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Shirk BD, Torres Pereira Meriade Duarte I, McTyer JB, Eccles LE, Lateef AH, Shirk PD, Stoppel WL. Harvesting Silk Fibers from Plodia interpunctella: Role of Environmental Rearing Conditions in Fiber Production and Properties. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2088-2099. [PMID: 38427786 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Silk fibers are produced by a wide variety of insects. The silkworm Bombyx mori (Bombyx) was domesticated because the physical properties of its silk fibers were amenable to the production of fine textiles. Subsequently, engineers have regenerated silk fibroin to form biomaterials. The monocular focus on Bombyx silk has underutilized the expanse of diverse silk proteins produced by more than 100,000 other arthropods. This vast array of silk fibers could be utilized for biomedical engineering challenges if sufficient rearing and purification processes are developed. Herein, we show that the moth, Plodia interpunctella (Plodia), represents an alternative silk source that is easily reared in highly regulated culture environments allowing for greater consistency in the silk produced. We controlled the temperature, resource availability (larvae/gram diet), and population density (larvae/mL) with the goal of increasing silk fiber production and improving homogeneity in Plodia silk proteins. We determined that higher temperatures accelerated insect growth and reduced life cycle length. Furthermore, we established initial protocols for the production of Plodia silk with optimal silk production occurring at 24 °C, with a resource availability of 10 larvae/gram and a population density of 0.72 larvae/mL. Population density was shown to be the most prominent driving force of Plodia silk mat formation among the three parameters assessed. Future work will need to link gene expression, protein production and purification, and resulting mechanical properties as a function of environmental cues to further transition Plodia silk into regenerated silk fibroin biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce D Shirk
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | | | - Jasmine B McTyer
- Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Lauren E Eccles
- Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ali H Lateef
- Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Paul D Shirk
- Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Whitney L Stoppel
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Lu H, Jian M, Gan L, Zhang Y, Li S, Liang X, Wang H, Zhu M, Zhang Y. Highly strong and tough silk by feeding silkworms with rare earth ion-modified diets. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2973-2981. [PMID: 37798179 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Nature-derived silk fibers possess excellent biocompatibility, sustainability, and mechanical properties, yet producing strong and tough silk fibers in a facile and large-scale manner remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report a simple method for preparing strong and tough silk fibers by feeding silkworms rare earth ion-modified diets. The resulting silk fibers exhibit significantly increased tensile strength and toughness, with average values of 0.85 ± 0.07 GPa and 156 ± 13 MJ m-3, respectively, and maximum values of 0.97 ± 0.04 GPa and 188 ± 19 MJ m-3, approaching those of spider dragline silk. Our findings suggest that the incorporation of rare earth ions (La3+ or Eu3+) into the silk fibers contributes to this enhancement. Structure analysis reveals a reduction in content and an improvement in orientation of β-sheet nanocrystals in silk fibers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirms the chemical interaction between rare earth ions with β-sheet nanocrystals. The structural evolution and chemical interactions lead to the simultaneous enhancement in both strength and toughness. This work presents a simple, scalable, and effective strategy for producing ultra-strong and tough silk fibers with potential applications in areas requiring super structural materials, such as personal protection and aerospace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Muqiang Jian
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, China
| | - Linli Gan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haomin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengjia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Wöltje M, Isenberg KL, Cherif C, Aibibu D. Continuous Wet Spinning of Regenerated Silk Fibers from Spinning Dopes Containing 4% Fibroin Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13492. [PMID: 37686298 PMCID: PMC10487761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The wet spinning of fibers from regenerated silk fibroin has long been a research goal. Due to the degradation of the molecular structure of the fibroin protein during the preparation of the regenerated silk fibroin solution, fibroin concentrations with at least 10% protein content are required to achieve sufficient viscosity for wet spinning. In this study, a spinning dope formulation of regenerated silk fibroin is presented that shows a rheological behavior similar to that of native silk fibroin isolated from the glands of B. mori silkworm larvae. In addition, we present a wet-spinning process that enables, for the first time, the continuous wet spinning of regenerated silk fibroin with only 4% fibroin protein content into an endless fiber. Furthermore, the tensile strength of these wet-spun regenerated silk fibroin fibers per percentage of fibroin is higher than that of all continuous spinning approaches applied to regenerated and native silk fibroin published so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wöltje
- Institute of Textile Machinery and High-Performance Material Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Science and Engineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Liu Q, Wang X, Zhou Y, Tan X, Xie X, Li Y, Dong H, Tang Z, Zhao P, Xia Q. Dynamic Changes and Characterization of the Metal Ions in the Silk Glands and Silk Fibers of Silkworm. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076556. [PMID: 37047527 PMCID: PMC10094808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal ions are involved in the conformational transition of silk fibroin and influence the structure and mechanical properties of silk fibers. However, the dynamic characteristics of metal ions during the formation of silk fibers remain unclear. In this study, we found that the silk glands of silkworms contain various metal elements, with varying levels of the metal elements in different zones of the glands and higher levels in the anterior silk glands. Additionally, the content of various metallic elements in the silk glands varied greatly before and after spinning, similar to their content in different cocoon layers, thus, indicating that the anterior silk glands maintain a certain metal ion environment for the transport and conformational transformation of the silk proteins. Most of the metallic elements located in fibroin were confirmed using degumming experiments. For the first time, a scanning electron microscope energy spectrometry system was used to characterize the metal elements in the cross-section of silk and cocoons. These findings have deepened our understanding of the relationship between the overall metal ion environment and silk fiber formation and help us further conceptualize the utilization of metal ions as targets to improve the mechanical properties of the silk fibers.
