1
|
Ji T, Salotti I, Altieri V, Li M, Rossi V. Seasonal Periodicity of the Airborne Spores of Fungi Causing Grapevine Trunk Diseases: An Analysis of 247 Studies Published Worldwide. PLANT DISEASE 2024:PDIS04230709RE. [PMID: 37874281 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-23-0709-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are among the most devastating grapevine diseases globally. GTDs are caused by numerous fungi belonging to different taxa, which release spores into the vineyard and infect wood tissue, mainly through wounds caused by viticultural operations. The timing of operations to avoid infection is critical concerning the periodicity of GTD spores in vineyards, and many studies have been conducted in different grape-growing areas worldwide. However, these studies provide conflicting and fragmented information. To synthesize current knowledge, we conducted a systematic literature review, extracted quantitative data from published papers, and used these data to identify trends and knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in future studies. Our database included 26 papers covering 247 studies and 3,529 spore sampling records concerning a total of 29 fungal taxa responsible for Botryosphaeria dieback (BD), Esca complex (EC), and Eutypa dieback (ED). We found a clear seasonality in the presence and abundance of BD spores, with a peak from fall to spring, more in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere, but not for EC and ED. Spores of these fungi were present throughout the growing season in both hemispheres, possibly because of higher variability in spore types, sporulation conditions, and spore release mechanisms in EC and ED fungi than in BD. Our analysis has limitations because of knowledge gaps and data availability for some fungi (e.g., basidiomycetes, which cause EC). These limitations are discussed to facilitate further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ji
- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College of Shihezi University/Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi 832003, China
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DI.PRO.VES.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza 29122, Italy
| | - Irene Salotti
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DI.PRO.VES.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza 29122, Italy
| | - Valeria Altieri
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DI.PRO.VES.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza 29122, Italy
| | - Ming Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture (NERCITA)/Information Technology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Vittorio Rossi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DI.PRO.VES.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza 29122, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fernandez R, Le Cunff L, Mérigeaud S, Verdeil JL, Perry J, Larignon P, Spilmont AS, Chatelet P, Cardoso M, Goze-Bac C, Moisy C. End-to-end multimodal 3D imaging and machine learning workflow for non-destructive phenotyping of grapevine trunk internal structure. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5033. [PMID: 38424155 PMCID: PMC10904756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantifying healthy and degraded inner tissues in plants is of great interest in agronomy, for example, to assess plant health and quality and monitor physiological traits or diseases. However, detecting functional and degraded plant tissues in-vivo without harming the plant is extremely challenging. New solutions are needed in ligneous and perennial species, for which the sustainability of plantations is crucial. To tackle this challenge, we developed a novel approach based on multimodal 3D imaging and artificial intelligence-based image processing that allowed a non-destructive diagnosis of inner tissues in living plants. The method was successfully applied to the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Vineyard's sustainability is threatened by trunk diseases, while the sanitary status of vines cannot be ascertained without injuring the plants. By combining MRI and X-ray CT 3D imaging with an automatic voxel classification, we could discriminate intact, degraded, and white rot tissues with a mean global accuracy of over 91%. Each imaging modality contribution to tissue detection was evaluated, and we identified quantitative structural and physiological markers characterizing wood degradation steps. The combined study of inner tissue distribution versus external foliar symptom history demonstrated that white rot and intact tissue contents are key-measurements in evaluating vines' sanitary status. We finally proposed a model for an accurate trunk disease diagnosis in grapevine. This work opens new routes for precision agriculture and in-situ monitoring of tissue quality and plant health across plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Fernandez
- IFV, French Institute of Vine and Wine, IFV, INRAE, UMT Géno-Vigne, Institut Agro, 34398, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, 34398, Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Loïc Le Cunff
- IFV, French Institute of Vine and Wine, IFV, INRAE, UMT Géno-Vigne, Institut Agro, 34398, Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Verdeil
- CIRAD, Phiv, Campus Lavalette, 389 Avenue Agropolis, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Perry
- CIVC Comité Champagne, 5 Rue Henri Martin, 51200, Epernay, France
| | - Philippe Larignon
- IFV Nîmes. Pôle Rhône-Méditerranée, 7 Avenue Cazeaux, 30230, Rodilhan, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Spilmont
- IFV Pôle Matériel Végétal, Domaine de l'Espiguette, 30240, Le Grau du Roi, France
| | - Philippe Chatelet
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Maïda Cardoso
- BNIF University of Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Goze-Bac
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, University of Montpellier and CNRS, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Moisy
- IFV, French Institute of Vine and Wine, IFV, INRAE, UMT Géno-Vigne, Institut Agro, 34398, Montpellier, France.
