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Tang T, Gan J, Cao Z, Cheng P, Cheng Q, Mei T, Zhu L, Zhou F, Liu K, Wang D. Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer Nanofibrous Cation Exchange Chromatographic Membranes with a Gradient Porous Structure for Lysozyme Separation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1112. [PMID: 38675031 PMCID: PMC11054456 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme, a common antimicrobial agent, is widely used in the food, biopharmaceutical, chemical, and medicine fields. Rapid and effective isolation of lysozymes is an everlasting topic. In this work, ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer nanofibrous membranes with a gradient porous structure used for lysozyme adsorption were prepared through layer-by-layer nanofiber wet-laying and a cost-efficient ultraviolet (UV)-assisted graft-modification method, where benzophenone was used as an initiator and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid as a modifying monomer. As indicated in the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectric energy spectrometer (XPS) investigation, sulfonic acid groups were introduced on the surface of the modified nanofibrous membrane, which possessed the ability to adsorb lysozyme. Compared with membranes with homogenous porous structures, membranes with a gradient porous structure present higher static (335 mg/g) and dynamic adsorption capacities (216.3 mg/g). Meanwhile, the adsorption capacity remained high after five cycles of the adsorption-desorption process. The results can be attributed to the gradient porous structure rather than the highest porosity and specific surface area. This suggests that the membrane with comprehensive separation performance can be designed from the view of the transmembrane porous structure, which is of significance for the development of next-generation advanced chromatographic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China; (T.T.); (D.W.)
| | - Jinping Gan
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China; (T.T.); (D.W.)
| | - Zhanrui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China; (T.T.); (D.W.)
| | - Pan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China; (T.T.); (D.W.)
| | - Qin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China; (T.T.); (D.W.)
| | - Tao Mei
- Wuhan We-Change Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430106, China;
| | - Liping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China;
| | - Feng Zhou
- Budweiser Brewing Company APAC, Wuhan 430051, China;
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China; (T.T.); (D.W.)
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China; (T.T.); (D.W.)
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Critical Review of the Various Reaction Mechanisms for Glycerol Etherification. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12111487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides in-depth coverage of numerous mechanisms available for the etherification process of glycerol, including alcohol solvent, olefin solvent and solvent-free routes along with products that are formed at various stages of the reaction. Mono tert-butyl glycerol ether (MTBG), di tert-butyl glycerol ether (DTBG), and tri tert-butyl glycerol ether (TTBG) are the three general ether compounds obtained through tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) etherification. Glycerol etherification with n-butanol results in the formation of glycerol ether products that are linked to the substituted butyl groups. These products include two mono-butyl glycerol ethers, two di-butyl glycerol ethers and a tri-butyl glycerol ether. Two mono-benzyl glycerol ether isomers, two di-benzyl glycerol ether isomers and tri-benzyl glycerol ether are the most reported results when benzyl alcohol is used as a solvent in the etherification reaction. The etherification of glycerol with 1-butene involves a series of equilibrium reactions to produce mono-ethers, di-ethers, and tri-ethers, whereas the etherification of glycerol with isobutene is carried out via tert-butylation of glycerol, yielding similar glycerol ether products when TBA is used as a solvent. As the by-product may be easily removed, the solvent-free glycerol etherification approach may have several advantages over the other conventional methods. Therefore, further studies on base-catalyzed glycerol etherification that employs a solvent-free reaction route may reveal a method for improving the conversion, selectivity, and yield of reaction products. This review study is crucial in improving knowledge of numerous mechanisms and how they relate to the effectiveness of the product’s catalytic process.
