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Tao Y, Lu J, Lv J, Zhang L. Effects of high-intensity interval training on depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res 2024; 180:111652. [PMID: 38603999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on depressive symptoms, including an examination of its impact across different populations, intervention durations, and control groups through subgroup analysis. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using the following databases: Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform. The search covered the period from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2022. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 34 randomized controlled trials, involving a total of N = 1607 participants. HIIT had a small but significant effect on depressive symptoms compared to the control group [SMD = -0.40, 95%CI (-0.60, -0.20), I2 = 73%]. However, subgroup analyses revealed no moderating effect of health status or exercise duration on depressive symptoms. HIIT did not have a statistically significant effect on depressive symptoms when compared with other types of exercise [SMD = -0.15, 95% CI (-0.30, 0.01), I2 = 10%]. HIIT demonstrated a medium effect size in reducing depressive symptoms compared to a non-active control group [SMD = -0.53, 95% CI (-0.84, -0.21), I2 = 80%]. CONCLUSIONS HIIT confers benefits in mitigating depressive symptoms. Compared to non-active control group, HIIT yields moderate improvements in depressive symptoms. We look forward to exploring more moderating effects in the future, such as HIIT modalities, frequency, and so on. In summation, these findings substantiate the use of HIIT as a means to alleviate symptoms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Tao
- Key Laboratory of Psychological and Physiological Regulation in Competitive Sports, Tianjin University of Sport, China
| | - Jiayao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Psychological and Physiological Regulation in Competitive Sports, Tianjin University of Sport, China
| | - Jiayu Lv
- Key Laboratory of Psychological and Physiological Regulation in Competitive Sports, Tianjin University of Sport, China
| | - Liancheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Psychological and Physiological Regulation in Competitive Sports, Tianjin University of Sport, China.
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2
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Harrigan M, Jessup M, Bennett K, Mulrennan S. Me, myself, and I: A systematic review of cystic fibrosis and self-concept. Pediatr Pulmonol 2024; 59:1175-1195. [PMID: 38376009 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Given extensive pertinent disease factors and evolving medical treatments, this systematic review explores qualitative and quantitative cystic fibrosis (CF) research surrounding self-concept, an overarching perception of self. Research methodologies, self-concept dimensions, prominent self-concept findings and clinical recommendations are identified. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses guidelines were applied. PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Psycinfo, CINAHL (ebsco), and CENTRAL Cochrane electronic databases were searched from 2012 to 2022. Methodological quality was assessed using the critical appraisal skills program. Data-based convergent synthesis was applied to analyze and report on qualitative and quantitative studies in parallel. Thirty-seven publications met the inclusion criteria, most of which employed a cross-sectional, single-center design within an adolescent and adult population. Self-efficacy, self-esteem, and self-identity studies were dimensions of self-concept identified, with studies relating to self-efficacy surrounding physical health management most prevalent. All three dimensions were positively associated with improved treatment adherence and psychosocial health. Efficacy tested intervention programs to enhance self-concept are limited; however, an extensive range of clinical recommendations are offered, highlighting the importance of clinician self-concept awareness, quality clinician-patient conversations and online CF peer-support. Self-concept is an important mechanism to optimize patient outcomes. Further CF self-concept research is required, particularly multicenter, longitudinal, and interventional studies. Early childhood, post lung transplant and the older adult CF population in particular, lack research attention. Given the potential impact of rapidly evolving CF transmembrane conductance regulator modulator drugs on many aspects of self, future self-concept research beyond the dimension of self-efficacy may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Harrigan
- UWA Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute for Respiratory Health (IRH), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Cystic Fibrosis Western Australia (CFWA), Perth, Western Australia
| | - Melanie Jessup
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensl, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kellie Bennett
- UWA Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Siobhain Mulrennan
- UWA Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute for Respiratory Health (IRH), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Health, Sir Chares Gairdner Hospital (SCGH) Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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3
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Abstract
Exercise and airway clearance techniques (ACTs) have been a cornerstone of treatment for people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) for many decades. Exercise may confer both respiratory and nonrespiratory benefits for pwCF, with greater exercise capacity associated with improved survival. A wide variety of exercise interventions for pwCF have been investigated. ACTs may assist in reducing respiratory symptoms for pwCF and are currently recommended to be performed daily, with the types of ACTs used varying globally. While recommended components of care, both exercise and ACTs are time-intensive and maintaining adherence to the recommendations over the longer term can be challenging. It has been proposed that with advances in the therapeutic options for pwCF, a rationalization of the therapeutic regimen may be possible. We summarize the current evidence for the use of exercise and ACTs by pwCF, discuss the implications of the introduction of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulators on both exercise and ACTs, and highlight areas for further research.