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moretti S, Goddard ML, Puca A, Lalevée J, Di Marco S, Mugnai L, Gelhaye E, Goodell B, Bertsch C, Farine S. First Description of Non-Enzymatic Radical-Generating Mechanisms Adopted by Fomitiporia mediterranea: An Unexplored Pathway of the White Rot Agent of the Esca Complex of Diseases. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040498. [PMID: 37108951 PMCID: PMC10143301 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fmed) is the primary Basidiomycota species causing white rot in European vineyards affected by the Esca complex of diseases (ECD). In the last few years, an increasing number of studies have highlighted the importance of reconsidering the role of Fmed in ECD etiology, justifying an increase in research interest related to Fmed's biomolecular pathogenetic mechanisms. In the context of the current re-evaluation of the binary distinction (brown vs. white rot) between biomolecular decay pathways induced by Basidiomycota species, our research aims to investigate the potential for non-enzymatic mechanisms adopted by Fmed, which is typically described as a white rot fungus. Our results demonstrate how, in liquid culture reproducing nutrient restriction conditions often found in wood, Fmed can produce low molecular weight compounds, the hallmark of the non-enzymatic "chelator-mediated Fenton" (CMF) reaction, originally described for brown rot fungi. CMF reactions can redox cycle with ferric iron, generating hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron, necessary reactants leading to hydroxyl radical (•OH) production. These observations led to the conclusion that a non-enzymatic radical-generating CMF-like mechanism may be utilized by Fmed, potentially together with an enzymatic pool, to contribute to degrading wood constituents; moreover, indicating significant variability between strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Moretti
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement UPR-3991, Université de Haute-Alsace, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Mary-Lorène Goddard
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement UPR-3991, Université de Haute-Alsace, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, 68000 Colmar, France
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications, Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, CEDEX, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - Alessandro Puca
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement UPR-3991, Université de Haute-Alsace, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, 68000 Colmar, France
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), Plant Pathology and Entomology Section, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine, 28, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Institut de Science des Materiaux IS2M, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - Stefano Di Marco
- Institute of Bioeconomy, CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Mugnai
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), Plant Pathology and Entomology Section, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine, 28, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Eric Gelhaye
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Barry Goodell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Christophe Bertsch
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement UPR-3991, Université de Haute-Alsace, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Sibylle Farine
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement UPR-3991, Université de Haute-Alsace, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, 68000 Colmar, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rosace MC, Legler SE, Salotti I, Rossi V. Susceptibility of pruning wounds to grapevine trunk diseases: A quantitative analysis of literature data. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1063932. [PMID: 36909400 PMCID: PMC9996077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1063932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pruning wounds are the main entry points for fungi causing grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs). Several studies identified factors influencing the temporal dynamics of wound susceptibility, which include the fungal species and inoculum dose, weather conditions, grape variety, pruning date, and so forth. Here, we conducted a quantitative analysis of literature data to synthesise outcomes across studies and to identify the factors that most affect the length of pruning wound susceptibility. METHODS We extracted data on the frequency at which the inoculated wounds showed GTD symptoms or an inoculated pathogen was reisolated following artificial inoculation at the time of pruning or in the following days. A negative exponential model was fit to these data to describe changes in wound susceptibility as a function of time since pruning, in which the rate parameter changed depending on specific factors. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results show that wound susceptibility is high at the time of pruning, and they remain susceptible to invasion by GTD fungi for months after pruning. Infection incidence on wounds was higher for fungi associated with Botryosphaeria dieback than those associated with Eutypa dieback or Esca complex, and wound susceptibility decreased faster for Eutypa dieback than for other GTD agents. Grapevine variety and pruning season also affected the wound susceptibility period. Sauvignon Blanc remains susceptible to GTDs longer than other varieties. We also found that the time of pruning can affect infection dynamics, especially for more susceptible varieties. The results increase our understanding of GTD epidemiology and should help growers control infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Rosace
