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Maraveas C, Kyrtopoulos IV, Arvanitis KG, Bartzanas T. The Aging of Polymers under Electromagnetic Radiation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:689. [PMID: 38475374 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials degrade as they react with environmental conditions such as temperature, light, and humidity. Electromagnetic radiation from the Sun's ultraviolet rays weakens the mechanical properties of polymers, causing them to degrade. This study examined the phenomenon of polymer aging due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The study examined three specific objectives, including the key theories explaining ultraviolet (UV) radiation's impact on polymer decomposition, the underlying testing procedures for determining the aging properties of polymeric materials, and appraising the current technical methods for enhancing the UV resistance of polymers. The study utilized a literature review methodology to understand the aging effect of electromagnetic radiation on polymers. Thus, the study concluded that using additives and UV absorbers on polymers and polymer composites can elongate the lifespan of polymers by shielding them from the aging effects of UV radiation. The findings from the study suggest that thermal conditions contribute to polymer degradation by breaking down their physical and chemical bonds. Thermal oxidative environments accelerate aging due to the presence of UV radiation and temperatures that foster a quicker degradation of plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthos Maraveas
- Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vasileios Kyrtopoulos
- Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos G Arvanitis
- Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Bartzanas
- Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
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2
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Molecular Pathways for Polymer Degradation during Conventional Processing, Additive Manufacturing, and Mechanical Recycling. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052344. [PMID: 36903589 PMCID: PMC10004996 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of the extent of degradation of polymer molecules during processing via conventional (e.g., extrusion and injection molding) and emerging (e.g., additive manufacturing; AM) techniques is important for both the final polymer material performance with respect to technical specifications and the material circularity. In this contribution, the most relevant (thermal, thermo-mechanical, thermal-oxidative, hydrolysis) degradation mechanisms of polymer materials during processing are discussed, addressing conventional extrusion-based manufacturing, including mechanical recycling, and AM. An overview is given of the most important experimental characterization techniques, and it is explained how these can be connected with modeling tools. Case studies are incorporated, dealing with polyesters, styrene-based materials, and polyolefins, as well as the typical AM polymers. Guidelines are formulated in view of a better molecular scale driven degradation control.
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3
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Meng X, Li Y, AlMasoud N, Wang W, Alomar TS, Li J, Ye X, Algadi H, Seok I, Li H, Xu BB, Lu N, El-Bahy ZM, Guo Z. Compatibilizing and toughening blends of recycled acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/recycled high impact polystyrene blends via styrene-butadiene-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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4
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Ramos‐Hernández T, Robledo‐Ortíz JR, González‐López ME, del Campo ASM, González‐Núñez R, Rodrigue D, Pérez Fonseca AA. Mechanical recycling of
PLA
: Effect of weathering, extrusion cycles, and chain extender. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rubén González‐Núñez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara Mexico
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering Université Laval Quebec City Quebec Canada
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5
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Exploring the Materials and Condition of 20th-Century Dolls in Zoe Leonard's Mouth Open, Teeth Showing 2000. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010034. [PMID: 36616384 PMCID: PMC9824361 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic condition and analytical surveys were carried out on Zoe Leonard's (b. 1961) Mouth Open, Teeth Showing 2000, an installation artwork in Tate's collection consisting of 162 children's dolls. The dolls were manufactured at various points within the 20th century and encompass several potentially problematic synthetic polymers found in modern and contemporary museum collections. To explore the doll materials and conservation condition, a multi-analytical approach was used to identify key synthetic polymer types and additives present, including portable and bench analytical techniques. Challenging degradation phenomena associated with different types of doll have been discussed and related to their material composition, which has helped our understanding of the conservation challenges inherent to this contemporary artwork.
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6
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La Gala A, Ceretti DVA, Fiorio R, Cardon L, D'hooge DR. Comparing pellet‐ and filament‐based additive manufacturing with conventional processing for
ABS
and
PLA
parts. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea La Gala
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Daniel V. A. Ceretti
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Rudinei Fiorio
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- Centre for Textiles Science and Engineering (CTSE), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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7
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Pfaendner R. Restabilization – 30 years of research for quality improvement of recycled plastics review. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Wu L, Mu B, Yang H, Wang X, Wang A. Mechanochemical synthesis of multifunctional kaolin@
BiVO
4
hybrid pigments for coloring and reinforcing of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province Center of Eco‐material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
| | - Bin Mu
- Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province Center of Eco‐material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province Center of Eco‐material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province Center of Eco‐material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province Center of Eco‐material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
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9
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Poszwa P, Muszyński P, Mrozek K, Zielinski M, Gessner A, Kowal M. Investigation of the Strength of Plastic Parts Improved with Selective Induction Heating. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244293. [PMID: 34960844 PMCID: PMC8705905 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of selective induction heating of molding surfaces allows for better filling of molding cavities and has a positive effect on the properties of molded products. This is particularly important in the production of parts that include flexible hinges, which are thin plastic layers connecting two or more parts of the product. By using hinges, it is possible to expand the use of injection molding products and their capabilities. They are widely used in the production of parts for the electrical engineering industry and for packaging Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). The use of hinges also entails specific reductions in wall thickness. Increases in the shear rate can be expected, which can lead to the degradation of polymers and deterioration of mechanical properties of materials. This paper investigates injection molded flexible hinge parts manufactured with selective induction heating to improve their properties. To verify the efficiency of reduction of material degradation due to high shear rates, open/close tests of elastic hinges were performed. The linear relation between the number of cycles the hinges can withstand, mold temperature and injection time was identified, where mold temperature was the more significant factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Poszwa
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Paweł Muszyński
- Institute of Mechanical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (P.M.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (M.K.)
| | - Krzysztof Mrozek
- Institute of Mechanical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (P.M.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (M.K.)
| | - Michał Zielinski
- Institute of Mechanical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (P.M.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Andrzej Gessner
- Institute of Mechanical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (P.M.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (M.K.)
| | - Michał Kowal
- Institute of Mechanical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (P.M.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (M.K.)