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Radtke T, Smith S, Nevitt SJ, Hebestreit H, Kriemler S. Physical activity and exercise training in cystic fibrosis. Paediatr Respir Rev 2022; 44:47-52. [PMID: 36402662 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Radtke
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - S Smith
- Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology (COG), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - S J Nevitt
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - H Hebestreit
- Julius-Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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García-Pérez-de-Sevilla G, Yvert T, Blanco Á, Sosa Pedreschi AI, Thuissard IJ, Pérez-Ruiz M. Effectiveness of Physical Exercise Interventions on Pulmonary Function and Physical Fitness in Children and Adults with Cystic Fibrosis: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:2205. [PMID: 36360546 PMCID: PMC9690212 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10112205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Physical exercise is associated with several benefits in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF), associated with a reduction in patient mortality. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the effectiveness of exercise interventions on physical condition and lung function in children and adults with CF to establish the most appropriate type and dose of physical exercise used so far. Methods: The studies included were randomized controlled trials with physical exercise interventions performed with children or adults with CF, analyzing the effects on pulmonary function, cardiorespiratory capacity, and muscle strength. The variables analyzed in at least four studies in the same population (children or adults) with the same measuring test were included in the meta-analysis. Results:Pulmonary function: There were no changes in the forced expiratory volume 1 s, but mouth expiratory/inspiratory pressures were improved in some studies. Physical fitness: In children, the interventions did not manage to improve the VO2peak (SMD = 0.22; 95%CI: -0.25 to 0.68; p = 0.73) but improved muscle strength. In adults, physical exercise interventions based on high-intensity aerobic training showed positive results in the VO2peak, and in some muscle strength outcomes. Conclusions: Exercise interventions in children and adults with CF are effective in improving muscle strength, cardiovascular capacity, and respiratory muscle function. However, they do not achieve improvements in lung function. The most effective programs are those using strength training or cardiovascular high-intensity interval training, although to date there have been few such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Yvert
- Departamento de Salud y Rendimiento, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte–Instituto Nacional de Educación Física (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Blanco
- Departamento de Salud y Rendimiento, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte–Instituto Nacional de Educación Física (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Israel J. Thuissard
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Salud y Rendimiento, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte–Instituto Nacional de Educación Física (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Radtke T, Smith S, Nevitt SJ, Hebestreit H, Kriemler S. Physical activity and exercise training in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 8:CD002768. [PMID: 35943025 PMCID: PMC9361297 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002768.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (including exercise) may form an important part of regular care for people with cystic fibrosis (CF). This is an update of a previously published review. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of physical activity interventions on exercise capacity by peak oxygen uptake, lung function by forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and further important patient-relevant outcomes in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register which comprises references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. The most recent search was on 3 March 2022. We also searched two ongoing trials registers: clinicaltrials.gov, most recently on 4 March 2022; and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), most recently on 16 March 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing physical activity interventions of any type and a minimum intervention duration of two weeks with conventional care (no physical activity intervention) in people with CF. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected RCTs for inclusion, assessed methodological quality and extracted data. