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Niranjana VS, Ponnan S, Mukundan A, Prabu AA, Wang HC. Emerging Trends in Silane-Modified Nanomaterial-Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Harvesting Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2025; 17:1416. [PMID: 40430711 DOI: 10.3390/polym17101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2025] [Revised: 05/05/2025] [Accepted: 05/13/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) have gained tremendous attention in various applications in the modern era. The most significant challenge associated with NMs is their strong propensity to aggregate. The chemical surface modification of NMs has garnered notable attention in managing NM dispersion and aggregation. Among the modification approaches, the silane modification of NMs has generated great interest among researchers as a versatile approach to tailoring the surface characteristics of NMs. This review comprehensively examined the recent advancements in silane modification techniques with a focus on triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) applications. It provides an overview of silane chemistry and its interaction with diverse NMs, elucidating the underlying mechanisms governing the successful surface functionalization process. This review emphasized the silane modification, such as improved mechanical properties of composites, enhanced electrical and thermal conductivity, functional coatings, water treatment, textile industries, catalysis, membrane applications, and biomedical applications, of various NMs. In particular, the role of silane-modified NMs in advancing energy harvesting technologies was highlighted, showcasing their potential to enhance the performance and stability of next-generation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sathiyanathan Ponnan
- Department of Materials Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Arvind Mukundan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High Tech Innovations and Research Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society, National Chung Cheng University, Chia Yi County 62102, Taiwan
| | - Arun Anand Prabu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Hsiang-Chen Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High Tech Innovations and Research Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society, National Chung Cheng University, Chia Yi County 62102, Taiwan
- Technology Development, Hitspectra Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Kaohsiung 80661, Taiwan
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Cai H, Shi J, Zhang X, Yang Z, Weng L, Wang Q, Yan S, Yu L, Yang J. Characterization of Mechanical, Electrical and Thermal Properties of Bismaleimide Resins Based on Different Branched Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030592. [PMID: 36771893 PMCID: PMC9919665 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bismaleimide (BMI) resin is an excellent performance resin, mainly due to its resistance to the effect of heat and its insulating properties. However, its lack of toughness as a cured product hampers its application in printed circuit boards (PCBs). Herein, a branched structure via Michael addition was introduced to a BMI system to reinforce its toughness. Compared with a pure BMI sample, the flexural strength of the modified BMI was enhanced, and its maximum value of 189 MPa increased by 216%. The flexural modulus of the cured sample reached 5.2 GPa. Using a scanning electron microscope, the fracture surfaces of BMI samples and a transition from brittle fracture to ductile fracture were observed. Furthermore, both the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss of the cured resin decreased. The breakdown field strength was raised to 37.8 kV/mm and the volume resistivity was improved to varying degrees. Consequently, the resulting modified BMI resin has the potential for wide application in high-frequency and low-dielectric resin substrates, and the modified BMI resin with a structure including three different diamines can meet the needs of various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihui Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiahao Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhou Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
- Harbin Institute of Large Electrical Machinery, Harbin 150040, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hydropower Equipment, Harbin 150040, China
- Harbin Electric Machinery Company Limited, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Ling Weng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qingye Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shaohui Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lida Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Junlong Yang
- Harbin Electric Machinery Company Limited, Harbin 150040, China
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Li J, Zhang H, Zhang X, Sun T, Heng Z, Zuo H. Enhanced mechanical properties of bridged graphene oxide/bismaleimide nanocomposites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Li
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Han Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Tong Sun
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zhengguang Heng
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Huawei Zuo
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
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Double-Decker-Shaped Polyhedral Silsesquioxanes Reinforced Epoxy/Bismaleimide Hybrids Featuring High Thermal Stability. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122380. [PMID: 35745957 PMCID: PMC9229952 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized bismaleimide into a functionalized double-decker silsesquioxane (DDSQ) cage. This was achieved by hydrosilylation of DDSQ with nadic anhydride (ND), reacting it with excess p-phenylenediamine to obtain DDSQ-ND-NH2, and treating with maleic anhydride (MA), which finally created a DDSQ-BMI cage structure. We observed that the thermal decomposition temperature (Td) and char yield were both increased upon increasing the thermal polymerization temperature, and that these two values were both significantly higher than pure BMI without the DDSQ cage structure since the inorganic DDSQ nanoparticle could strongly enhance the thermal stability based on the nano-reinforcement effect. Based on FTIR, TGA, and DMA analyses, it was found that blending epoxy resin with the DDSQ-BMI cage to form epoxy/DDSQ-BMI hybrids could also enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy resin due to the organic/inorganic network formation created by the ring-opening polymerization of the epoxy group and the addition polymerization of the BMI group due to the combination of the inorganic DDSQ cage structure and hydrogen bonding effect. The epoxy/DDSQ-BMI = 1/1 hybrid system displayed high Tg value (188 °C), Td value (397 °C), and char yield (40.4 wt%), which was much higher than that of the typical DGEBA type epoxy resin with various organic curing agents.
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Romero‐Zúñiga GY, Navarro‐Rodríguez D, Treviño‐Martínez ME. Enhanced mechanical performance of a
DGEBA
epoxy
resin‐based
shape memory polymer by introducing graphene oxide via covalent linking. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dámaso Navarro‐Rodríguez
- Departamento de Materiales Avanzados Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada Saltillo Mexico
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Performance Improvement of Glass Fiber/Epoxy Composites Upon Integrating with N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane Functionalized Graphene Oxide. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lu M, He W, Li Z, Qiang H, Cao J, Guo F, Wang R, Guo Z. Effect of Lignin Content on Properties of Flexible Transparent Poplar Veneer Fabricated by Impregnation with Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2602. [PMID: 33167577 PMCID: PMC7694516 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, poplar veneer (PV) rotary-cut from fast-growing polar was delignified to prepare flexible transparent poplar veneer (TPV). Lignin was gradually removed from the PV and then epoxy resin filled into the delignified PV. The study mainly concerns the effect of lignin content on microstructure, light transmittance, haze, tensile strength, and thermal stability of the PVs impregnated with epoxy resin. The results indicate that the lignin could be removed completely from the PV when the delignification time was around 8 h, which was proved by FTIR spectra and chemical component detection. Moreover, according to SEM observation and XRD testing, the porosity and crystallinity of the PVs were gradually increased with the removal of lignin. Also, the optical properties measurement indicated that the light transmittance and haze of the TPVs gradually increased, and the thermal stability also became more stable as shown by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). However, the tensile strength of the TPVs declined due to the removal of lignin. Among them, TPV8 exhibited excellent optical properties, thermal stability, and tensile strength. Consequently, it has great potential to be used as a substrate in photovoltaics, solar cells, smart windows, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.L.); (Z.L.); (H.Q.); (J.C.); (F.G.); (R.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Wen He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.L.); (Z.L.); (H.Q.); (J.C.); (F.G.); (R.W.); (Z.G.)
- Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Foresry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ze Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.L.); (Z.L.); (H.Q.); (J.C.); (F.G.); (R.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Han Qiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.L.); (Z.L.); (H.Q.); (J.C.); (F.G.); (R.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Jizhou Cao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.L.); (Z.L.); (H.Q.); (J.C.); (F.G.); (R.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Feiyu Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.L.); (Z.L.); (H.Q.); (J.C.); (F.G.); (R.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.L.); (Z.L.); (H.Q.); (J.C.); (F.G.); (R.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhihao Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.L.); (Z.L.); (H.Q.); (J.C.); (F.G.); (R.W.); (Z.G.)
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