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Peng Z, Hu W, Li X, Zhao P, Xia Q. Bending–Spinning Produces Silkworm and Spider Silk with Enhanced Mechanical Properties. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangchuan Peng
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing400716, China
| | - Wenbo Hu
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing400716, China
| | - Xinning Li
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing400716, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology Southwest University, Chongqing400716, China
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology Southwest University, Chongqing400716, China
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing400716, China
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Fometu SS, Ma Q, Wang J, Guo J, Ma L, Wu G. Biological Effect Evaluation of Different Sized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Bombyx mori (Silkworm) as a Model Animal. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:5260-5272. [PMID: 34997532 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-03086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in various disciplines, and it is imperative to evaluate their safety in the environment. In this paper, Bombyx mori (silkworm) was used as a model organism to evaluate the biological effects of different sized TiO2 NPs, taking into consideration their effect on the larval growth, cocoon shell weight, tissues, and silk produced. The effect of the different sized TiO2 NPs on the larval and cocoon shell weight was dose-dependent. The highest accumulation of titanium (Ti) following a modified TiO2 NPs-treated mulberry diet was observed in the midgut. The expression of the light chain fibroin (FIBL) was three times higher in 0.33 g TiO2 NPs-treated silk gland after 96 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis demonstrated that TiO2 NPs-treated silk fiber (TiSF) exhibited a diminutive decrease in silk fiber (SF) crystallization and β-sheet compared to the control SF, respectively. The tensile tests of SF from silkworm fed with 0.03 g of 25 nm TiO2 NPs were significantly improved when compared to the control SF. Significant changes in the surface morphology and thermal stability of SF were observed. The antimicrobial activity of TiSF was investigated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, with ciprofloxacin-treated SF acting as a control. It was documented that 0.09 g of 60 nm TiSF was most effective against P. aeruginosa at a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 21.06 mm when compared with the control SF which recorded a ZOI of 17.19 mm. This study highlighted a different approach in evaluating the biological effects of TiO2 NPs using the silkworm as a model and assessing their impact on the silk intrinsic property, which will be effective in biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Senyo Fometu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ma
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - JinJin Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Guo
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture, Anshun University, Anshun, 561000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Ma
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Wu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China.
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China.
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Ji Y, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Norton ML, Shen L, Tan W, Zheng X, Li S. In situ preparation of molybdenum-dioxide-incorporated carbonized silk fiber and its application in supercapacitors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1059399. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1059399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study found that the capacitive behavior of nanoparticles fed to the silkworm can be delivered to carbonized silk fibers, which can be used to fabricate electrodes for the construction of flexible supercapacitors. However, the tendency of nanoparticles to aggregate decreases the quantity of nanoparticles that enter the silk and therefore reduces the capacitance performance of the prepared carbonized silk. Here, we sprayed ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate (AMT) on the surface of mulberry leaves used for feeding silkworms and investigated the effect of feeding AMT on the growth of silkworms and the properties of spun silk. The precursor incorporated into the silk was converted into scattered MoO2 NPs, which were embedded within the carbonized silk fiber (CSF) via carbothermal reduction. The specific capacitance of CSF obtained from silkworms fed with an aqueous solution of AMT-treated mulberry leaves reached up to 298 F/g at 0.2 g/A, which is much higher than that of the control group (102 F/g). Since AMT is highly water-soluble, and its concentration can be easily modulated, we believe that the proposed strategy is feasible for the large-scale fabrication of CSF with enhanced capacitive performance.
