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Tonin BSH, Fu J, Peixoto RF, Fischer NG, Fernandes RM, Curylofo PA, de Mattos MDGC, Macedo AP, de Almeida RP. An in vitro study using confocal laser scanning microscopy to evaluate the marginal misfits of different implant-supported frameworks. J Prosthodont 2024. [PMID: 38305664 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to develop and evaluate a simple, non-destructive method for assessing the misfit and passivity of implant-retained prostheses frameworks. MATERIALS AND METHODS To simulate the rehabilitation of a mandible posterior partially edentulous area using 3-unit screw-retained frameworks supported by two implants were fabricated and divided into the following five groups (n = 10 in each group): OP = one-piece framework cast in Co-Cr with the conventional method (control-group); Co-Cr frameworks sectioned and welded by laser (=LAS) or tungsten inert gas (=TIG); Co-Cr CAD-CAM = milled Co-Cr framework; Zir CAD-CAM = milled zirconia framework. The horizontal |X| and vertical |Y| misfits were measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy with one or both screws tightened. Data were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni correction (α = 0.05). RESULTS The greatest |X| misfit was observed in the OP group with both screws tightened (290 µm) and one screw tightened (388 and 340 µm). The conventional casting groups sectioned and welded by laser or TIG had lower mean values (235.35 µm, both screws tightened; and 275 µm, one screw tightened) than the OP framework. However, these values still exceeded those of the milled Co-Cr and zirconia frameworks (190 and 216 µm with both screws tightened). Across all reading conditions, every framework subjected to testing consistently maintained vertical |Y| misfit levels below the threshold of 53 µm; however, the milled frameworks exhibited higher vertical misfits than the frameworks obtained by the conventional cast method. CONCLUSIONS The frameworks, whether cast and sectioned with laser welding or milled from Co-Cr, exhibit improved marginal misfit and enhanced passive fit when compared to other fabrication methods. Additionally, the use of confocal laser scanning microscopy is highly effective for passivity and misfit analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna S H Tonin
- Department of Dental Material and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Raniel F Peixoto
- Department of Dental Material and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Nicholas G Fischer
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota (UMN), Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Regina M Fernandes
- Department of Dental Material and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A Curylofo
- Department of Dental Material and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria da Gloria C de Mattos
- Department of Dental Material and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Macedo
- Department of Dental Material and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rossana P de Almeida
- Department of Dental Material and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nassar HI, Fateen A. Accuracy of fit for cobaltchromium bar over two implants fabricated with different manufacturing techniques: an in-vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:946. [PMID: 38031111 PMCID: PMC10688085 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03700-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the invitro research was to compare the fit of Cobalt Chromium customized bar fabricated with different manufacturing processes cast metal bar, milled bar and 3D printed bar using scanning electron microscope. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clear epoxy resin molds were prepared. In each mold two parallel implants with a 14 mm distance from each other were embedded. Thirty Co-Cr custom bars were constructed and were divided equally into three groups: Group (I) (Co-Cr conv), group (II) milled bar (Co-Cr milled), and group (III) printed bar (Co-Cr print). The marginal fit at implant-abutment interface was scanned using scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS There was a significant difference between the three studied groups regarding marginal misfit the between implant and fabricated bars with p-value < 0.001. The highest value of micro-gap distance was found in Co-Cr conventional group (7.95 ± 2.21 μm) followed by Co-Cr 3D printed group (4.98 ± 1.73) and the lower value were found in Co-Cr milled (3.22 ± 0.75). CONCLUSION The marginal fit of milled, 3D printed and conventional cast for Co-Cr alloy were within the clinically acceptable range of misfit. CAD/CAM milled Co-Cr bar revealed a superior internal fit at the implant-abutment interface. This was followed by selective laser melting (SLM) 3D printed bar and the least fit was shown for customized bar with the conventional lost wax technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam I Nassar
- Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ayman Fateen
- Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
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Cascos R, Celemín-Viñuela A, Mory-Rubiños N, Gómez-Polo C, Ortega R, Agustín-Panadero R, Gómez-Polo M. Influence of the Use of Transepithelial Abutments vs. Titanium Base Abutments on Microgap Formation at the Dental Implant-Abutment Interface: An In Vitro Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6532. [PMID: 37834669 PMCID: PMC10573618 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
This in vitro study aimed to assess the presence of microgaps at the implant-abutment interface in monolithic zirconia partial implant-supported fixed prostheses on transepithelial abutments versus Ti-base abutments. METHODS Sixty conical connection dental implants were divided into two groups (n = 30). The control group consisted of three-unit bridge monolithic zirconia connected to two implants by a transepithelial abutment. The test group consisted of monolithic zirconia three-unit restoration connected to two implants directly by a titanium base (Ti-base) abutment. The sample was subjected to thermocycling (10,000 cycles at 5 °C to 55 °C, dwelling time 50 s) and chewing simulation (300,000 cycles, under 200 N at frequencies of 2 Hz, at a 30° angle). The microgap was evaluated at six points (mesiobuccal, buccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual, lingual, and distolingual) of each implant-abutment interface by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U tests (p > 0.05). RESULTS The SEM analysis showed a smaller microgap at the implant-abutment interface in the control group (0.270 μm) than in the test group (3.902 μm). Statistically significant differences were observed between both groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The use or not of transepithelial abutments affects the microgap size. The transepithelial abutments group presented lower microgap values at the interface with the implant than the Ti-base group in monolithic zirconia partial implant-supported fixed prostheses. However, both groups had microgap values within the clinically acceptable range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Cascos
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Orofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-V.); (N.M.-R.); (M.G.-P.)