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Bhargava A, Shelke S, Dilkash M, Chaubal-Durve NS, Patil PD, Nadar SS, Marghade D, Tiwari MS. A comprehensive review on catalytic etherification of glycerol to value-added products. REV CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2021-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The increase in biodiesel production has resulted in the oversupply of glycerol into the market. Purified and processed glycerol has found many direct applications in pharmaceuticals, food, etc. However, the cost of processing and market value of processed glycerol has driven the research of direct utilization of crude glycerol to industrially essential chemicals. Various methods and research have been devoted to using glycerol to produce value-added products separately. Glycerol can undergo several transformation reactions like hydrogenation, oxidation, alcoholysis, and etherification. Etherification of glycerol can be divided into three main reactions: self-etherification, using alcohol, and olefins and these products have vast applications such as fuel additives, plasticizer, etc. The current review presents a comprehensive summary of glycerol etherification to value-added products and their applications. The catalytic system developed along with reaction conditions and the factors responsible for the better activity is also discussed. Overall, the review presents a detailed discussion on the catalytic system developed, the utilization of different alcohols and olefins, and the application of products. Moreover, the environmental and economic aspects of the etherification of glycerol via various conversion routes while assessing the process parameters needs to be tackled to attain wider adoption of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Bhargava
- Department of Chemical Engineering , SVKM’S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering , Mumbai , Maharashtra 400056 , India
| | - Shraddha Shelke
- Department of Chemical Engineering , SVKM’S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering , Mumbai , Maharashtra 400056 , India
| | - Mohammed Dilkash
- Department of Chemical Engineering , SVKM’S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering , Mumbai , Maharashtra 400056 , India
| | - Nivedita S. Chaubal-Durve
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities , SVKM’S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering , Mumbai , Maharashtra 400056 , India
| | - Pravin D. Patil
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities , SVKM’S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering , Mumbai , Maharashtra 400056 , India
| | - Shamraja S. Nadar
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Institute of Chemical Technology , Mumbai , India
| | - Deepali Marghade
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering , Nagpur 440019 , India
| | - Manishkumar S. Tiwari
- Department of Chemical Engineering , SVKM’S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering , Mumbai , Maharashtra 400056 , India
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Rendering of Beef Tallow for Biodiesel Production: Microwave versus Boiling Water and Acetone Fat Extraction. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel can substitute for conventional diesel fuel and contribute to the decarbonization of the transportation sector. To improve biodiesel sustainability and decrease production costs, low-grade fats such as non-edible animal fats must be used. Animal fats are mixed with tissues which must be removed before alcoholysis to avoid biodiesel contamination with nitrogen and phosphorus-containing compounds. Biodiesel was produced by the methanolysis of beef tallow and beef tallow/soybean oil mixtures over calcium heterogeneous catalysts obtained by the calcination of scallop shells. The tallow from fatty bovine tissues was extracted using boiling water, dry microwave treatment, and acetone extraction. The thermal stability and the moisture content of the extracted fats were evaluated by thermogravimetry. The thermograms of fats revealed that microwave treatment, which was faster (3 min instead of 40 min for boiling water and 240 min for acetone extraction) and had the lowest energy consumption, led to a dry fat with a thermal stability analogous to that of fats extracted with boiling water and acetone. All the extracted fats behaved similarly in the methanolysis reaction over calcium catalyst, with biodiesel yield (61–62%) being 30% lower than the analogous obtained from soybean oil (88%). Co-processing the extracted tallow with soybean oil overcomes the drawback related to the low-grade fats.
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Acidity and Stability of Brønsted Acid Sites in Green Clinoptilolite Catalysts and Catalytic Performance in the Etherification of Glycerol. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural zeolite clinoptilolite CLIN with a framework ratio of Si/Al ≥ 4 containing mainly potassium and calcium ions in its internal channel system was used as a starting material. The acidic HCLIN catalysts were prepared under soft conditions avoiding the use of environmental less-benign mineral acids. The starting material was ion exchanged using a 0.2 M aqueous ammonium nitrate solution at a temperature 80 °C for 2 h. The obtained NH4CLIN was converted into the acid HCLIN catalyst by calcination at 300–600 °C. The obtained samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM/TEM, AAS, and EDX element mapping. The state of aluminium and silicon was studied by 27Al- and 29SiMAS NMR spectroscopy. The textural properties of the catalysts were investigated by nitrogen adsorption and desorption measurements. The Brønsted acidity of the HCLIN catalysts was studied by temperature-programmed decomposition of the exchanged ammonium ions releasing ammonia as well as 1H MAS NMR, {1H–27Al} Trapdor, and {1H–27Al} Redor experiments. The strongly agglomerated samples were crystalline and thermally stable up to >500 °C. Although a part of the clinoptilolite framework is maintained up to 600 °C, a loss of crystallinity is already observed starting from 450 °C. The specific surface areas of the starting CLIN and ammonium exchanged NH4CLIN are low with ca. 26 m2/g. The pores are nearly blocked by the exchangeable cations located in the zeolite pores. The thermal decomposition of the ammonium ions by calcination at 400 °C causes an opening of the pore entrances and a markable increase in the specific micropore area and micropore volume to ca. 163 m2/g and 0.07 cm3/g, respectively. It decreases with further rising calcination temperature indicating some structural loss. The catalysts show a broad distribution of Brønsted acid sites (BS) ranging from weak to strong sites as indicated the thermal decomposition of exchanged ammonium ions (TPDA). The ammonium ion decomposition leaving BS, i.e., H+ located at Al–O–Si framework bridges, starts at ≥250 °C. A part of the Brønsted sites is lost after calcination specifically at 500 °C. It is related to the formation of penta-coordinated aluminium at the expense of tetrahedral framework aluminium. The Brønsted sites are partially recreated after repeated ammonium ion exchange. The catalytic performance of the acidic HCLIN catalysts was tested in the etherification of glycerol as a green renewable resource with different C1-C4 alcohols. The catalysts are highly active in the etherification of glycerol, especially with alcohols containing the branched, tertiary alkyl groups. Highest activity is observed with the soft activated catalyst HCLIN300 (300 °C, temperature holding time: 1 min). A total of 78% conversion of glycerol to mono and di ether were achieved with tert-butanol at 140 °C after 4 h of reaction. The mono- and di-ether selectivity were 75% and 25%, respectively. The catalyst can be reused.
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Aguado-Deblas L, Estevez R, Lopez-Tenllado F, Luna D, Bautista F. Sulfonated organosilica-aluminum phosphates as useful catalysts for acid-catalyzed reactions: Insights into the effect of synthesis parameters on the final catalyst. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized Inorganic Materials as Efficient Catalysts in Various Applications: A Minireview. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid catalysis is widely used in the chemical industry, and nowadays many efforts are being focused on replacing the more common homogeneous catalysts with heterogeneous ones in order to make greener the industrial processes. In this perspective, sulfonic solid acid materials represent a valid alternative to the homogenous mineral acid in several acid catalyzed reactions. In this minireview, an overview of the recent advances on the preparation, stability and application of these materials is reported. Special attention is addressed to the sustainability of the considered processes, starting from the catalyst’s preparation, the use of green solvents and reducing the possible reaction steps. Ways to tackle the main drawback represented by easy leaching of acid groups are described. For an easy catalyst recovery, the use of a magnetic core in a catalyst particle, with the related synthetic approaches, is also illustrated. Finally, a section is dedicated to the principal characterization techniques to identify the structural properties of the catalysts.
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Versatile Coordination Polymer Catalyst for Acid Reactions Involving Biobased Heterocyclic Chemicals. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical valorization/repurposing of biomass-derived chemicals contributes to a biobased economy. Furfural (Fur) is a recognized platform chemical produced from renewable lignocellulosic biomass, and furfuryl alcohol (FA) is its most important application. The aromatic aldehydes Fur and benzaldehyde (Bza) are commonly found in the slate of compounds produced via biomass pyrolysis. On the other hand, glycerol (Gly) is a by-product of the industrial production of biodiesel, derived from fatty acid components of biomass. This work focuses on acid catalyzed routes of Fur, Bza, Gly and FA, using a versatile crystalline lamellar coordination polymer catalyst, namely [Gd(H4nmp)(H2O)2]Cl·2H2O (1) [H6nmp=nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid)] synthesized via an ecofriendly, relatively fast, mild microwave-assisted approach (in water, 70 °C/40 min). This is the first among crystalline coordination polymers or metal-organic framework type materials studied for the Fur/Gly and Bza/Gly reactions, giving heterobicyclic products of the type dioxolane and dioxane, and was also effective for the FA/ethanol reaction. 1 was stable and promoted the target catalytic reactions, selectively leading to heterobicyclic dioxane and dioxolane type products in the Fur/Gly and Bza/Gly reactions (up to 91% and 95% total yields respectively, at 90 °C/4 h), and, on the other hand, 2-(ethoxymethyl)furan and ethyl levulinate from heterocyclic FA.
