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Zhou Y, Yang L, Xu S, Li S, Zeng L, Shang H, Li X, Fan H, Zheng SJ. Biological control of the native endophytic fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia from the root nodule of Dolichos lablab on Fusarium wilt of banana TR4. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1371336. [PMID: 38601934 PMCID: PMC11004353 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1371336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, Tropical Race 4 (TR4) is a soil-borne disease, and it is devastating. At present, the biological control using antagonistic microorganisms to mitigate TR4 is one of the best strategies as a safe and green way. Yunnan has abundant and diverse microbial resources. Using the dual-culture method, the antagonistic endophytic fungi against TR4 were isolated and screened from the root nodule of Dolichos lablab. The effect of the highest antagonistic activity strain on the morphology of the TR4 mycelium was observed using the scanning electron microscope. According to morphological characteristics and sequence analysis, the strain was identified. The biocontrol effect and plant growth promotion were investigated by greenhouse pot experiment. Using the confocal laser scanning microscope and the real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, the dynamics of TR4 infestation and the TR4 content in banana plant roots and corms would also be detected. In this study, 18 native endophytic fungi were isolated from a root nodule sample of Dolichos lablab in the mulch for banana fields in Yuxi, Yunnan Province, China. The YNF2217 strain showed a high antagonistic activity against TR4 in plate confrontation experiments, and the inhibition rate of YNF2217 is 77.63%. After TR4 culture with YNF2217 for 7 days in plate confrontation experiments, the morphology of the TR4 mycelium appeared deformed and swollen when observed under a scanning electron microscope. According to morphological characteristics and sequence analysis, the strain YNF2217 was identified as Pochonia chlamydosporia. In the greenhouse pot experiment, the biocontrol effect of YNF2217 fermentation solution on TR4 was 70.97% and 96.87% on banana plant leaves and corms, respectively. Furthermore, YNF2217 significantly promoted the growth of banana plants, such as plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf number, pseudostem girth, and both the aboveground and underground fresh weight. Observations of TR4 infestation dynamics in banana roots and corms, along with real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, verified that YNF2217 inoculation could significantly reduce the TR4 content. Therefore, YNF2217 as P. chlamydosporia, which was found first time in China and reported here, is expected to be an important new fungal resource for the green control of Fusarium wilt of banana in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Zhou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs International Joint Research Center for Agriculture, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Biological Invasions, Agricultural Environment and Resource Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Resource Plant Research Institute, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Limei Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs International Joint Research Center for Agriculture, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Biological Invasions, Agricultural Environment and Resource Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs International Joint Research Center for Agriculture, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Biological Invasions, Agricultural Environment and Resource Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shu Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs International Joint Research Center for Agriculture, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Biological Invasions, Agricultural Environment and Resource Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs International Joint Research Center for Agriculture, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Biological Invasions, Agricultural Environment and Resource Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hui Shang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs International Joint Research Center for Agriculture, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Biological Invasions, Agricultural Environment and Resource Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xundong Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs International Joint Research Center for Agriculture, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Biological Invasions, Agricultural Environment and Resource Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huacai Fan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs International Joint Research Center for Agriculture, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Biological Invasions, Agricultural Environment and Resource Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Si-Jun Zheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs International Joint Research Center for Agriculture, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Biological Invasions, Agricultural Environment and Resource Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Bioversity International, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Tian L, Zhang W, Zhou GD, Li S, Wang Y, Yang B, Bai T, Fan H, He P, Zheng SJ. A biological product of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 strain for promoting banana plant growth and modifying rhizosphere soil microbial diversity and community composition. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1216018. [PMID: 38029129 PMCID: PMC10653307 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1216018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bananas are not only an important food crop for developing countries but also a major trading fruit for tropical and semitropical regions, maintaining a huge trade volume. Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense is becoming a serious challenge to the banana industry globally. Biological control has the potential to offer both effective and sustainable measures for this soil-borne disease. Methods In order to explore the biocontrol effects of the biological agent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 strain on banana plants, two cultivars, Brazilian and Yunjiao No. 1, with varied resistance to FWB, were used in greenhouse pot experiments. Results Results showed that the plant height and pseudostem diameter of banana-susceptible cultivar Brazilian increased by 11.68% and 11.94%, respectively, after QST713 application, while the plant height and pseudostem diameter of resistant cultivar Yunjiao No. 1 increased by 14.87% and 12.51%, respectively. The fresh weight of the two cultivars increased by 20.66% and 36.68%, respectively, indicating that this biological agent has potential effects on plant growth. Analysis of the rhizosphere soil microbial communities of two different cultivars of banana plants showed that TR4 infection and B. amyloliquefaciens QST713 strain application significantly affected the bacterial and fungal diversity of Yunjiao No. 1, but not in the cultivar Brazilian. In addition, TR4 infection and QST713 application changed the bacterial community composition of both banana cultivars, and the fungal community composition of Yunjiao No. 1 also changed significantly. Relevance analysis indicated that the relative richness of Bacillus and Pseudomonas in the rhizosphere of both cultivars increased significantly after QST713 application, which had a good positive correlation with plant height, pseudostem girth, aboveground fresh weight, leaf length, and leaf width. Discussion Therefore, the outcome of this study suggests that the biological agent QST713 strain has potential application in banana production for promoting plant growth and modification of soil microbial communities, particularly in the TR4-infected field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Tian
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Guang-Dong Zhou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shu Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yongfen Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Industry Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, China
| | - Baoming Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Tingting Bai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Huacai Fan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ping He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Si-Jun Zheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Bioversity International, Kunming, China
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Fan H, He P, Xu S, Li S, Wang Y, Zhang W, Li X, Shang H, Zeng L, Zheng SJ. Banana disease-suppressive soil drives Bacillus assembled to defense Fusarium wilt of banana. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1211301. [PMID: 37601384 PMCID: PMC10437119 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1211301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4), poses a serious problem for sustainable banana production. Biological control is one of the effective measures to control this destructive disease. High-throughput sequencing of soil microorganisms could significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of biocontrol strain screening. In this study, the soil microbial diversity of six main banana-producing areas in Yunnan was sequenced by Illumina Miseq platform. The outcome of this study showed the genus of Chujaibacter, Bacillus, and Sphingomonas were significantly enriched in microorganism community composition. Further correlation analysis with soil pathogen (Foc TR4) content showed that Bacillus was significantly negatively correlated with pathogen content. Therefore, we isolated and identified Bacillus from the disease-suppressive soils, and obtained a B. velezensis strain YN1910. In vitro and pot experiments showed that YN1910 had a significant control effect (78.43-81.76%) on banana Fusarium wilt and had a significant growth promotion effect on banana plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huacai Fan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ping He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shu Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yongfen Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Industry Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xundong Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Shang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Si-Jun Zheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Bioversity International, Kunming, China
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Al-Mutar DMK, Noman M, Alzawar NSA, Qasim HH, Li D, Song F. The Extracellular Lipopeptides and Volatile Organic Compounds of Bacillus subtilis DHA41 Display Broad-Spectrum Antifungal Activity against Soil-Borne Phytopathogenic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:797. [PMID: 37623568 PMCID: PMC10455929 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) is a devastating soil-borne fungus causing Fusarium wilt in watermelon. The present study investigated the biochemical mechanism underlying the antifungal activity exhibited by the antagonistic bacterial strain DHA41, particularly against Fon. Molecular characterization based on the 16S rRNA gene confirmed that DHA41 is a strain of Bacillus subtilis, capable of synthesizing antifungal lipopeptides, such as iturins and fengycins, which was further confirmed by detecting corresponding lipopeptide biosynthesis genes, namely ItuB, ItuD, and FenD. The cell-free culture filtrate and extracellular lipopeptide extract of B. subtilis DHA41 demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of Fon, Didymella bryoniae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium graminearum, and Rhizoctonia solani. The lipopeptide extract showed emulsification activity and inhibited Fon mycelial growth by 86.4% at 100 µg/mL. Transmission electron microscope observations confirmed that the lipopeptide extract disrupted Fon cellular integrity. Furthermore, B. subtilis DHA41 emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that exhibited antifungal activity against Fon, D. bryoniae, S. sclerotiorum, and F. graminearum. These findings provide evidence that B. subtilis DHA41 possesses broad-spectrum antifungal activity against different fungi pathogens, including Fon, through the production of extracellular lipopeptides and VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhabyan Mutar Kareem Al-Mutar
