, 0.041), homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance (β=0.032; 95%CI=0.000, 0.064), systolic (β=1.603; 95% CI=0.479, 2.726) and diastolic (β=0.906; 95% CI=0.212, 1.600) blood pressures among women. These associations remained significant after further adjustment for heart rate variability measures.
Conclusions:
The elevation of salivary alpha-amylase may reflect a dysfunction of the sympathetic nervous system associated with cardiometabolic abnormalities in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ikeda
- Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London
| | - Eric J Brunner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London
| | - Koutatsu Maruyama
- Laboratory of Community Health and Nutrition, Special Course of Food and Health Science, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University
| | - Kiyohide Tomooka
- Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tadahiro Kato
- Center for Education and Educational Research, Faculty of Education, Ehime University
| | - Noriko Miyoshi
- Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shinji Nishioka
- Laboratory of Community Health and Nutrition, Special Course of Food and Health Science, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University.,Ehime Dental Association
| | - Isao Saito
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University
| | - Takeshi Tanigawa
- Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
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Grammatikopoulou MG, Gkiouras K, Markaki AG, Gkouskou KK, Aivaliotis M, Stylianou K, Bogdanos DP. AMY1 diploid copy number among end-stage renal disease patients. Hormones (Athens) 2020; 19:369-376. [PMID: 32405930 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-020-00199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The salivary amylase gene (AMY1) copy number variation (CNV) is increased as a human adaptation to starch-enriched nutritional patterns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between AMY1 CNV, dietary starch consumption, and anthropometric indices among a known population with elevated cardiovascular risk, being end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. METHODS A total of 43 ESRD patients were recruited based on the following inclusion criteria: being (1) adults, (2) on hemodialysis for more than 3 months, (3) able to communicate effectively, and (4) willing to participate. Anthropometric measurements were performed, dietary intake was recorded via food-frequency questionnaires, and AMY1 CNV was quantified in blood samples DNA via real-time PCR. RESULTS Median AMY1 CNV was 4.0 (2.0-17.0). A total of 21 patients had an even, and 22 had an odd AMY1 copy number (CN). Independent samples t tests revealed that AMY1-odd diploid CN is associated with increased body weight, waist and hip circumferences, and fat mass compared to the respective even diploid CN carrier group. No differences were observed for BMI or nutritional intake. Multiple regression analysis revealed that AMY1-odd diploid CN was positively associated with increased hip circumference (ß = 7.87, 95% CI = 0.34 to 15.39) and absolute fat mass (ß = 6.66, 95% CI = 0.98 to 12.34); however, after applying the Bonferroni correction for multiplicity, all regression analyses lost their significance. CONCLUSIONS AMY1-odd diploid CN appears to be associated with selected adiposity variables among hemodialysis patients. However, more research is needed to verify this finding in this population with known increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Grammatikopoulou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Gkiouras
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Anastasia G Markaki
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Sitia, Greece
| | - Kalliopi K Gkouskou
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Health and Caring Professions, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
- Embiodiagnostics, Biology Research Company, Melissinon and Damvergidon Str, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Michalis Aivaliotis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London Medical School, London, UK
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12
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Heianza Y, Zhou T, Yuhang C, Huang T, Willett WC, Hu FB, Bray GA, Sacks FM, Qi L. Starch Digestion-Related Amylase Genetic Variants, Diet, and Changes in Adiposity: Analyses in Prospective Cohort Studies and a Randomized Dietary Intervention. Diabetes 2020; 69:1917-1926. [PMID: 32493715 PMCID: PMC7458037 DOI: 10.2337/db19-1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Salivary amylase, encoded by the AMY1 gene, is responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates. We investigated associations of AMY1 genetic variations with general and central adiposity changes considering dietary carbohydrate intake among 32,054 adults from four prospective cohort studies. A genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated based on nine AMY1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, with higher AMY1-GRS indicating higher activity of salivary amylase. We meta-analyzed interactions between AMY1-GRS and dietary intake for changes in general and central adiposity over 5.5-10 years. We found that carbohydrate food intake significantly altered associations of AMY1-GRS with changes in BMI (P interaction = 0.001) and waist circumference (P interaction < 0.001). Results were consistent and significant in female cohorts rather than in male cohorts. Among women, higher AMY1-GRS was associated with more increases in adiposity if dietary carbohydrate food intake was high, while higher AMY1-GRS was associated with less gains in adiposity when the dietary intake was low. Also, in a 2-year randomized dietary intervention trial, associations of AMY1-GRS with changes in weight (P interaction = 0.023) and waist circumference (P interaction = 0.037) were significantly modified by carbohydrate intake. Our results suggest the importance of precision nutrition strategies considering participants' genetic adaptation to carbohydrate-rich diets in regulating general and central adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Heianza
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Chen Yuhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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13