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS: We included 24 parallel RCTs (875 participants). The number of participants in the studies ranged from nine to 117, with a wide range of disease severity. The studies' age demographics varied: in two studies, all participants were adults; in 13 studies, participants were 18 years and younger; in one study, participants were 15 years and older; in one study, participants were 12 years and older; and seven studies included all age ranges. The active training programme lasted up to and including six months in 14 studies, and longer than six months in the remaining 10 studies. Of the 24 included studies, seven implemented a follow-up period (when supervision was withdrawn, but participants were still allowed to exercise) ranging from one to 12 months. Studies employed differing levels of supervision: in 12 studies, training was supervised; in 11 studies, it was partially supervised; and in one study, training was unsupervised. The quality of the included studies varied widely. This Cochrane Review shows that, in studies with an active training programme lasting over six months in people with CF, physical activity probably has a positive effect on exercise capacity when compared to no physical activity (usual care) (mean difference (MD) 1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16 to 3.05; 6 RCTs, 348 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). The magnitude of improvement in exercise capacity is interpreted as small, although study results were heterogeneous. Physical activity interventions may have no effect on lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) % predicted) (MD 2.41, 95% CI ‒0.49 to 5.31; 6 RCTs, 367 participants), HRQoL physical functioning (MD 2.19, 95% CI ‒3.42 to 7.80; 4 RCTs, 247 participants) and HRQoL respiratory domain (MD ‒0.05, 95% CI ‒3.61 to 3.51; 4 RCTs, 251 participants) at six months and longer (low-certainty evidence). One study (117 participants) reported no differences between the physical activity and control groups in the number of participants experiencing a pulmonary exacerbation by six months (incidence rate ratio 1.28, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.94) or in the time to first exacerbation over 12 months (hazard ratio 1.34, 95% CI 0.65 to 2.80) (both high-certainty evidence); and no effects of physical activity on diabetic control (after 1 hour: MD ‒0.04 mmol/L, 95% CI ‒1.11 to 1.03; 67 participants; after 2 hours: MD ‒0.44 mmol/L, 95% CI ‒1.43 to 0.55; 81 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). We found no difference between groups in the number of adverse events over six months (odds ratio 6.22, 95% CI 0.72 to 53.40; 2 RCTs, 156 participants; low-certainty evidence). For other time points (up to and including six months and during a follow-up period with no active intervention), the effects of physical activity versus control were similar to those reported for the outcomes above. However, only three out of seven studies adding a follow-up period with no active intervention (ranging between one and 12 months) reported on the primary outcomes of changes in exercise capacity and lung function, and one on HRQoL. These data must be interpreted with caution. Altogether, given the heterogeneity of effects across studies, the wide variation in study quality and lack of information on clinically meaningful changes for several outcome measures, we consider the overall certainty of evidence on the effects of physical activity interventions on exercise capacity, lung function and HRQoL to be low to moderate. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Physical activity interventions for six months and longer likely improve exercise capacity when compared to no training (moderate-certainty evidence). Current evidence shows little or no effect on lung function and HRQoL (low-certainty evidence). Over recent decades, physical activity has gained increasing interest and is already part of multidisciplinary care offered to most people with CF. Adverse effects of physical activity appear rare and there is no reason to actively discourage regular physical activity and exercise. The benefits of including physical activity in an individual's regular care may be influenced by the type and duration of the activity programme as well as individual preferences for and barriers to physical activity. Further high-quality and sufficiently-sized studies are needed to comprehensively assess the benefits of physical activity and exercise in people with CF, particularly in the new era of CF medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Radtke
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sherie Smith
- Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology (COG), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sarah J Nevitt
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Helge Hebestreit
- Paediatric Department, Julius-Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Hebestreit H, Kriemler S, Schindler C, Stein L, Karila C, Urquhart DS, Orenstein DM, Lands LC, Schaeff J, Eber E, Radtke T. Effects of a Partially Supervised Conditioning Program in Cystic Fibrosis: An International Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial (ACTIVATE-CF). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 205:330-339. [PMID: 34735776 PMCID: PMC8887001 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202106-1419oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale The long-term effects of vigorous physical activity (PA) on lung function in cystic fibrosis are unclear. Objectives To evaluate effects of a 12-month partially supervised PA intervention using motivational feedback. Methods In a parallel-arm multicenter randomized controlled trial (ACTIVATE-CF), relatively inactive patients aged at least 12 years were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to an intervention group or control group. The intervention group consented to add 3 hours of vigorous PA per week, whereas the control group was asked not to change their PA behavior. Primary endpoint was change in percent predicted FEV1 (ΔFEV1) at 6 months. Secondary endpoints included PA, exercise