1
|
Soares E, Bouchonneau N, Alves E, Alves K, Filho OA, Mesguich D, Chevallier G, Khalile N, Laurent C, Estournès C. Electric Arc Furnace Dust Recycled in 7075 Aluminum Alloy Composites Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6587. [PMID: 36233933 PMCID: PMC9570569 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of industrial waste, such as electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) as reinforcement in aluminum matrix composites (AMC), is still little explored even though it has shown potential to improve the mechanical properties, such as hardness and mechanical strength, of AMCs. To propose a new alternative for EAFD recycling, AA7075-EAFD composites were produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The starting powders were prepared by high-energy milling with different weight fractions of EAFD in two particle size ranges added to an AA7075 matrix. SEM shows that the distribution of reinforcement particles in the matrix is homogeneous with no agglomeration of the particles. XRD patterns of initial powders and the SPS-sintered (SPSed) samples suggest that there was no reaction during sintering (no additional peaks were detected). The relative density of all SPSed samples exceeded 96.5%. The Vickers microhardness of the composites tended to increase with increasing EAFD content, increasing from 108 HV (AA7075 without reinforcement) up to 168 HV (56% increase). The maximum microhardness value was obtained when using 15 wt.% EAFD with a particle size smaller than 53 μm (called G1), showing that EAFD presents a promising potential to be applied as reinforcement in AA7075 matrix composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elder Soares
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. da Arquitetura, s/n, Recife 50740-550, PE, Brazil
| | - Nadège Bouchonneau
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. da Arquitetura, s/n, Recife 50740-550, PE, Brazil
| | - Elizeth Alves
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. da Arquitetura, s/n, Recife 50740-550, PE, Brazil
| | - Kleber Alves
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. da Arquitetura, s/n, Recife 50740-550, PE, Brazil
| | - Oscar Araújo Filho
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. da Arquitetura, s/n, Recife 50740-550, PE, Brazil
| | - David Mesguich
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul-Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Geoffroy Chevallier
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul-Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Plateforme Nationale CNRS de Frittage Flash (PNF2), Module de Haute Technologie, Université Toulouse 3—Paul-Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Nouhaila Khalile
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul-Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Laurent
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul-Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Claude Estournès
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul-Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Molnárová O, Duchoň J, de Prado E, Csáki Š, Průša F, Málek P. Bimodal Microstructure in an AlZrTi Alloy Prepared by Mechanical Milling and Spark Plasma Sintering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:ma13173756. [PMID: 32854337 PMCID: PMC7503699 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare a low porosity bulk sample with a fine-grained structure from an AlZrTi alloy. Nanostructured powder particles were prepared by mechanical milling of gas atomized powder. The mechanically milled powder was consolidated using spark plasma sintering technology at 475 °C for 6 min using a pressure of 100 MPa. Sintering led to a low porosity sintered sample with a bimodal microstructure. The sintered sample was revealed to be composed of non-recrystallized grains with an approximate size of about 100 nm encompassed by distinct clusters of coarser, micrometer-sized grains. Whereas the larger grains were found to be lean on second phase particles, a high density of second phase particles was found in the areas of fine grains. The microhardness of the milled powder particles was established to be 163 ± 15 HV0.01, which decreased to a slightly lower value of 137 ± 25 HV0.01 after sintering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Molnárová
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (J.D.); (E.d.P.)
| | - Jan Duchoň
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (J.D.); (E.d.P.)
| | - Esther de Prado
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (J.D.); (E.d.P.)
| | - Štefan Csáki
- Institute of Plasma Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic;
| | - Filip Průša
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Přemysl Málek
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Influence of Milling and Spark Plasma Sintering on the Microstructure and Properties of the Al7075 Alloy. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11040547. [PMID: 29614046 PMCID: PMC5951431 DOI: 10.3390/ma11040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The compact samples of an Al7075 alloy were prepared by a combination of gas atomization, high energy milling, and spark plasma sintering. The predominantly cellular morphology observed in gas atomized powder particles was completely changed by mechanical milling. The continuous-like intermetallic phases present along intercellular boundaries were destroyed; nevertheless, a small amount of Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)2 phase was observed also in the milled powder. Milling resulted in a severe plastic deformation of the material and led to a reduction of grain size from several µm into the nanocrystalline region. The combination of these microstructural characteristics resulted in abnormally high microhardness values exceeding 300 HV. Consolidation through spark plasma sintering (SPS) resulted in bulk samples with negligible porosity. The heat exposition during SPS led to precipitation of intermetallic phases from the non-equilibrium microstructure of both gas atomized and milled powders. SPS of the milled powder resulted in a recrystallization of the severely deformed structure. An ultra-fine grained structure (grain size close to 500 nm) with grains divided primarily by high-angle boundaries was formed. A simultaneous release of stored deformation energy and an increase in the grain size caused a drop of microhardness to values close to 150 HV. This value was retained even after annealing at 425 °C.
Collapse
|