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (D.M.K.A.-M.); (M.N.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Basra Agriculture Directorate, Almudaina 61008, Iraq;
| | - Muhammad Noman
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (D.M.K.A.-M.); (M.N.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | | | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (D.M.K.A.-M.); (M.N.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fengming Song
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (D.M.K.A.-M.); (M.N.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Al-Mutar DMK, Noman M, Abduljaleel Alzawar NS, Li D, Song F. Cyclic Lipopeptides of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DHA6 Are the Determinants to Suppress Watermelon Fusarium Wilt by Direct Antifungal Activity and Host Defense Modulation. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:687. [PMID: 37367623 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), poses a serious threat to watermelon productivity. We previously characterized six antagonistic bacterial strains, including DHA6, capable of suppressing watermelon Fusarium wilt under greenhouse conditions. This study investigates the role of extracellular cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) produced by strain DHA6 in Fusarium wilt suppression. Taxonomic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence categorized strain DHA6 as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identified five families of CLPs, i.e., iturin, surfactin, bacillomycin, syringfactin, and pumilacidin, in the culture filtrate of B. amyloliquefaciens DHA6. These CLPs exhibited significant antifungal activity against Fon by inducing oxidative stress and disrupting structural integrity, inhibiting mycelial growth and spore germination. Furthermore, pretreatment with CLPs promoted plant growth and suppressed watermelon Fusarium wilt by activating antioxidant enzymes (e.g., catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase) and triggering genes involved in salicylic acid and jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling in watermelon plants. These results highlight the critical roles of CLPs as determinants for B. amyloliquefaciens DHA6 in suppressing Fusarium wilt through direct antifungal activity and modulation of plant defense responses. This study provides a foundation for developing B. amyloliquefaciens DHA6-based biopesticides, serving as both antimicrobial agents and resistance inducers, to effectively control Fusarium wilt in watermelon and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhabyan Mutar Kareem Al-Mutar
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Basra Agriculture Directorate, Almudaina 61008, Iraq
| | - Muhammad Noman
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fengming Song
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Dong H, Gao R, Dong Y, Yao Q, Zhu H. Bacillus velezensis RC116 Inhibits the Pathogens of Bacterial Wilt and Fusarium Wilt in Tomato with Multiple Biocontrol Traits. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108527. [PMID: 37239871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil-borne plant diseases seriously threaten the tomato industry worldwide. Currently, eco-friendly biocontrol strategies have been increasingly considered as effective approaches to control the incidence of disease. In this study, we identified bacteria that could be used as biocontrol agents to mitigate the growth and spread of the pathogens causing economically significant diseases of tomato plants, such as tomato bacterial wilt and tomato Fusarium wilt. Specifically, we isolated a strain of Bacillus velezensis (RC116) from tomato rhizosphere soil in Guangdong Province, China, with high biocontrol potential and confirmed its identity using both morphological and molecular approaches. RC116 not only produced protease, amylase, lipase, and siderophores but also secreted indoleacetic acid, and dissolved organophosphorus in vivo. Moreover, 12 Bacillus biocontrol maker genes associated with antibiotics biosynthesis could be amplified in the RC116 genome. Extracellular secreted proteins of RC116 also exhibited strong lytic activity against Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici. Pot experiments showed that the biocontrol efficacy of RC116 against tomato bacteria wilt was 81%, and consequently, RC116 significantly promoted the growth of tomato plantlets. Based on these multiple biocontrol traits, RC116 is expected to be developed into a broad-spectrum biocontrol agent. Although several previous studies have examined the utility of B. velezensis for the control of fungal diseases, few studies to date have evaluated the utility of B. velezensis for the control of bacterial diseases. Our study fills this research gap. Collectively, our findings provide new insights that will aid the control of soil-borne diseases, as well as future studies of B. velezensis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Ruixiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yijie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Honghui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