- Department of Nursing and Estomatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dentistry, European University of Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alicia Celemín-Viñuela
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Orofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-V.); (N.M.-R.); (M.G.-P.)
| | - Nataly Mory-Rubiños
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Orofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-V.); (N.M.-R.); (M.G.-P.)
| | - Cristina Gómez-Polo
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Rocío Ortega
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dentistry, European University of Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rubén Agustín-Panadero
- Prosthodontic and Occlusion Unit, Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Miguel Gómez-Polo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Orofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-V.); (N.M.-R.); (M.G.-P.)
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Ioannidis A, Pala K, Strauss FJ, Hjerppe J, Jung RE, Joda T. Additively and subtractively manufactured implant-supported fixed dental prostheses: A systematic review. Clin Oral Implants Res 2023; 34 Suppl 26:50-63. [PMID: 37750533 DOI: 10.1111/clr.14085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare and report on the performance of implant-supported fixed dental prostheses (iFDPs) fabricated using additive (AM) or subtractive (SM) manufacturing. METHODS An electronic search was conducted (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central, Epistemonikos, clinical trials registries) with a focused PICO question: In partially edentulous patients with missing single (or multiple) teeth undergoing dental implant therapy (P), do AM iFDPs (I) compared to SM iFDPs (C) result in improved clinical performance (O)? Included were studies comparing AM to SM iFDPs (randomized clinical trials, prospective/retrospective clinical studies, case series, in vitro studies). RESULTS Of 2'184 citations, no clinical study met the inclusion criteria, whereas six in vitro studies proved to be eligible. Due to the lack of clinical studies and considerable heterogeneity across the studies, no meta-analysis could be performed. AM iFDPs were made of zirconia and polymers. For SM iFDPs, zirconia, lithium disilicate, resin-modified ceramics and different types of polymer-based materials were used. Performance was evaluated by assessing marginal and internal discrepancies and mechanical properties (fracture loads, bending moments). Three of the included studies examined the marginal and internal discrepancies of interim or definitive iFDPs, while four examined mechanical properties. Based on marginal and internal discrepancies as well as the mechanical properties of AM and SM iFDPs, the studies revealed inconclusive results. CONCLUSION Despite the development of AM and the comprehensive search, there is very limited data available on the performance of AM iFDPs and their comparison to SM techniques. Therefore, the clinical performance of iFDPs by AM remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Ioannidis
- Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kevser Pala
- Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franz J Strauss
- Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jenni Hjerppe
- Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ronald E Jung
- Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tim Joda
- Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Campos MRD, Oliveira TTD, Botelho AL, Reis ACD. Mechanical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of 3D-Printed Abutments: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ORAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/23202068221099772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aim: A systematic review of the methods of 3D printing and the materials used so far for the manufacture of abutments was performed to evaluate whether their clinical use is indicated through the mechanical, chemical, and biological analyses carried out. Materials and Methods: An electronic search conducted by three independent reviewers was carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, and Lilac databases. The inclusion criterion was researching articles in English that contained as subject the manufacturing of abutments through 3D printing/additive manufacturing. Any meta-analyses, reviews, book chapters, abstracts, letters, conferences papers, and studies without abutments printed were excluded. Results: We found 780 references, which after applying the exclusion criteria resulted in the final inclusion of seven articles for review. The studies had a high heterogeneity, showing different materials and methodologies to manufacture abutments, which makes a comparison between them difficult, and for this reason it was not possible to carry out a meta-analysis with the data found. Conclusions: Even with the limitations found in the present research, it is possible to conclude that printed abutments have adequate mechanical, chemical, and biological properties that can indicate their clinical use. 3D printing presents high accuracy and speed and can produce customized abutments according to each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Rodrigues de Campos