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10
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Design and Simulation Study of the Induction Heated Injection Mold with Sliders. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237476. [PMID: 34885631 PMCID: PMC8658954 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to increase the quality of the products manufactured by injection molding, RTC technology can be used to achieve higher mold temperatures. As a result, the path of the injected melt can be extended, allowing the production of parts with more complex shapes and greater length. Induction heating allows heating only selected forming surfaces of the mold which increases the speed and efficiency of the process. This paper presents the concept of a detachable inductor integrated with sliders to enable the application of this technology in an injection mold with sliders, along with the theoretical model used to perform the tests. First, the effect of the magnetic concentrator shape on the process was analyzed. This was followed by a simulation study of the influence of process parameters: heating time, frequency, and electric current. An extensive analysis of the test results of the temperature distribution on the insert allowed for the selection of parameter sets that would enable obtaining the desired surface temperature without a major increase in process time. The results of simulation studies confirm the possible applications and present the range of parameters for obtaining the optimal process.
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11
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Testing the PTT Rheological Model for Extrusion of Virgin and Composite Materials in View of Enhanced Conductivity and Mechanical Recycling Potential. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the challenges for the manufacturing processes of polymeric parts is the dedicated control of composite melt flow. In the present work, the predictive capability of the Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) viscoelastic model is evaluated in relation to the extrudate swell from slit dies at 200 °C, considering polypropylene and graphite filler, and applying ANSYS Polyflow software. It is shown that for sufficiently low filler amounts (below 10%; volumetric) the PTT accurately reflects the viscoelastic interactions, but at higher filler amounts too large swellings are predicted. One can although obtain insights on the swelling in the height direction and consider a broader range of swelling areas compared to virgin materials. Guidelines are also provided for future experiments and model development, including the omission of the no-slip process boundary condition.
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12
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Mohammadi H, Morovati V, Korayem AE, Poshtan E, Dargazany R. Constitutive modeling of elastomers during photo- and thermo-oxidative aging. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Application of Selective Induction Heating for Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Elastic Hinges. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14102543. [PMID: 34068427 PMCID: PMC8153613 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Injection molding is a polymer processing technology used for manufacturing parts with elastic hinges. Elastic hinges are widely used in FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) packaging (e.g., bottle closures of shampoos, sauces) and in the electrical engineering industry. Elastic hinge is a thin film that connect two regions of the injection molded part, where significant shear rates are present, which can lead to the degradation of polymers and the decrease in mechanical properties. Selective induction heating is the method that improves the flow of the polymer melt through thin regions by the local increase in mold temperature. In this study, selective induction heating was used to improve mechanical properties of elastic hinges by the reduction of material degradation due to high shear rates. To verify the change of shear rates, selective induction heating simulation and injection molding simulations were performed. The linear relation between mold temperature and maximum shear rate in the cross-section was identified and the mechanical tests showed significant differences in hinge stiffness, tensile strength and elongation at break.
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14
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Jashni H, Ahmadi S, Arabi H, Dolatshah S. Thermal stabilization of polyoxymethylene by copolymerization and modified phenolic stabilizer: examining the effects of catalyst, retardant, and stabilizer. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1888984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Jashni
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hasan Arabi
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Parts Fabricated with Ultrasonic Micro Injection Molding Process Using Polypropylene Recycled Material. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092033. [PMID: 32906722 PMCID: PMC7569819 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This research focuses on investigating how physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) recycled material are modified when ultrasonic micro injection molding (UMIM) technology is used to produce material specimens. Experimental characterization by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and rheology tests show that the fabricated PP samples were able to withstand up to five times recycled processing before some signs of mechanical and physical properties degradation are observed. Surprisingly, uniaxial extension tests show an increase of 3.07%, 10.97% and 27.33% for Young’s modulus, yield stress and ultimate stress values, respectively, and a slight reduction of 1.29% for the samples elongation at break when compared to the experimental data collected from virgin material samples. The improvement of these mechanical properties in the recycled samples suggests that ultrasonic microinjection produces a mechano-chemical material change.
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16
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Comparison of Selected Parameters of a Planetary Gearbox with Involute and Convex–Concave Teeth Flank Profiles. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10041417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a model of the geometry of teeth profiles based on the path of contact definition. The basic principles of the involute and convex–concave teeth profile generation are described. Due to the more difficult manufacturing of the convex–concave gear profile in comparison to the involute one, an application example was defined that suppressed this disadvantage, namely a planetary gearbox with plastic-injection-molded gears commonly used in vehicle back-view mirror positioners. The contact pressures and the slide ratios of the sun, planet, and ring gears with both teeth profile variants were observed and the differences between the calculated parameters are discussed.
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