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Zhou GD, He P, Tian L, Xu S, Yang B, Liu L, Wang Y, Bai T, Li X, Li S, Zheng SJ. Disentangling the resistant mechanism of Fusarium wilt TR4 interactions with different cultivars and its elicitor application. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1145837. [PMID: 36938065 PMCID: PMC10018200 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1145837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana, especially Tropical Race 4 (TR4) is a major factor restricting banana production. Developing a resistant cultivar and inducing plant defenses by elicitor application are currently two of the best options to control this disease. Isotianil is a monocarboxylic acid amide that has been used as a fungicide to control rice blast and could potentially induce systemic acquired resistance in plants. To determine the control effect of elicitor isotianil on TR4 in different resistant cultivars, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted and its results showed that isotianil could significantly alleviate the symptoms of TR4, provide enhanced disease control on the cultivars 'Baxi' and 'Yunjiao No.1' with control effect 50.14% and 56.14%, respectively. We compared the infection processes in 'Baxi' (susceptible cultivars) and 'Yunjiao No.1' (resistant cultivars) two cultivars inoculated with pathogen TR4. The results showed that TR4 hyphae could rapidly penetrate the cortex into the root vascular bundle for colonization, and the colonization capacity in 'Baxi' was significantly higher than that in 'Yunjiao No.1'. The accumulation of a large number of starch grains was observed in corms cells, and further analysis showed that the starch content in 'Yunjiao No. 1' as resistant cultivar was significantly higher than that in 'Baxi' as susceptible cultivar, and isotianil application could significantly increase the starch content in 'Baxi'. Besides, a mass of tyloses were observed in the roots and corms and these tyloses increased after application with isotianil. Furthermore, the total starch and tyloses contents and the control effect in the corms of 'Yunjiao No.1' was higher than that in the 'Baxi'. Moreover, the expression levels of key genes for plant resistance induction and starch synthesis were analyzed, and the results suggested that these genes were significantly upregulated at different time points after the application of isotianil. These results suggest that there are significant differences between cultivars in response to TR4 invasion and plant reactions with respect to starch accumulation, tyloses formation and the expression of plant resistance induction and starch synthesis related genes. Results also indicate that isotianil application may contribute to disease control by inducing host plant defense against TR4 infection and could be potentially used together with resistant cultivar as integrated approach to manage this destructive disease. Further research under field conditions should be included in the next phases of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Dong Zhou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Center For Potato Research, Resource Plant Research Institute, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ping He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Libo Tian
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Center For Potato Research, Resource Plant Research Institute, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Baoming Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yongfen Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Industry Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, China
| | - Tingting Bai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xundong Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shu Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Si-Jun Zheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Bioversity International, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Wang X, Du Z, Chen C, Guo S, Mao Q, Wu W, Wu R, Han W, Xie P, Zeng Y, Shan W, Wang Z, Yu X. Antifungal effects and biocontrol potential of lipopeptide-producing Streptomyces against banana Fusarium wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1177393. [PMID: 37180271 PMCID: PMC10172682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1177393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), especially tropical race 4 (TR4), presents the foremost menace to the global banana production. Extensive efforts have been made to search for efficient biological control agents for disease management. Our previous study showed that Streptomyces sp. XY006 exhibited a strong inhibitory activity against several phytopathogenic fungi, including F. oxysporum. Here, the corresponding antifungal metabolites were purified and determined to be two cyclic lipopeptide homologs, lipopeptin A and lipopeptin B. Combined treatment with lipopeptin complex antagonized Foc TR4 by inhibiting mycelial growth and conidial sporulation, suppressing the synthesis of ergosterol and fatty acids and lowering the production of fusaric acid. Electron microscopy observation showed that lipopeptide treatment induced a severe disruption of the plasma membrane, leading to cell leakage. Lipopeptin A displayed a more pronounced antifungal activity against Foc TR4 than lipopeptin B. In pot experiments, strain XY006 successfully colonized banana plantlets and suppressed the incidence of FWB, with a biocontrol efficacy of up to 87.7%. Additionally, XY006 fermentation culture application improved plant growth parameters and induced peroxidase activity in treated plantlets, suggesting a possible role in induced resistance. Our findings highlight the potential of strain XY006 as a biological agent for FWB, and further research is needed to enhance its efficacy and mode of action in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenghua Du
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chanxin Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qianzhuo Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ruimei Wu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Han
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peifeng Xie
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiping Zeng
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenna Shan
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Universities Engineering Research Center of Marine Biology and Drugs, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zonghua Wang, ; Xiaomin Yu,
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zonghua Wang, ; Xiaomin Yu,
