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Sun J, Ding Q, Chen Y, Li J, Wang Z, Wei Z, Ge X, Zhang L. Effects and underlying mechanism of micro-nano-structured zirconia surfaces on biological behaviors of human gingival fibroblasts under inflammatory conditions. Acta Biomater 2024:S1742-7061(24)00270-8. [PMID: 38768742 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Zirconia is one of the most commonly used materials for abutments of dental implants, especially in the anterior region. Soft tissue integration to the zirconia abutment surface remains a challenge. Peri-implant soft tissue integration serves as a physiological barrier, attenuating pathogen penetration and preventing peri‑implant disease. The surface microstructure of zirconia has significant effects on the biological behaviors of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), but the effects under inflammatory conditions are still unclear. In this study, we established two micro-nano structures on zirconia surfaces using a femtosecond laser, including microgrooves with widths of 30 µm (G3) and 60 µm (G6) and depths of 5 µm, and nanoparticles inside the microgrooves. Polished surfaces were used as controls. HGFs were seeded onto the three groups of zirconia specimens and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. The HGFs on micro-nano-structured zirconia surfaces exhibited lower inflammatory responses and higher cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration under inflammatory conditions compared with the polished surfaces. Additionally, the G3 group exhibited lower inflammatory responses and higher cell adhesion and migration than the G6 group. The micro-nano-structured zirconia surface exhibited decreased neutrophil infiltration and increased M2-type macrophage polarization in vivo. To explore the molecular mechanism, RNA sequencing and gene silencing were utilized, which revealed two critical target genes regulated by the G3 group. Overall, we proposed an innovative micro-nano-structured zirconia surface that reduced the in vitro and in vivo inflammatory responses and promoted HGF adhesion, migration, and proliferation under inflammatory conditions, in which TRAFD1 and NLRC5 were the underlying key genes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Zirconia is one of the most commonly used materials for abutments, especially in the anterior region. The surface microstructure of zirconia has significant effects on the biological behaviors of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), but few studies have investigated these effects under inflammatory conditions, and the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we developed an innovative micro-nano-structured zirconia surface using a femtosecond laser, which reduces the in vitro and in vivo pro-inflammatory responses and promotes HGFs adhesion, migration, and proliferation under inflammatory conditions compared with the polished zirconia surface. The potential underlying mechanism was also investigated. This work has provided some theoretical basis for the micro-nano-structured zirconia surface in potentially reducing the inflammation and enhancing peri‑implant soft-tissue integration under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Sun
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiajun Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Department of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaohua Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Department of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zhiyi Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Department of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiyuan Ge
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China.
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Tang K, Luo ML, Zhou W, Niu LN, Chen JH, Wang F. The integration of peri-implant soft tissues around zirconia abutments: Challenges and strategies. Bioact Mater 2023; 27:348-361. [PMID: 37180640 PMCID: PMC10172871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable soft tissue integration around the implant abutment attenuates pathogen penetration, protects underlying bone tissue, prevents peri-implantitis and is essential in maintaining long-term implant stability. The desire for "metal free" and "aesthetic restoration" has favored zirconia over titanium abutments, especially for implant restorations in the anterior region and for patients with thin gingival biotype. Soft tissue attachment to the zirconia abutment surface remains a challenge. A comprehensive review of advances in zirconia surface treatment (micro-design) and structural design (macro-design) affecting soft tissue attachment is presented and strategies and research directions are discussed. Soft tissue models for abutment research are described. Guidelines for development of zirconia abutment surfaces that promote soft tissue integration and evidence-based references to inform clinical choice of abutment structure and postoperative maintenance are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology &Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Meng-Lin Luo
- Institute of Stomatology & Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology &Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Li-Na Niu
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology &Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Ji-Hua Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology &Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Fu Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology &Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- Corresponding author.
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Influence of the Surface Chemical Composition Differences between Zirconia and Titanium with the Similar Surface Structure and Roughness on Bone Formation. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142478. [PMID: 35889704 PMCID: PMC9324478 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The osseointegration of zirconia (ZrO2) implants is still controversial. In this study, we aimed to make clear the influence of surface chemical composition, Ti or ZrO2, to osseointegration. First, a roughened Ti surface was prepared with a combination of large-grit sandblasting and acid treatment. Then, we applied molecular precursor solution containing Zr complex onto roughened Ti surface and can deposit thin ZrO2 film onto roughened Ti surface. We can change surface chemical composition from Ti to ZrO2 without changing the surface structure and roughness of roughened Ti. The tetragonal Zr was uniformly present on the ZrO2-coated Ti surface, and the surface of the ZrO2-coated Ti showed a higher apparent zeta potential than Ti. Ti and ZrO2-coated Ti rectangular plate implant was placed into the femur bone defect. After 2 and 4 weeks of implantation, histomorphometric observation revealed that the bone-to-implant contact ratio and the bone mass values for ZrO2-coated Ti implants inserted into the femur bone defects of the rats at 2 weeks were significantly higher than those for Ti implants (p < 0.05). It revealed that ZrO2 with a similar surface structure and roughness as that of roughened Ti promoted osteogenesis equivalent to or better than that of Ti in the early bone formation stage.