capacity, exercise motives, time to first exacerbation and exacerbation rates, quality of life, anxiety, depression, stress, and blood glucose control. Data were analyzed using mixed linear models. Measurements and Main Results A total of 117 patients (40% of target sample size) were randomized to an intervention (n = 60) or control group (n = 57). After 6 months, ΔFEV1 was significantly higher in the control group compared with the intervention group (2.70% predicted [95% confidence interval, 0.13–5.26]; P = 0.04). The intervention group reported increased vigorous PA compared with the control group at each study visit, had higher exercise capacity at 6 and 12 months, and higher PA at 12 months. No effects were seen in other secondary outcomes. Conclusions ACTIVATE-CF increased vigorous PA and exercise capacity, with effects carried over for the subsequent 6 months, but resulted in better FEV1 in the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Schindler
- Universitat Basel, 27209, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lothar Stein
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chantal Karila
- Hopital universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, 246596, Paris, France
| | - Don S Urquhart
- Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - David M Orenstein
- Univ. of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Larry C Lands
- Montreal Children's Hospital - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Ernst Eber
- Medical University of Graz, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Radtke
- University of Zurich, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Gruet M, Saynor ZL, Urquhart DS, Radtke T. Rethinking physical exercise training in the modern era of cystic fibrosis: A step towards optimising short-term efficacy and long-term engagement. J Cyst Fibros 2021; 21:e83-e98. [PMID: 34493444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is considered as an important component of the package of care delivered to people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). However, despite the well-known short-term physiological and psychological benefits, training effects are heterogenous and the transfer of structured exercise programmes to the daily life of pwCF is challenging. Training concepts and strategies developed over the last decades must be adapted to consider the aging population of pwCF with associated comorbidities, and also a new generation of young pwCF that are healthier than ever. In the present review we propose a new framework for optimising the choice among available exercise training procedures and we provide a theoretical and scientifically justified rationale for considering and testing new exercise training modalities. We propose a multidisciplinary approach, considering various physiological, psychological and logistical factors, with the aim to increase effects of exercise training and build positive long-term exercise behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gruet
- IAPS Laboratory, University of Toulon, Toulon, France..
| | - Zoe L Saynor
- Physical Activity, Health and Rehabilitation Thematic Research Group, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Don S Urquhart
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.; Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Thomas Radtke
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich & University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Sawyer A, Cavalheri V, Jenkins S, Wood J, Singh B, Hill K. Endurance cycle ergometry tests performed at a sub-maximal work rate elicit peak physiological and symptom responses in adults with cystic fibrosis. Intern Med J 2021; 51:1168-1172. [PMID: 34278700 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Time to symptom limitation (Tlim ) achieved during constant work rate tests is considerably more responsive to change than measures commonly recorded during ramp-based tests, such as peak rate of oxygen uptake and maximal work rate (Wmax ). There is limited literature on the use of, and physiological and symptom responses to, constant work rate cycle ergometry tests in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). The results of this study provide evidence that the constant work rate cycle ergometry test, when conducted at 80% of the Wmax , elicits peak physiological and symptom responses and appears to be safe in adults with CF. For clinicians prescribing exercise at an intensity approaching or equivalent to 80% of the Wmax in a non-laboratory-based setting, consideration needs to be given to the level of supervision and patient monitoring required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey Sawyer
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Physiotherapy Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vinicius Cavalheri
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Allied Health, South Metropolitan Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sue Jenkins
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Physiotherapy Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jamie Wood
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Physiotherapy Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bhajan Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sydney, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Sydney, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kylie Hill
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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