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Nitti P, Narayanan A, Pellegrino R, Villani S, Madaghiele M, Demitri C. Cell-Tissue Interaction: The Biomimetic Approach to Design Tissue Engineered Biomaterials. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1122. [PMID: 37892852 PMCID: PMC10604880 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10101122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The advancement achieved in Tissue Engineering is based on a careful and in-depth study of cell-tissue interactions. The choice of a specific biomaterial in Tissue Engineering is fundamental, as it represents an interface for adherent cells in the creation of a microenvironment suitable for cell growth and differentiation. The knowledge of the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular matrix is a useful tool for the optimization of polymeric scaffolds. This review aims to analyse the chemical, physical, and biological parameters on which are possible to act in Tissue Engineering for the optimization of polymeric scaffolds and the most recent progress presented in this field, including the novelty in the modification of the scaffolds' bulk and surface from a chemical and physical point of view to improve cell-biomaterial interaction. Moreover, we underline how understanding the impact of scaffolds on cell fate is of paramount importance for the successful advancement of Tissue Engineering. Finally, we conclude by reporting the future perspectives in this field in continuous development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Nitti
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.N.); (R.P.); (S.V.); (M.M.); (C.D.)
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Parisi L, Ghezzi B, Toffoli A, Macaluso GM, Lumetti S. Aptamer-enriched scaffolds for tissue regeneration: a systematic review of the literature. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1199651. [PMID: 37265990 PMCID: PMC10229892 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1199651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Aptamers are a brand-new class of receptors that can be exploited to improve the bioactivity of tissue engineering grafts. The aim of this work was to revise the current literature on in vitro and in vivo studies in order to i) identify current strategies adopted to improve scaffold bioactivity by aptamers; ii) assess effects of aptamer functionalization on cell behavior and iii) on tissue regeneration. Methods: Using a systematic search approach original research articles published up to 30 April 2022, were considered and screened. Results: In total, 131 records were identified and 18 were included in the final analysis. Included studies showed that aptamers can improve the bioactivity of biomaterials by specific adsorption of adhesive molecules or growth factors from the surrounding environment, or by capturing specific cell types. All the studies showed that aptamers ameliorate scaffold colonization by cells without modifying the physicochemical characteristics of the bare scaffold. Additionally, aptamers seem to promote the early stages of tissue healing and to promote anatomical and functional regeneration. Discussion: Although a metanalysis could not be performed due to the limited number of studies, we believe these findings provide solid evidence supporting the use of aptamers as a suitable modification to improve the bioactivity of tissue engineering constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Parisi
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benedetta Ghezzi
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Istituto dei Materiali per l’Elettronica ed il Magnetismo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Toffoli
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Guido M. Macaluso
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Istituto dei Materiali per l’Elettronica ed il Magnetismo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Lumetti
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Istituto dei Materiali per l’Elettronica ed il Magnetismo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma, Italy
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Fibronectin-Enriched Biomaterials, Biofunctionalization, and Proactivity: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112412111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Modern innovation in reconstructive medicine implies the proposition of material-based strategies suitable for tissue repair and regeneration. The development of such systems necessitates the design of advanced materials and the control of their interactions with their surrounding cellular and molecular microenvironments. Biomaterials must actively engage cellular matter to direct and modulate biological responses at implant sites and beyond. Indeed, it is essential that a true dialogue exists between the implanted device and the cells. Biomaterial engineering implies the knowledge and control of cell fate considering the globality of the adhesion process, from initial cell attachment to differentiation. The extracellular matrix (ECM) represents a complex microenvironment able to meet these essential needs to establish a relationship between the material and the contacting cells. The ECM exhibits specific physical, chemical, and biochemical characteristics. Considering the complexity, heterogeneity, and versatility of ECM actors, fibronectin (Fn) has emerged among the ECM protagonists as the most pertinent representative key actor. The following review focuses on and synthesizes the research supporting the potential to use Fn in biomaterial functionalization to mimic the ECM and enhance cell–material interactions.