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | | | - Irene Salotti
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Vittorio Rossi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Trouvelot S, Lemaitre-Guillier C, Vallet J, Jacquens L, Douillet A, Harir M, Larignon P, Roullier-Gall C, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Adrian M, Fontaine F. Sodium arsenite-induced changes in the wood of esca-diseased grapevine at cytological and metabolomic levels. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1141700. [PMID: 37180397 PMCID: PMC10173745 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1141700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In the past, most grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) have been controlled by treatments with sodium arsenite. For obvious reasons, sodium arsenite was banned in vineyards, and consequently, the management of GTDs is difficult due to the lack of methods with similar effectiveness. Sodium arsenite is known to have a fungicide effect and to affect the leaf physiology, but its effect on the woody tissues where the GTD pathogens are present is still poorly understood. This study thus focuses on the effect of sodium arsenite in woody tissues, particularly in the interaction area between asymptomatic wood and necrotic wood resulting from the GTD pathogens' activities. Metabolomics was used to obtain a metabolite fingerprint of sodium arsenite treatment and microscopy to visualize its effects at the histo-cytological level. The main results are that sodium arsenite impacts both metabolome and structural barriers in plant wood. We reported a stimulator effect on plant secondary metabolites in the wood, which add to its fungicide effect. Moreover, the pattern of some phytotoxins is affected, suggesting the possible effect of sodium arsenite in the pathogen metabolism and/or plant detoxification process. This study brings new elements to understanding the mode of action of sodium arsenite, which is useful in developing sustainable and eco-friendly strategies to better manage GTDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Trouvelot
- Agroécologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro Dijon, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Christelle Lemaitre-Guillier
- Agroécologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro Dijon, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Julie Vallet
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes (RIBP) USC Institut National de Recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE) 1488, Reims, France
| | - Lucile Jacquens
- Agroécologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro Dijon, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Antonin Douillet
- Agroécologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro Dijon, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Mourad Harir
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair Analyt Food Chem, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Philippe Larignon
- Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin (IFV) Pôle Rhône-Méditerranée, Rodilhan, France
| | | | | | - Marielle Adrian
- Agroécologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro Dijon, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Florence Fontaine
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes (RIBP) USC Institut National de Recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE) 1488, Reims, France
- *Correspondence: Florence Fontaine,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Martín L, García-García B, Alguacil MDM. Interactions of the Fungal Community in the Complex Patho-System of Esca, a Grapevine Trunk Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14726. [PMID: 36499052 PMCID: PMC9736784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, Esca is a complex and devastating Grapevine Trunk Disease (GTD), characterized by inconstant foliar symptoms and internal wood degradation. A large range of fungal taxa have been reported as causal agents. We applied both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods (Illumina Technology and q-PCR) to investigate this concerning disease. Woods from vines with asymptomatic leaves and vines with leaf Esca symptoms were compared. Internally, different types of wood were found, from healthy wood with black necrosis to wood with white rot. A combination of leaf and wood Esca symptoms resulted in four experimental categories. Although there was no relation with symptoms, culture-independent mycobiome composition revealed Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, a GTD pathogen, as the most abundant species (detected in 85.4% of wood samples, with 14.8% relative abundance). Using TaqMan q-PCR, P. chlamydospora DNA was detected in 60.4% of samples (far from the 18.8% of positive results in the culture-dependent approach). There was a predominance of saprotrophs, even if their abundance was not affected by Esca symptoms. Concerning pathotrophs, the white rot development within grapevines was linked to the abundance of fungi belonging to the Hymenochaetaceae family. The Botryosphaeriaceae family was identified as an indicator for expression of Esca foliar symptoms. Lastly, the Aureobasidiaceae family was found to be a potential biocontrol agent for Esca, since it was most abundant in the control asymptomatic plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martín