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Lignocellulose Biomass as a Multifunctional Tool for Sustainable Catalysis and Chemicals: An Overview. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, the theme of environmental preservation plays an important role within the activities of the scientific community and influences the choices of politics and the common population. In this context, the use of non-fossil substances should be promoted for different reasons: to avoid the depletion and damage of the areas involved in the fossil fuel extraction, decrease the impact of emissions/by-products related to the industrial transformation of fossil-based products and possibly exploit residual biomasses as sources of carbon. This latter aspect also can be viewed as a way to revalorize lignocellulose waste, generally destined to dump as putrescible matter or to be incinerated. In this review, we are aiming to present a concise overview of the multiple functions of lignocellulose biomass in the broad field of catalysis for a sustainable development. The originality of the approach is considering the lignocellulose-derived matter in three different aspects: (i) as a precursor to convert into platform molecules, (ii) as an active material (i.e., humic-like substances as photosensitizers) and (iii) as a green support for catalytic applications. We find that this perspective can widen the awareness level of scientists involved in the catalysis field for the exploitation of residual biomass as a valuable and complementary resource.
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Sahani S, Upadhyay SN, Sharma YC. Critical Review on Production of Glycerol Carbonate from Byproduct Glycerol through Transesterification. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sahani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Siddh Nath Upadhyay
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogesh Chandra Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Qian S, Liu X, Emel’yanenko VN, Sikorski P, Kammakakam I, Flowers BS, Jones TA, Turner CH, Verevkin SP, Bara JE. Synthesis and Properties of 1,2,3-Triethoxypropane: A Glycerol-Derived Green Solvent Candidate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Qian
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | | | - Patryk Sikorski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
| | - Irshad Kammakakam
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | - Brian S. Flowers
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | - Tristin A. Jones
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | - C. Heath Turner
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | - Sergey P. Verevkin
- Chemical Technological Department, Samara State Technical University, Samara 443100, Russia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock 18059, Germany
| | - Jason E. Bara
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
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Acetone Prospect as an Additive to Allow the Use of Castor and Sunflower Oils as Drop-In Biofuels in Diesel/Acetone/Vegetable Oil Triple Blends for Application in Diesel Engines. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122935. [PMID: 32630602 PMCID: PMC7356534 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper investigates the feasibility of using acetone (ACE) in triple blends with fossil diesel (D) and straight vegetable oils (SVOs) as alternative fuel for diesel engines. In this respect, ACE is selected as an oxygenated additivedue to its favorable propertiesto be mixed with vegetable oils and fossil diesel. In fact, the very low kinematic viscosity allows reduces the high viscosity of SVOs. ACE’s oxygen content, low autoignition temperature, and very low cloud point and pour point values highlight its possibilities as an additive in D/ACE/SVO triple blends. Moreover, ACE can be produced through a renewable biotechnological process, an acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation from cellulosic biomass. The SVOs tested were castor oil (CO), which is not suitable for human consumption, and sunflower oil (SO), used as a standard reference for waste cooking oil. The viscosity measurement of the ACE/SVO double blend was considered crucial to choose the optimum proportion, which better fulfilled the specifications established by European standard EN 590. Moreover, some of the most significant physicochemical properties of D/ACE/SVO triple blends, such as kinematic viscosity, cloud point, pour point, and calorific value, were determined to assess their suitability as fuels. The blends were evaluated in a conventional diesel generator through the study of the following parameters: engine power, smoke emissions, and fuel consumption. Despite the low calorific value of ACE limits its ratio in the mixtures due to engine knocking problems, the experimental results reveal an excellent performance for the blends containing up to 16-18% of ACE and 22-24% of SVO. These blends produce similar engine power as to fossil diesel, but with slightly higher fuel consumption. Considerable reductions in emissions of air pollutants, as well as excellent cold flow properties are also obtained with these triple blends. In summary, the use of these biofuels could achieve a substitution of fossil diesel up to 40%, independently on the SVO employed.
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Valorization of Biodiesel Byproduct Crude Glycerol for the Production of Bioenergy and Biochemicals. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10060609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth of global biodiesel production requires simultaneous effective utilization of glycerol obtained as a by-product of the transesterification process. Accumulation of the byproduct glycerol from biodiesel industries can lead to considerable environment issues. Hence, there is extensive research focus on the transformation of crude glycerol into value-added products. This paper makes an overview of the nature of crude glycerol and ongoing research on its conversion to value-added products. Both chemical and biological routes of glycerol valorization will be presented. Details of crude glycerol conversion into microbial lipid and subsequent products will also be highlighted.
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