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - André Luís Botelho
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Andréa Cândido dos Reis
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Endosseous Dental Implant Materials and Clinical Outcomes of Different Alloys: A Systematic Review. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051979. [PMID: 35269211 PMCID: PMC8911578 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, implantology has made significant progress, as it has now become a safe and predictable practice. The development of new geometries, primary and secondary, of new surfaces and alloys, has made this possible. The purpose of this review is to analyze the different alloys present on the market, such as that in zirconia, and evaluate their clinical differences with those most commonly used, such as those in grade IV titanium. The review, conducted on major scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and MDPI yielded a startling number of 305 results. After the application of the filters and the evaluation of the results in the review, only 10 Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) were included. Multiple outcomes were considered, such as Marginal Bone Level (MBL), Bleeding on Probing (BoP), Survival Rate, Success Rate and parameters related to aesthetic and prosthetic factors. There are currently no statistically significant differences between the use of zirconia implants and titanium implants, neither for fixed prosthetic restorations nor for overdenture restorations. Only the cases reported complain about the rigidity and, therefore, the possibility of fracture of the zirconium. Certainly the continuous improvement in these materials will ensure that they could be used safely while maintaining their high aesthetic performance.
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Altuwaijri SM, Alotaibi HN, Alnassar TM. The effect of the digital manufacturing technique of cantilevered implant-supported frameworks on abutment screw preload. J Adv Prosthodont 2022; 14:22-31. [PMID: 35284054 PMCID: PMC8891687 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2022.14.1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the misfit and screw preload at the implant abutment connection of implant supported fixed dental prosthesis with cantilever (ICFDP) manufactured using different digital manufacturing techniques and to compare the screw preload before and after cyclic loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mandibular jaw model with four intra-foraminal implants was scanned using digital scanner. Stereolithography file was used to design a framework with nonengaging (NE) abutments and 10 mm cantilever distal to one terminal implant. Five frameworks were constructed using combined digital-conventional techniques (CAD-cast), and five frameworks were constructed using three-dimensional printing (3DP). Additional CAD-cast framework was constructed in a way that ensures passive fit (PF) to use as control. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) measured the implant abutment connection misfit. Sixty screws were used on the corresponding frameworks. Screws were torqued and pre-cyclic loading reverse torque value (RTV) was recorded. Frameworks were subjected to 200,000 loading cycles with a loading point 9 mm from the center of terminal implants adjacent to the cantilever and post-cyclic loading RTVs were recorded. RESULTS Microscopic readings showed significant differences between frameworks. PF demonstrated the lowest measurements of 16.04 (2.6) µm while CAD-cast demonstrated the highest measurements of 29.2 (3.1) µm. In all groups, RTVs were significantly lower than the applied torque. Post-cyclic loading RTV was significantly lower than pre-cyclic loading RTV in PF and 3DP frameworks. Differences in RTVs between the three manufacturing techniques were insignificant. CONCLUSION Although CAD-cast and three-dimensionally printed (3DP) both produce frameworks with clinically acceptable misfit, 3DP might not be the technique of choice for maintaining screw’s preload stability under an aggressive loading situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahad Mohammmed Altuwaijri
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Almajmaah University, Almajmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Nejer Alotaibi
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal Mughaileth Alnassar
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Sutradhar W, Mishra SK, Chowdhary R. Evaluation of customized cobalt-chromium abutments fabricated with different manufacturing process versus titanium stock abutments on the marginal misfit -An in vitro study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2022; 22:225-232. [PMID: 36511051 PMCID: PMC9416951 DOI: 10.4103/jips.jips_381_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Accurate fit of the abutment to the implant is required for the uniform load distribution throughout the assembly. The study aims to compare the marginal misfit of titanium stock abutments with the cobalt-chromium (CoCr) customized abutments fabricated with the different manufacturing processes in internal hex implant-abutment connection using an appropriate scanning technique. Setting and Design In vitro comparative study. Materials and Methods A total of 40 abutments were included