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Kunrath MF, Muradás TC, Penha N, Campos MM. Innovative surfaces and alloys for dental implants: What about biointerface-safety concerns? Dent Mater 2021; 37:1447-1462. [PMID: 34426019 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present review article aimed to discuss the recent technologies employed for the development of dental implants, mainly regarding innovative surface treatments and alternative alloys, emphasizing the bio-tribocorrosion processes. METHODS An electronic search applying specific MeSH terms was carried out in PubMed and Google Scholar databases to collect data until August 2021, considering basic, pre-clinical, clinical and review studies. The relevant articles (n=111), focused on innovative surface treatments for dental implants and their potential undesirable biological effects, were selected and explored. RESULTS Novel texturization methodologies for dental implants clearly provided superficial and structural atomic alterations in micro- and nanoscale, promoting different mechanical-chemical interactions when applied in the clinical set. Some particulate metals released from implant surfaces, their degradation products and/or contaminants exhibited local and systemic reactions after implant installation and osseointegration, contributing to unexpected treatment drawbacks and adverse effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for development of pre-clinical and clinical platforms for screening dental implant devices, to predict the biointerface reactions as early as possible during the development phases. SIGNIFICANCE Modern surface treatments and innovative alloys developed for dental implants are not completely understood regarding their integrity during long-term clinical function, especially when considering the bio-tribocorrosion process. From this review, it is possible to assume that degradation and contamination of dental surfaces might be associated within peri-implant inflammation and cumulative long-lasting systemic toxicity. The in-depth comprehension of the biointerface modifications on these novel surface treatments might preclude unnecessary expenses and postoperative complications involving osseointegration failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel F Kunrath
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Thaís C Muradás
- Centro de Pesquisa em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Maria M Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Kunrath MF, Gupta S, Lorusso F, Scarano A, Noumbissi S. Oral Tissue Interactions and Cellular Response to Zirconia Implant-Prosthetic Components: A Critical Review. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112825. [PMID: 34070589 PMCID: PMC8198172 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dental components manufactured with zirconia (ZrO2) represent a significant percentage of the implant prosthetic market in dentistry. However, during the last few years, we have observed robust clinical and pre-clinical scientific investigations on zirconia both as a prosthetic and an implantable material. At the same time, we have witnessed consistent technical and manufacturing updates with regards to the applications of zirconia which appear to gradually clarify points which until recently were not well understood. Methods: This critical review evaluated the “state of the art” in relation to applications of this biomaterial in dental components and its interactions with oral tissues. Results: The physico-chemical and structural properties as well as the current surface treatment methodologies for ZrO2 were explored. A critical investigation of the cellular response to this biomaterial was completed and the clinical implications discussed. Finally, surface treatments of ZrO2 demonstrate that excellent osseointegration is possible and provide encouraging prospects for rapid bone adhesion. Furthermore, sophisticated surface treatment techniques and technologies are providing impressive oral soft tissue cell responses thus leading to superior biological seal. Conclusions: Dental devices manufactured from ZrO2 are structurally and chemically stable with biocompatibility levels allowing for safe and long-term function in the oral environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel F. Kunrath
- Dentistry Department, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), P.O. Box 6681, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil;
- Materials and Nanoscience Laboratory, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), P.O. Box 6681, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Zirconia Implant Research Group (Z.I.R.G), International Academy of Ceramic Implantology, Silver Spring, MD 20901, USA; (S.G.); (S.N.)
- Master Dental Science, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Felice Lorusso
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31-66100 Chieti, CH, Italy;
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Zirconia Implant Research Group (Z.I.R.G), International Academy of Ceramic Implantology, Silver Spring, MD 20901, USA; (S.G.); (S.N.)
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31-66100 Chieti, CH, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +08713554084
| | - Sammy Noumbissi
- Zirconia Implant Research Group (Z.I.R.G), International Academy of Ceramic Implantology, Silver Spring, MD 20901, USA; (S.G.); (S.N.)