- Plant Protection Department, Scientific and Technological Research Centre of Extremadura (CICYTEX), 06187 Guadajira, Spain
| | - Blanca García-García
- Plant Protection Department, Scientific and Technological Research Centre of Extremadura (CICYTEX), 06187 Guadajira, Spain
| | - María del Mar Alguacil
- CSIC-Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Campus de Espinardo, 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Travadon R, Lawrence DP, Moyer MM, Fujiyoshi PT, Baumgartner K. Fungal species associated with grapevine trunk diseases in Washington wine grapes and California table grapes, with novelties in the genera Cadophora, Cytospora, and Sporocadus. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:1018140. [PMID: 37746176 PMCID: PMC10512239 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.1018140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases cause serious economic losses to grape growers worldwide. The identification of the causal fungi is critical to implementing appropriate management strategies. Through a culture-based approach, we identified the fungal species composition associated with symptomatic grapevines from wine grapes in southeastern Washington and table grapes in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California, two regions with contrasting winter climates. Species were confirmed through molecular identification, sequencing two to six gene regions per isolate. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses were used to identify novel species. We identified 36 species from 112 isolates, with a combination of species that are new to science, are known causal fungi of grapevine trunk diseases, or are known causal fungi of diseases of other woody plants. The novel species Cadophora columbiana, Cytospora macropycnidia, Cytospora yakimana, and Sporocadus incarnatus are formally described and introduced, six species are newly reported from North America, and grape is reported as a new host for three species. Six species were shared between the two regions: Cytospora viticola, Diatrype stigma, Diplodia seriata, Kalmusia variispora, Phaeoacremonium minimum, and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. Dominating the fungal community in Washington wine grape vineyards were species in the fungal families Diatrypaceae, Cytosporaceae and Sporocadaceae, whereas in California table grape vineyards, the dominant species were in the families Diatrypaceae, Togniniaceae, Phaeomoniellaceae and Hymenochaetaceae. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that 10 isolates caused wood discoloration similar to symptomatic wood from which they were originally isolated. Growth rates at temperatures from 5 to 35°C of 10 isolates per region, suggest that adaptation to local climate might explain their distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Travadon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Daniel P. Lawrence
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Michelle M. Moyer
- Department of Horticulture, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, United States
| | - Phillip T. Fujiyoshi
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kendra Baumgartner
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nerva L, Garcia JF, Favaretto F, Giudice G, Moffa L, Sandrini M, Cantu D, Zanzotto A, Gardiman M, Velasco R, Gambino G, Chitarra W. The hidden world within plants: metatranscriptomics unveils the complexity of wood microbiomes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2682-2697. [PMID: 35106548 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The importance of plants as complex entities influenced by genomes of the associated microorganisms is now seen as a new source of variability for a more sustainable agriculture, also in the light of ongoing climate change. For this reason, we investigated through metatranscriptomics whether the taxa profile and behaviour of microbial communities associated with the wood of 20-year-old grapevine plants are influenced by the health status of the host. We report for the first time a metatranscriptome from a complex tissue in a real environment, highlighting that this approach is able to define the microbial community better than referenced transcriptomic approaches. In parallel, the use of total RNA enabled the identification of bacterial taxa in healthy samples that, once isolated from the original wood tissue, displayed potential biocontrol activities against a wood-degrading fungal taxon. Furthermore, we revealed an unprecedented high number of new viral entities (~120 new viral species among 180 identified) associated with a single and limited environment and with potential impact on the whole holobiont. Taken together, our results suggest a complex multitrophic interaction in which the viral community also plays a crucial role in raising new ecological questions for the exploitation of microbial-assisted sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Nerva
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Jadran F Garcia
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Francesco Favaretto
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
