1
|
Leo G, Leone P, Ataie Kachoie E, Tolomeo M, Galluccio M, Indiveri C, Barile M, Capaldi S. Structural insights into the bifunctional enzyme human FAD synthase. Structure 2024; 32:953-965.e5. [PMID: 38688286 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Human flavin adenine dinucleotide synthase (hFADS) is a bifunctional, multi-domain enzyme that exhibits both flavin mononucleotide adenylyltransferase and pyrophosphatase activities. Here we report the crystal structure of full-length hFADS2 and its C-terminal PAPS domain in complex with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and dissect the structural determinants underlying the contribution of each individual domain, within isoforms 1 and 2, to each of the two enzymatic activities. Structural and functional characterization performed on complete or truncated constructs confirmed that the C-terminal domain tightly binds FAD and catalyzes its synthesis, while the combination of the N-terminal molybdopterin-binding and KH domains is the minimal essential substructure required for the hydrolysis of FAD and other ADP-containing dinucleotides. hFADS2 associates in a stable C2-symmetric dimer, in which the packing of the KH domain of one protomer against the N-terminal domain of the other creates the adenosine-specific active site responsible for the hydrolytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Leo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Piero Leone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Elham Ataie Kachoie
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Tolomeo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 4c, 6c, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 4c, 6c, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 4c, 6c, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Barile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Stefano Capaldi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Palmieri F, Monné M, Fiermonte G, Palmieri L. Mitochondrial transport and metabolism of the vitamin B-derived cofactors thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme A, FAD and NAD + , and related diseases: A review. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:592-617. [PMID: 35304818 PMCID: PMC9311062 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple mitochondrial matrix enzymes playing key roles in metabolism require cofactors for their action. Due to the high impermeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane, these cofactors need to be synthesized within the mitochondria or be imported, themselves or one of their precursors, into the organelles. Transporters belonging to the protein family of mitochondrial carriers have been identified to transport the coenzymes: thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme A, FAD and NAD+ , which are all structurally similar to nucleotides and derived from different B-vitamins. These mitochondrial cofactors bind more or less tightly to their enzymes and, after having been involved in a specific reaction step, are regenerated, spontaneously or by other enzymes, to return to their active form, ready for the next catalysis round. Disease-causing mutations in the mitochondrial cofactor carrier genes compromise not only the transport reaction but also the activity of all mitochondrial enzymes using that particular cofactor and the metabolic pathways in which the cofactor-dependent enzymes are involved. The mitochondrial transport, metabolism and diseases of the cofactors thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme A, FAD and NAD+ are the focus of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and BiopharmaceuticsUniversity of BariBariItaly
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM)BariItaly
| | - Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and BiopharmaceuticsUniversity of BariBariItaly
- Department of SciencesUniversity of BasilicataPotenzaItaly
| | - Giuseppe Fiermonte
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and BiopharmaceuticsUniversity of BariBariItaly
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM)BariItaly
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and BiopharmaceuticsUniversity of BariBariItaly
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM)BariItaly
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bruni F. Mitochondria: From Physiology to Pathology. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:991. [PMID: 34575140 PMCID: PMC8467726 DOI: 10.3390/life11090991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the role of mitochondria has extended beyond those tasks for which these organelles are historically known [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bruni
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|