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31-66100 Chieti, CH, Italy;
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Fernández-Fairén M, Torres-Perez A, Perez R, Punset M, Molmeneu M, Ortiz-Hernández M, Manero JM, Gil J. Early Short-Term Postoperative Mechanical Failures of Current Ceramic-on-Ceramic Bearing Total Hip Arthroplasties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235318. [PMID: 33255355 PMCID: PMC7727787 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Although ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) bearings have been shown to produce the smallest amount of wear volume in vitro as well as in vivo studies when used for total hip arthroplasties (THA), concerns about the failure of these bearing surfaces persist due to early failures observed after short postoperative time. In this study, an exhaustive analysis of the early failure occurred on the new generation of ceramic bearings, consisting of a composite alumina matrix-based material reinforced with yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP) particles, chromium dioxide, and strontium crystals, was performed. For this study, 118 CoC bearings from 117 patients were revised. This article describes a group of mechanical failure CoC-bearing BIOLOX THA hip prosthesis patients without trauma history. The retrieved samples were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM), composition was analyzed with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and damaged surfaces were analyzed by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD) and white light interferometry. In the short term, CoC articulations provided similar mechanical behavior and functional outcome to those in XLPE cases. However, 5% more early mechanical failures cases were observed for the ceramic components. Although the fracture rate of third generation CoC couples is low, the present study shows the need to further improve the third generation of CoC-bearing couples for THA. Despite the improved wear compared to other materials, stress concentrators are sources of initial crack propagation, such as those found in the bore-trunnion areas. Moreover, in view of the evidence observed in this study, the chipping observed was due to the presence of monoclinic phase of the Y-TZP instead of tetragonal, which presents better mechanical properties. The results showed that total safety after receiving a THA is still a goal to be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Fernández-Fairén
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Facultat de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 080195 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.-F.); (R.P.)
| | - Ana Torres-Perez
- Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Calle Mezquita, s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain;
| | - Roman Perez
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Facultat de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 080195 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.-F.); (R.P.)
| | - Miquel Punset
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Carrer de Jordi Girona 1, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.O.-H.); (J.M.M.)
- Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany, 10–14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- UPC Innovation and Technology Center (CIT-UPC), Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), C. Jordi Girona 3–1, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Molmeneu
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Carrer de Jordi Girona 1, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.O.-H.); (J.M.M.)
- Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany, 10–14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Ortiz-Hernández
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Carrer de Jordi Girona 1, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.O.-H.); (J.M.M.)
- Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany, 10–14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José María Manero
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Carrer de Jordi Girona 1, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.O.-H.); (J.M.M.)
- Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany, 10–14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Gil
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Facultat de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 080195 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.-F.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Komasa S, Takao S, Yang Y, Zeng Y, Li M, Yan S, Zhang H, Komasa C, Kobayashi Y, Nishizaki H, Nishida H, Kusumoto T, Okazaki J. Effects of UV Treatment on Ceria-Stabilized Zirconia/Alumina Nanocomposite (NANOZR). MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122772. [PMID: 32570895 PMCID: PMC7345710 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructured zirconia/alumina composite (NANOZR) has been explored as a suitable material for fabricating implants for patients with metal allergy. In this study, we examined the effect of UV treatment on the NANOZR surface. The experimental group was UV-treated NANOZR and the control group was untreated NANOZR. Observation of the surface of the UV-treated materials revealed no mechanical or structural change; however, the carbon content on the material surface was reduced, and the material surface displayed superhydrophilicity. Further, the effects of the UV-induced superhydrophilic properties of NANOZR plates on the adhesion behavior of various cells were investigated. Treatment of the NANOZR surface was found to facilitate protein adsorption onto it. An in vitro evaluation using rat bone marrow cells, human vascular endothelial cells, and rat periodontal ligament cells revealed high levels of adhesion in the experimental group. In addition, it was clarified that the NANOZR surface forms active oxygen and suppresses the generation of oxidative stress. Overall, the study results suggested that UV-treated NANOZR is useful as a new ceramic implant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Komasa
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (S.K.); (S.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (H.Z.); (C.K.)
| | - Seiji Takao
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (S.K.); (S.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (H.Z.); (C.K.)
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (S.K.); (S.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (H.Z.); (C.K.)
| | - Yuhao Zeng
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (S.K.); (S.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (H.Z.); (C.K.)
| | - Min Li
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (S.K.); (S.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (H.Z.); (C.K.)
| | - Sifan Yan
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (S.K.); (S.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (H.Z.); (C.K.)
| | - Honghao Zhang
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (S.K.); (S.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (H.Z.); (C.K.)
| | - Chisato Komasa
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (S.K.); (S.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (H.Z.); (C.K.)
| | - Yasuyuki Kobayashi
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Morinomiya Center, 1-6-50, Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Nishizaki
- Department of Japan, Faculty of Health Sciences, Osaka Dental University, 1-4-4, Makino-honmachi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (H.N.); (T.K.)
| | - Hisataka Nishida
- Department of Advanced Hard Materials, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan;
| | - Tetsuji Kusumoto
- Department of Japan, Faculty of Health Sciences, Osaka Dental University, 1-4-4, Makino-honmachi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (H.N.); (T.K.)
| | - Joji Okazaki
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (S.K.); (S.T.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (S.Y.); (H.Z.); (C.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-864-3084; Fax: +81-72-864-3184
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