- University of Padova, Department of Agronomy, Animals, Food, Natural Resources and Environment (DAFNAE), Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Gaetano Giudice
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
- University of Milano, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA), Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Loredana Moffa
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Sandrini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Alessandro Zanzotto
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Massimo Gardiman
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Giorgio Gambino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Walter Chitarra
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Metagenomic Assessment Unravels Fungal Microbiota Associated to Grapevine Trunk Diseases. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8040288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are among the most important problems that affect the longevity and productivity of vineyards in all the major growing regions of the world. They are slow-progression diseases caused by several wood-inhabiting fungi with similar life cycles and epidemiology. The simultaneous presence of multiple trunk pathogens in a single plant together with the inconsistent GTDs symptoms expression, their isolation in asymptomatic plants, and the absence of effective treatments make these diseases extremely complex to identify and eradicate. Aiming to gain a better knowledge of GTDs and search sustainable alternatives to limit their development, the present work studied the fungal community structure associated with GTDs symptomatic and asymptomatic grapevines, following a metagenomic approach. Two important cultivars from the Alentejo region with different levels of susceptibility to GTDs were selected, namely, ‘Alicante Bouschet’ and ‘Trincadeira’. Deep sequencing of fungal-directed ITS1 amplicon led to the detection of 258 taxa, including 10 fungi previously described as responsible for GTDs. Symptomatic plants exhibited a lower abundance of GTDs-associated fungi, although with significantly higher diversity of those pathogens. Our results demonstrated that trunk diseases symptoms are intensified by a set of multiple GTDs-associated fungi on the same plant. The composition of fungal endophytic communities was significantly different according to the symptomatology and it was not affected by the cultivar. This study opens new perspectives in the study of GTDs-associated fungi and their relation to the symptomatology in grapevines.
Collapse
|
10
|
Pacetti A, Moretti S, Perrin C, Gelhaye E, Bieler E, Kassemeyer HH, Mugnai L, Farine S, Bertsch C. Grapevine Wood-Degrading Activity of Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fisch.: A Focus on the Enzymatic Pathway Regulation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:844264. [PMID: 35369524 PMCID: PMC8971955 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.844264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fomitiporia mediterranea is a Basidiomycetes fungus associated with some of the Esca complex diseases and responsible for decay in grapevine wood. Its role in the onset of foliar symptoms has recently been reconsidered, mainly after evidence showing a reduction in foliar symptom expression after removal of rotten wood. The study of its degradation pathways has already been approached by other authors, and with this study much information is consolidated. A microscopic observation of degraded wood provides a first approach to the characterization of F. mediterranea modalities of wood cellular structure degradation. The decay of grapevine wood was reproduced in vitro, and the measurement of each wood-forming polymer loss highlighted characteristics of F. mediterranea common to selective white rot and showed how fungal strain and vine variety are factors determining the wood degradation. All these observations were supported by the analysis of the laccase and manganese peroxidase enzyme activity, as well as by the expression of the genes coding 6 putative laccase isoforms and 3 manganese peroxidase isoforms, thereby highlighting substantial intraspecific variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pacetti
- Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologies et Environnement UR-3991, Université de Haute Alsace, Colmar, France
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), Plant Pathology and Entomology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Samuele Moretti
- Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologies et Environnement UR-3991, Université de Haute Alsace, Colmar, France
| | - Célia Perrin
- Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologies et Environnement UR-3991, Université de Haute Alsace, Colmar, France
| | - Eric Gelhaye
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies Boulevard des Aiguillettes, UMR IAM - Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Evi Bieler
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute (SNI) – Nano Imaging, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hanns-Heinz Kassemeyer
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute (SNI) – Nano Imaging, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- State Institute for Viticulture, Plant Pathology & Diagnostics, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Laura Mugnai
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), Plant Pathology and Entomology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sibylle Farine
- Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologies et Environnement UR-3991, Université de Haute Alsace, Colmar, France
| | - Christophe Bertsch
- Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologies et Environnement UR-3991, Université de Haute Alsace, Colmar, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Minimal versus Intensive: How the Pruning Intensity Affects Occurrence of Grapevine Leaf Stripe Disease, Wood Integrity, and the Mycobiome in Grapevine Trunks. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030247. [PMID: 35330249 PMCID: PMC8948712 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous works on grapevine-trunk diseases indicate that minimal or non-pruning of the grapevine under certain circumstances can significantly reduce the risk of symptom expression. Nevertheless, knowledge of the mechanisms behind these observations are limited. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to investigate in more detail the effect of pruning intensity on the grapevine trunk by means of trunk integrity and the fungal community in the wood tissue. Two German vineyards partially trained in vertical-shoot position and semi-minimally pruned hedges were chosen for this survey due to the accessibility of multi-annual esca-monitoring data. The results revealed that only in one of the two vineyards was the incidence of external esca symptoms significantly reduced over a period of five years (2017–2021) by minimal pruning, which was up to 73.7% compared to intensive pruning. In both vineyards, the trunks of intensively pruned vines not only had more pruning wounds on the trunk (by 86.0% and 72.9%, respectively) than minimally pruned vines, but also exhibited a larger (by 19.3% and 14.7%, respectively) circumference of the trunk head. In addition, the percentage of white rot and necrosis in the trunks of esca-positive and esca-negative vines was analyzed and compared between the two pruning intensities; hereby, significant differences were only found for esca-negative ‘Dornfelder’ vines, in which the proportion of necrosis was higher for intensively pruned vines (23.0%) than for minimally pruned vines (11.5%). The fungal communities of the differently pruned vine trunks were mainly dominated by four genera, which are also associated with GTDs: Diplodia, Eutypa, Fomitiporia and Phaeomoniella. All in all, the fungal diversity and community composition did not differ between minimally and intensively pruned, esca-positive vines.
Collapse
|
12
|
Di Marco S, Metruccio EG, Moretti S, Nocentini M, Carella G, Pacetti A, Battiston E, Osti F, Mugnai L. Activity of Trichoderma asperellum Strain ICC 012 and Trichoderma gamsii Strain ICC 080 Toward Diseases of Esca Complex and Associated Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:813410. [PMID: 35154039 PMCID: PMC8831765 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.813410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases are widespread in all grape-growing countries. The diseases included in the Esca complex of diseases are particularly common in European vineyards. Their distinctive foliar symptoms are well known to be associated not only with losses in quantity, as with all grapevine wood diseases, but also with losses in the quality of the crop. Protection of pruning wounds is known to reduce infections in artificial inoculations and, to some extent, reduce the external leaf symptoms. The application of biological control agents in the field is typically started at the first appearance of symptoms. In this article, the two strains belonging to two different species, Trichoderma asperellum ICC 012 and T. gamsii ICC 080, which are present in a commercial formulation, were tested in vitro, in vivo in artificial inoculation, and in the field in long-term experiments where the wounds on four young asymptomatic vineyards were protected since 1 or 2 years after planting. The in vitro trials highlighted the different temperature requirements of the two strains, the direct mycoparasitizing activity of T. asperellum, and the indirect activity shown by both Trichoderma strains. The in vivo trials confirmed the ability of the two strains to reduce the colonization following artificial inoculations with the high, unnatural concentration of spores used in artificial infections, even if with variable efficacy, and with long persistence as they could be reisolated 7 months post-application. The preventive applications carried out over 9 years showed a very high reduction in symptom development in the treated vines, on annual and cumulated incidence and on the death of vines, with disease reduction varying from 66 to almost 90%. Early and annual application of protection to the pruning wounds appears to be the best method for reducing damages caused by grapevine leaf stripe disease (a disease of the Esca complex of diseases). Trichoderma appears to offer an efficient, environmentally friendly, and long-lasting protection in the presence of a natural inoculum concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Marco
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Samuele Moretti
- Plant Pathology and Entomology Section, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- *Correspondence: Samuele Moretti,
| | - Marco Nocentini
- Plant Pathology and Entomology Section, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carella
- Plant Pathology and Entomology Section, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Pacetti
- Plant Pathology and Entomology Section, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Battiston