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Mayneris-Perxachs J, Mousa A, Naderpoor N, Fernández-Real JM, de Courten B. Low AMY1 Copy Number Is Cross-Sectionally Associated to an Inflammation-Related Lipidomics Signature in Overweight and Obese Individuals. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1901151. [PMID: 32378791 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Reduced amylase 1 (AMY1) copy numbers are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Although mechanisms linking AMY1 copy number with metabolic disorders are poorly understood, recent findings suggest that lipids play a key role. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma lipidomic signatures associated with AMY1 copy number are explored in 57 non-diabetic overweight/obese subjects aged 18-60. Serum amylase and inflammatory cytokines levels are also measured. AMY1 copy number is strongly associated with the serum amylase concentration. Participants are divided into low-(≤4) and high-(>4) AMY1 carriers based on the median. Low-AMY1 carriers have higher BMI and fat mass. They also have higher levels of dihexosylceramides (R = -0.27, p = 0.044), cholesterol esters (CE) (R = -0.32, p = 0.020), alkylphosphatidylcholines [PC(O)] (R = -0.33, p = 0.014), and sphingomyelins (SM) (R = -0.38, p = 0.005). From 459 lipid species, 28 differ between low- and high-AMY1 carriers. These include CE species with long-chain PUFA; PC(O) and PC plasmalogens containing arachidonic acid; and PC, mono-, di-, and tri-hexosylceramides, and SM containing saturated fatty acids (mainly C16:0 and C20:0). This lipidomic signature is strongly associated with inflammatory cytokines, which are also negatively associated with the AMY1 copy number. CONCLUSION A lipidomics signature associated with low AMY1 copy numbers is revealed, which is linked to obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Mayneris-Perxachs
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi) Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", University of Girona, Girona, 17007, Spain.,CIBERobn Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Aya Mousa
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 1, 43-51 Kanooka Grove, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Negar Naderpoor
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 1, 43-51 Kanooka Grove, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - José-Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi) Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", University of Girona, Girona, 17007, Spain.,CIBERobn Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 1, 43-51 Kanooka Grove, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
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14
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Higuchi R, Iwane T, Iida A, Nakajima K. Copy Number Variation of the Salivary Amylase Gene and Glucose Metabolism in Healthy Young Japanese Women. J Clin Med Res 2020; 12:184-189. [PMID: 32231755 PMCID: PMC7092761 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have shown that low copy number variation (CNV) of the salivary amylase gene (AMY1) and low serum amylase concentration are associated with impaired glucose metabolism and obesity. We aimed to clarify the conflicting results of previous studies by examining AMY1 expression and metabolic indices in a homogenous group of healthy participants. Methods Sixty healthy non-obese young Japanese women aged 20 - 39 years were examined for AMY1 CNV, salivary amylase, body mass index (BMI) and serum parameters including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), ketones, and total, salivary and pancreatic amylase. Respiratory quotient at rest and changes in blood glucose after starch loading were also examined. Results AMY1 CNV (range, 4 - 14) and the level of serum salivary amylase were correlated inversely with HbA1c (r = -0.36, P = 0.003 and r = -0.30, P = 0.02, respectively), whereas the percentage of serum salivary amylase in total serum amylase was positively correlated with blood glucose at 30 and 45 min after starch loading (r = 0.38, P = 0.004 and r = 0.27, P = 0.04, respectively). The level of serum total amylase, but not AMY1 CNV, was correlated inversely with BMI (r = -0.29, P = 0.02). Logistic regression analysis showed that low AMY1 CNV (4 - 7) was significantly associated with an HbA1c of ≥ 5.4% (34 mmol/mol) even after adjustment for age, BMI and energy consumption, compared with high AMY1 CNV (8 - 14). Conclusions Although a higher percentage of serum salivary amylase was associated with higher levels of blood glucose at the early stage after starch loading, low AMY1 CNV was associated with chronic unfavorable glucose metabolism in healthy non-obese young women in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Higuchi
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 1-10-1 Heisei-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8522, Japan
| | - Taizo Iwane
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 1-10-1 Heisei-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8522, Japan
| | - Ayaka Iida
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 1-10-1 Heisei-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8522, Japan
| | - Kei Nakajima
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 1-10-1 Heisei-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8522, Japan.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Research Gate Building Tonomachi 2-A, 3-25-10 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
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15
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Selvaraju V, Venkatapoorna CMK, Babu JR, Geetha T. Salivary Amylase Gene Copy Number Is Associated with the Obesity and Inflammatory Markers in Children. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:1695-1701. [PMID: 32547131 PMCID: PMC7245430 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s251359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently shown that the copy number of salivary amylase (AMY1) gene was significantly decreased, and the obesity-related salivary biomarkers resistin, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP were significantly increased in overweight/obese children compared to normal weight. This study aimed to evaluate the association of AMY1 copy number variant (CNV) with obesity and inflammatory markers. Seventy-six participants aged between 6 and 10 years have participated, and the saliva samples were collected along with the anthropometric measurements. METHODS AMY1 copy number was analyzed by 3D digital PCR, and obesity-related biomarkers were performed with a Bioplex multiplex analyzer. RESULTS The mean AMY1 copy number was higher in normal weight (7.90 ± 0.38) compared to the overweight/obese group (6.20 ± 0.29). The association of AMY1 CNV with obesity and inflammatory markers showed significant negative correlation [CRP, β = -0.238 (p < 0.05); resistin, β = -0.25 (p < 0.05); MCP-1, β = -0.304 (p < 0.01)] except for complement factor D, TNF α and IL-6. The anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 reported a positive correlation with AMY1 copy number with a β = 0.268 (p < 0.05). The multivariable model adjusted with age and gender depicted a similar correlation with obesity markers. CONCLUSION Our results report that AMY1 CNV is associated with obesity and inflammatory biomarkers in children's saliva sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaithinathan Selvaraju
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Jeganathan R Babu
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Thangiah Geetha
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Correspondence: Thangiah Geetha Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA Tel +1 334 844 7418Fax +1 334 844 3268 Email
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