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Yun T, Jing T, Zhou D, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Li K, Zang X, Zhang L, Xie J, Wang W. Potential Biological Control of Endophytic Streptomyces sp. 5-4 Against Fusarium Wilt of Banana Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1877-1885. [PMID: 35471064 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-21-0464-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) is one of the most disastrous fungal diseases. Biological control is a promising strategy for controlling Fusarium wilt of banana. To explore endophytic actinomycetes as biocontrol resources against Foc TR4, antagonistic strains were isolated from different tissues of medicinal plants. Here, a total of 144 actinomycetes were isolated and belonged to Nonomuraea, Kitasatospora, and Streptomyces. Forty-three isolates exhibited antifungal activities against Foc TR4. The strain labeled with 5-4 isolated from roots of Piper austrosinense had a broad-spectrum antifungal activity by the production of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase and was identified as Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus 5-4. Furthermore, disease index of banana wilt was significantly reduced by application of strain 5-4 in comparison with application of Foc TR4 alone. Exogenous application of strain 5-4 increased the expression levels of defense genes such as (PAL), peroxidase (POD), pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1), hydrolytic enzymes (β-1,3-glucanase), lysin motif receptor kinase 1 (LYK-1), and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MPK-1). The antifungal mechanism assay demonstrated that extracts of strain 5-4 inhibited spore gemination and hyphal growth of Foc TR4, and caused abnormally swollen, deformity, and rupture of Foc TR4 hypha. Thus, S. hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus 5-4 could be used as a potential biological agent for controlling Fusarium wilt of banana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyan Yun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, 571101, China
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Tao Jing
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Dengbo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Miaoyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Yankun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Xiaoping Zang
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Jianghui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, 571101, China
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10
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Li Y, Jiang S, Jiang J, Gao C, Qi X, Zhang L, Sun S, Dai Y, Fan X. Synchronized Efficacy and Mechanism of Alkaline Fertilizer and Biocontrol Fungi for Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030261. [PMID: 35330263 PMCID: PMC8953788 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect and mechanism of alkaline fertilizer, bio-control fungi, and their synergistic application on control of Fusarium Tr4 incidence. Synchronized use of the alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi eliminates rhizome browning and reduces the incidence rate of banana Fusarium wilt. The incidence of yellow leaves (ratio of yellow leaf to total leaf) and disease index in +Foc Tr4 CF treatment were the same (65%), while incidence of yellow leaves and disease index in +Foc Tr4 AFBCF were 31% and 33%, respectively. Under the stress of Foc Tr4 infection, the synergistic utilization of the alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi would raise the activities of peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in banana roots. The root activity of banana was also increased. As a result, the banana height and stem diameter increments, shoot and root dry weight, accumulation of N, P and K in banana plants had been increased. The efficacy of the synergistic application of alkaline fertilizer and biocontrol fungi was not only reducing Foc Tr4 pathogen colonization and distribution in banana plants, but also preventing tylosis formation in vascular vessel effectively. Therefore, the normal transport of water and nutrients between underground and aboveground is ensured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqiong Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (S.J.); (J.J.); (C.G.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.D.)
- R&D Center of Environment Friendly Fertilizer Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuting Jiang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (S.J.); (J.J.); (C.G.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.D.)
- R&D Center of Environment Friendly Fertilizer Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiaquan Jiang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (S.J.); (J.J.); (C.G.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.D.)
- R&D Center of Environment Friendly Fertilizer Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chengxiang Gao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (S.J.); (J.J.); (C.G.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.D.)
- R&D Center of Environment Friendly Fertilizer Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiuxiu Qi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (S.J.); (J.J.); (C.G.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.D.)
- R&D Center of Environment Friendly Fertilizer Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lidan Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (S.J.); (J.J.); (C.G.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.D.)
- R&D Center of Environment Friendly Fertilizer Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaolong Sun
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (S.J.); (J.J.); (C.G.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.D.)
- R&D Center of Environment Friendly Fertilizer Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yinhai Dai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (S.J.); (J.J.); (C.G.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.D.)
- R&D Center of Environment Friendly Fertilizer Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaolin Fan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (S.J.); (J.J.); (C.G.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (S.S.); (Y.D.)
- R&D Center of Environment Friendly Fertilizer Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence:
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