- Plant Pathology and Entomology Section, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Osti
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
- Fabio Osti,
| | - Laura Mugnai
- Plant Pathology and Entomology Section, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schilling M, Maia-Grondard A, Baltenweck R, Robert E, Hugueney P, Bertsch C, Farine S, Gelhaye E. Wood degradation by Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fischer: Physiologic, metabolomic and proteomic approaches. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:988709. [PMID: 36226293 PMCID: PMC9549746 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.988709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fmed) is one of the main fungal species found in grapevine wood rot, also called "amadou," one of the most typical symptoms of grapevine trunk disease Esca. This fungus is functionally classified as a white-rot, able to degrade all wood structure polymers, i.e., hemicelluloses, cellulose, and the most recalcitrant component, lignin. Specific enzymes are secreted by the fungus to degrade those components, namely carbohydrate active enzymes for hemicelluloses and cellulose, which can be highly specific for given polysaccharide, and peroxidases, which enable white-rot to degrade lignin, with specificities relating to lignin composition as well. Furthermore, besides polymers, a highly diverse set of metabolites often associated with antifungal activities is found in wood, this set differing among the various wood species. Wood decayers possess the ability to detoxify these specific extractives and this ability could reflect the adaptation of these fungi to their specific environment. The aim of this study is to better understand the molecular mechanisms used by Fmed to degrade wood structure, and in particular its potential adaptation to grapevine wood. To do so, Fmed was cultivated on sawdust from different origins: grapevine, beech, and spruce. Carbon mineralization rate, mass loss, wood structure polymers contents, targeted metabolites (extractives) and secreted proteins were measured. We used the well-known white-rot model Trametes versicolor for comparison. Whereas no significant degradation was observed with spruce, a higher mass loss was measured on Fmed grapevine culture compared to beech culture. Moreover, on both substrates, a simultaneous degradation pattern was demonstrated, and proteomic analysis identified a relative overproduction of oxidoreductases involved in lignin and extractive degradation on grapevine cultures, and only few differences in carbohydrate active enzymes. These results could explain at least partially the adaptation of Fmed to grapevine wood structural composition compared to other wood species, and suggest that other biotic and abiotic factors should be considered to fully understand the potential adaptation of Fmed to its ecological niche. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD036889.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Schilling
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
- *Correspondence: Marion Schilling,
| | | | | | | | | | - Christophe Bertsch
- Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologies et Environnement UPR-3991, Université de Haute Alsace, Colmar, France
| | - Sibylle Farine
- Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologies et Environnement UPR-3991, Université de Haute Alsace, Colmar, France
| | - Eric Gelhaye
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
- Eric Gelhaye,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Del Frari G, Oliveira H, Boavida Ferreira R. White Rot Fungi ( Hymenochaetales) and Esca of Grapevine: Insights from Recent Microbiome Studies. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090770. [PMID: 34575808 PMCID: PMC8469066 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Esca is a major grapevine trunk disease that heavily affects vineyards in the Northern hemisphere. The etiology and epidemiology of this disease have been subject of dispute ever since the earliest disease reports. The reason behind such debate is the presence of multiple internal and external symptoms, as well as several putative and confirmed wood pathogens. While the role of pathogenic fungi, as causal agents of wood symptoms, has been thoroughly assessed, their role in the expression of leaf symptoms remains to be fully elucidated. In this review, we analyzed etiological and epidemiological data, with a special focus on the microbiological aspect of esca and the involvement of Hymenochaetales (Basidiomycota). Vineyard studies have associated leaf symptoms with the presence of white rot, most frequently caused by Fomitiporia mediterranea (Hymenochaetales), while tracheomycotic fungi are commonly found, with similar abundance, in symptomatic and asymptomatic vines. Pathogenicity trials have excluded a direct effect of Hymenochaetales species in triggering leaf symptoms, while the data concerning the role of tracheomycotic fungi remains controversial. Recent microbiome studies confirmed that F. mediterranea is more abundant in leaf-symptomatic vines, and treatments that effectively control leaf symptoms, such as sodium arsenite spray and trunk surgery, act directly on the abundance of F. mediterranea or on the presence of white rot. This suggest that the simultaneous presence of Hymenochaetales and tracheomycotic fungi is a pre-requisite for leaf symptoms; however, the relation among fungal pathogens, grapevine and other biotic and abiotic factors needs further investigation.
Collapse
|