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Klavert J, van der Eerden BCJ. Fibronectin in Fracture Healing: Biological Mechanisms and Regenerative Avenues. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:663357. [PMID: 33937219 PMCID: PMC8085338 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.663357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in mediating bone fracture repair is evident, and fibronectin (FN) has emerged as a pivotal regulator of this process. FN is an evolutionarily conserved glycoprotein found in all tissues of the body, and functions in several stages of fracture healing. FN acts as a three-dimensional scaffold immediately following trauma, guiding the assembly of additional ECM components. Furthermore, FN regulates cellular behavior via integrin-binding and growth factor-binding domains, promoting downstream responses including cell recruitment, proliferation and differentiation. Due to its diverse functions, the development of FN-based strategies to promote fracture healing is under intense research. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in utilizing FN-based biomaterials, showing promise in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Klavert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Parisi L, Rivara F, Costa CA, Abuna RP, Palioto DB, Macaluso GM. Aptamers recognizing fibronectin confer improved bioactivity to biomaterials and promote new bone formation in a periodontal defect in rats. Biomed Mater 2020; 16:015016. [PMID: 33325378 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abb6b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of alloplastic materials in periodontal regenerative therapies is limited by their incapacity to establish a dynamic dialog with the surrounding milieu. The aim of the present study was to control biomaterial surface bioactivity by introducing aptamers to induce the selective adsorption of fibronectin from blood, thus promoting platelets activation in vitro and bone regeneration in vivo. A hyaluronic acid/polyethyleneglycole-based hydrogel was enriched with aptamers selected for recognizing and binding fibronectin. In vitro, the capacity of constructs to support osteoblast adhesion, as well as platelets aggregation and activation was assessed by chemiluminescence within 24 h. Matrices were then evaluated in a rat periodontal defect to assess their regenerative potential by microcomputed tomography (µCT) and their osteogenic capacity by Luminex assay 5, 15 and 30 d postoperatively. Aptamers were found to confer matrices the capacity of sustaining firm cell adhesion (p = 0.0377) and to promote platelets activation (p = 0.0442). In vivo, aptamers promoted new bone formation 30 d post-operatively (p < 0.001) by enhancing osteoblastic lineage commitment maturation. Aptamers are a viable surface modification, which confers alloplastic materials the potential capacity to orchestrate blood clot formation, thus controlling bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Parisi
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 3, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Federico Rivara
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - Camila A Costa
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Do Cafè, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-904, Brazil
- Department of Stomatological Sciences, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goias, Avenida Arumã, Goiâna, GO 74835-320, Brazil
| | - Rodriguo Pf Abuna
- Cell Culture Laboratory, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Do Cafè, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-904, Brazil
- Fiocruz-Bi-Instituional Translational Medicine Project, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Rua dos Técnicos, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-030, Brazil
| | - Daniela B Palioto
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Do Cafè, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Guido M Macaluso
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy
- Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, Parma 43124, Italy
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Chen YF, Goodheart C, Rua D. The Body's Cellular and Molecular Response to Protein-Coated Medical Device Implants: A Review Focused on Fibronectin and BMP Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228853. [PMID: 33238458 PMCID: PMC7700595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a marked rise in implantation into the body of a great variety of devices: hip, knee, and shoulder replacements, pacemakers, meshes, glucose sensors, and many others. Cochlear and retinal implants are being developed to restore hearing and sight. After surgery to implant a device, adjacent cells interact with the implant and release molecular signals that result in attraction, infiltration of the tissue, and attachment to the implant of various cell types including monocytes, macrophages, and platelets. These cells release additional signaling molecules (chemokines and cytokines) that recruit tissue repair cells to the device site. Some implants fail and require additional revision surgery that is traumatic for the patient and expensive for the payer. This review examines the literature for evidence to support the possibility that fibronectins and BMPs could be coated on the implants as part of the manufacturing process so that the proteins could be released into the tissue surrounding the implant and improve the rate of successful implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Chen
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
| | | | - Diego Rua
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Ghezzi B, Parisi L, Vurro F, Alfieri I, Toffoli A, Meglioli M, Mozzoni B, Ghiacci G, Macaluso GM. Tetracalcium phosphate and biphasic tetracalcium phosphate/tricalcium phosphate powders' effects evaluation on human osteoblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 69:87-94. [PMID: 32181607 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4970.20.04272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium ions levels in bone niches have been demonstrated to severely influence new bone formation. Osteoinductive scaffolds containing calcium have been largely studied to control the release of calcium in bone regeneration and tissue engineering purpose. The aim of the present study was, firstly, to synthesize two different resorbable calcium phosphate-based powders, thought to be reservoirs of calcium ions, and secondary, to investigate their effects on human osteoblasts, in order to develop a suitable titanium coating material. METHODS Tetracalcium phosphate (A450) and biphasic tetracalcium phosphatae/tricalcium phosphate (A850) powders were prepared with an innovative method. The presence of calcium phosphate structures was chemically confirmed with XRD. Furthermore, powders macroscopic aspect was observed with a stereomicroscope. For in-vitro experiments, human osteoblastic cells were cultured in the presence of A450 and A850, and assayed for viability and metabolic activity through Crystal Violet and MTT, respectively. RESULTS Our synthesis led to the formation of calcium phosphates in both samples, even though A850 presented a higher level of crystallinity and a more powdery aspects than A450. Both the samples enhanced the viability of cultured cells, inhibiting cell metabolic activity in the case of A850, which furthermore showed to be internalized by cells. CONCLUSIONS We developed two different kind of calcium phosphate-based powders and we tested their effect on human osteoblasts, underlying the possibility of use calcium phosphate-based coatings to enhance cell response on implantable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Ghezzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Center of Dentistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ludovica Parisi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Center of Dentistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy - .,Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Vurro
- Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica e il Magnetisimo (IMEM-CNR), Parma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Alfieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Life and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Toffoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Center of Dentistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Meglioli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Center of Dentistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Beatrice Mozzoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Center of Dentistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Ghiacci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Center of Dentistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Guido M Macaluso
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Center of Dentistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica e il Magnetisimo (IMEM-CNR), Parma, Italy
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Parisi L, Toffoli A, Ghezzi B, Mozzoni B, Lumetti S, Macaluso GM. A glance on the role of fibronectin in controlling cell response at biomaterial interface. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2019; 56:50-55. [PMID: 31890058 PMCID: PMC6928270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioactivity of biomaterials is closely related to cell response in contact with them. However, shortly after their insertion, materials are soon covered with proteins that constitute the biological fluids, and which render the direct surface recognition by cells almost impossible. The control of protein adsorption at the interface is therefore desirable. Extracellular matrix proteins are of particular interest in this sense, due to their well-known ability to modulate cell behavior. Particularly, fibronectin plays a leading role, being present in both healthy and injured tissues undergoing healing and regeneration. The aim of the present work is to give an overview on fibronectin and on its involvement in the control of cell behavior providing evidence of its pivotal role in the control of cell adhesion, spreading, migration, proliferation and differentiation. A deep insight into methods to enrich biomaterials surface with fibronectin will be then discussed, as well as new cues on the possibility to design tailored platforms able to specifically retain fibronectin from the surrounding extracellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Parisi
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Labor für Orale Molekularbiologie, Klinik für Kieferorthopädie, Zahnmedizinische Klinik, Universität Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. Present address: Labor für Orale Molekularbiologie, Klinik für Kieferorthopädie, Zahnmedizinische Kliniken, Universität Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Toffoli
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ghezzi
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Beatrice Mozzoni
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Lumetti
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Guido M. Macaluso
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Istituto dei Materiali per l’Elettronica e l’Elettromagnetismo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Toffoli A, Parisi L, Bianchi MG, Lumetti S, Bussolati O, Macaluso GM. Thermal treatment to increase titanium wettability induces selective proteins adsorption from blood serum thus affecting osteoblasts adhesion. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 107:110250. [PMID: 31761226 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate how a thermal treatment to increase titanium wettability influences proteins adsorption from blood serum and osteoblasts responses. METHODS Titanium discs with machined or micro-rough profiles were thermally treated to obtain hydrophilic surfaces. The adsorption kinetics of two representative serum proteins were determined by Bradford assay, while the stable protein adsorption pattern from blood serum was investigated by SDS-PAGE and Western Blot analysis. Subsequently, MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on titanium for 24h and assayed for adhesion and morphology. RESULTS Thermally-induced hydrophilicity dramatically improved the capacity of titanium to selectively adsorb fibronectin and fibrinogen from blood serum, without evident influence on other representative serum proteins. The selective adsorption of fibronectin was linked to the improved capacity of MC3T3-E1 cells to adhere and spread on hydrophilic surfaces. SIGNIFICANCE We identified a potential method to improve selective protein adsorption on titanium by enhancing implant surface wettability through a thermal treatment. Selective fibronectin adsorption was further indicated as the responsible for improved osteoblasts adhesion. Targeting specific cell response by selective protein adsorption appears to be crucial to conceive even more performant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Toffoli
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, PR, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, PR, Italy.
| | - Ludovica Parisi
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, PR, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, PR, Italy.
| | | | - Simone Lumetti
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, PR, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, PR, Italy.
| | - Ovidio Bussolati
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, PR, Italy.
| | - Guido M Macaluso
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, PR, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, PR, Italy; Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124, Parma, PR, Italy.
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Parisi L, Toffoli A, Mozzoni B, Rivara F, Ghezzi B, Cutrera M, Lumetti S, Macaluso GM. Is selective protein adsorption on biomaterials a viable option to promote periodontal regeneration? Med Hypotheses 2019; 132:109388. [PMID: 31491678 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition that can induce significant destruction of the periodontium, the set of specialized tissues that provide nourishment and support to the teeth. According to the guided tissue regeneration principles, the periodontium can be regenerated if the spatiotemporal control of wound healing is obtained, namely the tune control of cell response. After material implantation, protein adsorption at the interface is the first occurring biological event, which influences subsequent cell response. With the regard of this, we hypothesize that the control of selective adsorption of biological cues from the surrounding milieu may be a key-point to control selective cell colonization of scaffolds for periodontal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Parisi
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Parma, IT, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, IT, Italy.
| | - Andrea Toffoli
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Parma, IT, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, IT, Italy
| | - Beatrice Mozzoni
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Parma, IT, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, IT, Italy
| | - Federico Rivara
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Parma, IT, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ghezzi
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Parma, IT, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, IT, Italy
| | - Miriam Cutrera
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Parma, IT, Italy
| | - Simone Lumetti
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Parma, IT, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, IT, Italy
| | - Guido M Macaluso
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Parma, IT, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, IT, Italy; Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma, IT, Italy
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