in the study. Ten titanium stock abutments were used as control (Group CN) and 30 CoCr abutments were fabricated and taken as the test group. Stock abutments were scanned and from obtained images test group abutments were fabricated as follows: Ten cast abutments (Group CA), 10 sintered abutments (Group SA), and 10 milled abutments (Group MA). Endosseous implanst having internal hex connections were matched with 10 stock abutments and 30 customized CoCr abutments. Implants were mounted in a clear epoxy resin block and the abutments were then fitted onto the implants with a torque of 30Ncm. The marginal discrepancy at implant-abutment connections was measured with confocal laser scanning microscope. Statistical Analysis Used One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test was done for statistical analysis. Results One-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference in marginal misfit of abutments. The mean marginal misfit was lowest for stock abutments (0.35 ± 0.009 μm). Among the customized abutments, the mean marginal misfit was highest for cast abutments (2.44 ± 0.445 μm) followed by sintered abutments (1.67 ± 0.232 μm) and least for milled abutments (0.65 ± 0.041 μm). A significant difference was found in marginal misfit with cast abutments and sintered abutments when compared to stock abutments (P < 0.001). The difference in marginal misfit was insignificant between stock abutments and milled abutments (P = 0.052). Conclusion Difference in marginal misfit exists between the titanium stock abutments and customized CoCr abutments. Among the customized abutments, milled CoCr abutments have the least marginal discrepancy and cast CoCr abutments have a maximum marginal discrepancy. Milled CoCr abutments can be used as an alternative to titanium stock abutments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Writuraj Sutradhar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mishra
- Department of Prosthodontics, Rama Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramesh Chowdhary
- Department of Prosthodontics, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Ramesh Chowdhary, Department of Prosthodontics, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru - 560 098, Karnataka, India. E-mail:
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Molinero-Mourelle P, Cascos-Sanchez R, Yilmaz B, Lam WYH, Pow EHN, Del Río Highsmith J, Gómez-Polo M. Effect of Fabrication Technique on the Microgap of CAD/CAM Cobalt-Chrome and Zirconia Abutments on a Conical Connection Implant: An In Vitro Study. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092348. [PMID: 33946477 PMCID: PMC8125438 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the microgaps at the implant-abutment interface when zirconia (Zr) and CAD/CAM or cast Co-Cr abutments were used. METHODS Sixty-four conical connection implants and their abutments were divided into four groups (Co-Cr (milled, laser-sintered and castable) and Zirconia (milled)). After chewing simulation (300,000 cycles, under 200 N loads at 2 Hz at a 30° angle) and thermocycling (10,000 cycles, 5 to 50 °C, dwelling time 55 s), the implant-abutment microgap was measured 14 times at each of the four anatomical aspects on each specimen by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Kruskal-Wallis and pair-wise comparison were used to analyze the data (α = 0.05). RESULTS The SEM analysis revealed smaller microgaps with Co-Cr milled abutments (0.69-8.39 μm) followed by Zr abutments (0.12-6.57 μm), Co-Cr sintered (7.31-25.7 μm) and cast Co-Cr (1.68-85.97 μm). Statistically significant differences were found between milled and cast Co-Cr, milled and laser-sintered Co-Cr, and between Zr and cast and laser-sintered Co-Cr (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The material and the abutment fabrication technique affected the implant-abutment microgap magnitude. The Zr and the milled Co-Cr presented smaller microgaps. Although the CAD/CAM abutments presented the most favorable values, all tested groups had microgaps within a range of 10 to 150 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Molinero-Mourelle
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Orofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-S.); (J.D.R.H.); (M.G.-P.)
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3007 Bern, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913941922
| | - Rocio Cascos-Sanchez
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Orofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-S.); (J.D.R.H.); (M.G.-P.)
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3007 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3007 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Walter Yu Hang Lam
- Prosthodontics, Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, China; (W.Y.H.L.); (E.H.N.P.)
| | - Edmond Ho Nang Pow
- Prosthodontics, Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, China; (W.Y.H.L.); (E.H.N.P.)
| | - Jaime Del Río Highsmith
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Orofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-S.); (J.D.R.H.); (M.G.-P.)
| | - Miguel Gómez-Polo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Orofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-S.); (J.D.R.H.); (M.G.-P.)
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