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Liu X, Zhang Y, You Z, Wang L, Zhou C. Experimental Testing and Constitutive Modelling of Pavement Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16114186. [PMID: 37297320 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pavement materials such as asphalt mixtures, granular aggregates and soils exhibit complex material properties and engineering performance under external loading and environmental conditions [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Liu
- Section of Pavement Engineering, Department of Engineering Structures, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Aston Institute of Materials Research (AIMR), Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Zhanping You
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Linbing Wang
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural and Mechanical Engineering, 1254 STEM Research Building II, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Changhong Zhou
- School of Architecture and Transportation Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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Chen Y, Yu Q, Li W, Xiao Y, Yang T, Li Z, Zhi X, Deng P. Experimental Study on Vibratory Compaction Behavior of Tunneling Rock Wastes Used as Unbound Permeable Aggregate Base Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8016. [PMID: 36431502 PMCID: PMC9692254 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The tunneling rock wastes (TRW) have been increasingly generated and stockpiled in massive quantities. Recycling them for use as unbound granular pavement base/subbase materials has become an alternative featuring low carbon emission and sustainability. However, the field compaction of such large-size, open-graded materials remains challenging, thus affecting post-construction deformation and long-term stability of such pavement base/subbase layers. This study conducted a series of proctor compaction and new plate vibratory compaction tests to analyze the compaction characteristics of such TRW materials. A total of six different open gradations were designed from particle packing theory. In addition, the effects of gradation and compaction methods on the compaction characteristics, particle breakage of TRW materials, and the optimal combination of vibratory parameters were investigated by normalizing the curves of achieved dry density versus degree of saturation for various combinations of gradations, compaction methods, and compaction energy levels. The post-compaction characteristics of interparticle contact, pore structure, and particle breakage were analyzed from the X-ray computed topography (XCT) scanning results of TRW specimens with different gradations. The findings showed that the gravel-to-sand ratio (G/S) based gradation design method can effectively differentiate distinct types of particle packing structures. There exists an optimal G/S range that could potentially result in the highest maximum dry density, the lowest particle breakage, and the best pore structure of compacted unbound permeable aggregate base (UPAB) materials. The achieved dry density (ρd) of UPAB materials subjected to vibratory plate compaction exhibited three distinct phases with compaction time, from which the optimal excitation frequency range was found to be 25-27 Hz and the optimal combination of vibratory parameters were determined. The normalized compaction curves of degree of saturation versus achieved dry density were found insensitive to changes in material gradations, compaction methods and energy levels, thus allowing for a more accurate evaluation and control of field compaction quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Chen
- Hunan Communications Research Institute Co., Ltd., Changsha 410015, China
| | - Qunding Yu
- Urban Rail and Underground Engineering Design and Research Institute, China Railway Siyuan Survey and Design Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430063, China
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
| | - Wenqi Li
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
| | - Yuanjie Xiao
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Engineering Structures of Heavy Haul Railway (Central South University), Changsha 410075, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Hunan Communications Research Institute Co., Ltd., Changsha 410015, China
| | - Xiao Zhi
- Department of Research & Development, China Building Materials Research Institute, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Pin Deng
- Department of Research & Development, China Building Materials Research Institute, Beijing 100024, China
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Jiang Y, Wang H, Yuan K, Li M, Yang M, Yi Y, Fan J, Tian T. Research on Mechanical Properties and Influencing Factors of Cement-Graded Crushed Stone Using Vertical Vibration Compaction. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062132. [PMID: 35329588 PMCID: PMC8955322 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
To study the mechanical properties of cement-graded crushed stone for use in the transition sections of intercity railways, the growth laws governing unconfined compressive strength, splitting strength and resilience modulus of cement-graded crushed stone and their influencing factors were studied by the vertical vibration compaction method (VVCM). The strength growth equations of cement-graded crushed stone are proposed, and strength prediction equations are established. The research shows the unconfined compressive strength, splitting strength and resilience modulus of cement-graded crushed stone with a strong interlocked skeleton density type (VGM-30) are significantly enhanced to 20, 20 and 17% higher, respectively, than those of standard cement-graded crushed stone. The growth law of mechanical properties of cement-graded crushed stone is similar, with the fastest growth occurring before 14 days, and the rate decreasing after 28 days. The strength growth tended to be stable after 90 days, increasing with the increase in curing time, compaction coefficient and cement dosage. The correlation coefficients (R2) of the strength growth prediction models were found to be 0.99, 0.97, and 0.99, respectively. These values can be used to accurately predict the strength growth curve. This paper verifies the superiority of VGM-30 gradation through laboratory tests, providing a reference for gradation selection in the construction of intercity railway transition sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Special Area Highway Engineering of Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (Y.J.); (K.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.F.); (T.T.)
| | - Huatao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Special Area Highway Engineering of Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (Y.J.); (K.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.F.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kejia Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Special Area Highway Engineering of Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (Y.J.); (K.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.F.); (T.T.)
| | - Mingjie Li
- Henan Provincial Transportation Infrastructure Quality Inspection Station, Zhengzhou 450016, China; (M.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Ming Yang
- Henan Provincial Transportation Infrastructure Quality Inspection Station, Zhengzhou 450016, China; (M.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Yong Yi
- Key Laboratory for Special Area Highway Engineering of Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (Y.J.); (K.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.F.); (T.T.)
| | - Jiangtao Fan
- Key Laboratory for Special Area Highway Engineering of Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (Y.J.); (K.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.F.); (T.T.)
| | - Tian Tian
- Key Laboratory for Special Area Highway Engineering of Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (Y.J.); (K.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.F.); (T.T.)
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