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Abstract
Protein nanomaterials are well-defined, hollow protein nanoparticles comprised of virus capsids, virus-like particles, ferritin, heat shock proteins, chaperonins and many more. Protein-based nanomaterials are formed by the self-assembly of protein subunits and have numerous desired properties as drug-delivery vehicles, including being optimally sized for endocytosis, nontoxic, biocompatible, biodegradable and functionalized at three separate interfaces (external, internal and intersubunit). As a result, protein nanomaterials have been intensively investigated as functional entities in bionanotechnology, including drug delivery, nanoreactors and templates for organic and inorganic nanomaterials. Several variables influence efficient administration, particularly active targeting, cellular uptake, the kinetics of the release and systemic elimination. This review examines the wide range of medicines, loading/release processes, targeted therapies and treatment effectiveness.
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Yazawa K, Tatebayashi Y, Kajiura Z. Eri silkworm spins mechanically robust silk fibers regardless of reeling speed. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274025. [PMID: 35037048 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wild silkworms survive in the environmental habitats in which temperature and humidity vary based on weather. In contrast, domesticated silkworms live in mild environments where temperature and humidity are generally maintained at constant levels. Previous studies showed that the mechanical strengths and molecular orientation of the silk fibers reeled from domesticated silkworms are significantly influenced by the reeling speed. Here we investigated the effects of the reeling speeds on the mechanical properties of eri silk fibers produced by wild silkworms, Samia cynthia ricini, which belong to the family of Saturniidae. We found that the structural, morphological, and mechanical features of eri silk fibers are maintained irrespective of the reeling speed in contrast to those of domesticated silkworm silk fibers. The obtained results are useful not only for understanding the biological basis underlying the natural formation of silk fibers but also for contributing to the design of artificial spinning systems for producing synthetic silk fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Yazawa
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda City, Nagano 386-8567, Japan.,Division of Biological and Medical Fiber, Institute for Fiber Engineering, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda City, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yuka Tatebayashi
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda City, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Zenta Kajiura
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda City, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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Baranowska-Korczyc A, Hudecki A, Kamińska I, Cieślak M. Silk Powder from Cocoons and Woven Fabric as a Potential Bio-Modifier. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6919. [PMID: 34832319 PMCID: PMC8624342 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Silk, as a protein fiber characterized by high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity, is mainly used as textile structures for various purposes, including for biological applications. The key issue for unlimited silk applicability as a modifier is to prepare its relevant form to cover or introduce to other materials. This study presents silk powder fabrication from Bombyx mori cocoons and non-dyed silk woven fabric through cryogenic milling. The cocoons were milled before and after the degumming process to obtain powders from raw structures and pure fibroin. The powder morphology and composition were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The influence of the milling on the silk structure was studied using infrared and Raman spectroscopies, indicating that silk powders retained dominant β-sheet structure. The powders were also analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric techniques. The thermal endothermic peak and onset temperature characteristic for silk decomposition shifted to the lower values for all powders, indicating less thermal stability. However, the process was found to be an efficient way to obtain silk powders. The new milled form of silk can allow its introduction into different matrices or form coatings without using any harsh solvents, enriching them with new features and make more biologically friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baranowska-Korczyc
- Department of Chemical Textiles Technologies, Łukasiewicz Research Network-Textile Research Institute, 5/15 Brzezinska Street, 92-103 Lodz, Poland; (I.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Andrzej Hudecki
- Department of Functional Materials, Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, 5 Sowińskiego Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Irena Kamińska
- Department of Chemical Textiles Technologies, Łukasiewicz Research Network-Textile Research Institute, 5/15 Brzezinska Street, 92-103 Lodz, Poland; (I.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Małgorzata Cieślak
- Department of Chemical Textiles Technologies, Łukasiewicz Research Network-Textile Research Institute, 5/15 Brzezinska Street, 92-103 Lodz, Poland; (I.K.); (M.C.)
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Umuhoza D, Yang F, Long D, Hao Z, Dai J, Zhao A. Strategies for Tuning the Biodegradation of Silk Fibroin-Based Materials for Tissue Engineering Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:1290-1310. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Umuhoza
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
- Commercial Insect Program, Sericulture, Rwanda Agricultural Board, 5016 Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dingpei Long
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhanzhang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aichun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, People’s Republic of China
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Li K, Li P, Fan Y. The assembly of silk fibroin and graphene-based nanomaterials with enhanced mechanical/conductive properties and their biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6890-6913. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01733j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of silk fibroin and graphene-based nanomaterials would present fantastic properties and functions via optimizing the interaction between each other, and can be processed into various formats to tailor specific biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Yubo Fan
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100083
- China
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