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Masoud MA, El-Khayatt AM, Shahien MG, Bakhit BR, Suliman II, Zayed AM. Radiation Attenuation Assessment of Serpentinite Rocks from a Geological Perspective. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10110697. [PMID: 36422904 PMCID: PMC9698313 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Serpentinites are metamorphic rocks that are widely applied as aggregates in the production of radiation-shielding concrete. Different varieties of massive serpentinite mountains located in Egypt exist without real investment. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the radiation shielding efficacy of three varieties of serpentinite rocks from different geological perspectives: mineralogical, geochemical, and morphological characteristics. X-ray diffraction, transmitted-light microscopy, and thermal analysis were required to characterize their mineralogical composition, while X-ray fluorescence was necessary to investigate their geochemical features. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy was used to detect their morphological characteristics. On the other hand, the PuBe source and stilbene detector were employed for the experimental determination of fast neutrons and γ-ray attenuations, which were conducted at energy ranges of 0.8−11 and 0.4−8.3 MeV, respectively. Based on the mineralogical, geochemical, and morphological characteristics of these rocks, the radiation attenuation capacity of lizardite > antigorite > chrysotile. However, these serpentinites can be applied as a natural alternative to some radiation-shielding concrete in radiotherapy centers and other counterpart facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A. Masoud
- Applied Mineralogy and Water Research Lab (AMWRL), Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.M.E.-K.)
| | - Ahmed M. El-Khayatt
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11642, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.M.E.-K.)
| | - Mohamed G. Shahien
- Applied Mineralogy and Water Research Lab (AMWRL), Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Bottros R. Bakhit
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim I. Suliman
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11642, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Zayed
- Applied Mineralogy and Water Research Lab (AMWRL), Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt
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Kozlovskiy AL, Tleulessova I, Borgekov DB, Uglov VV, Anishchik VM, Zdorovets MV, Shlimas DI. Study of the Reinforcement Effect in (0.5-x)TeO 2-0.2WO 3-0.1Bi 2O 3-0.1MoO 3-0.1SiO 2-xCNDs Glasses Doped with Carbon Nanodiamonds. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3310. [PMID: 36234438 PMCID: PMC9565348 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of carbon nanodiamonds on the reinforcement and hardening of telluride glasses, as well as to establish the dependence of the strengthening properties and optical characteristics of glasses on CND concentration. According to X-ray diffraction data, the synthesized glasses have an amorphous structure despite the addition of CNDs, and at high concentrations of CNDs, reflections characteristic of small crystalline particles of carbon nanodiamonds are observed. An analysis of the strength properties of glasses depending on the concentration of the CND dopant showed that an increase in the CND concentration to 0.10-0.15 mol. leads to an increase in hardness by 33-50% in comparison with undoped samples. The studies carried out to determine the resistance to external influences found that doping leads to an increase in the resistance of strength characteristics against destruction and embrittlement, and in the case of high concentrations, the change in strength properties is minimal, which indicates a high ceramic stability degree. The study of the radiation resistance of synthesized glasses found that the addition of CNDs leads to an increase in resistance to radiation damage when irradiated with gamma rays, while also maintaining resistance to high radiation doses. The study of the shielding characteristics found that the addition of CNDs is most effective in shielding gamma rays with energies of 130-660 MeV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem L. Kozlovskiy
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics, The Institute of Nuclear Physics, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan
- Engineering Profile Laboratory, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan 010008, Kazakhstan
| | - Indira Tleulessova
- Engineering Profile Laboratory, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan 010008, Kazakhstan
| | - Daryn B. Borgekov
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics, The Institute of Nuclear Physics, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan
- Engineering Profile Laboratory, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan 010008, Kazakhstan
| | - Vladimir V. Uglov
- Department of Solid State Physics, Belarusian State University, 220030 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Viktor M. Anishchik
- Department of Solid State Physics, Belarusian State University, 220030 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Maxim V. Zdorovets
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics, The Institute of Nuclear Physics, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan
- Engineering Profile Laboratory, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan 010008, Kazakhstan
| | - Dmitriy I. Shlimas
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics, The Institute of Nuclear Physics, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan
- Engineering Profile Laboratory, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan 010008, Kazakhstan
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Almuqrin AH, Elsafi M, Yasmin S, Sayyed MI. Morphological and Gamma-Ray Attenuation Properties of High-Density Polyethylene Containing Bismuth Oxide. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6410. [PMID: 36143729 PMCID: PMC9505765 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For extensive radiation exposure, inventing a novel radiation shielding material is a burning issue at present for the purpose of life saving. Considering this thought, in this study, by adding sundry amounts of Bi2O3 into pure high-density polyethylene (HDPE), six HDPE systems were prepared to evaluate the radiation shielding efficiency. These HDPE systems were HDPEBi-0 (pure HDPE), HDPEBi-10 (10 wt% Bi2O3), HDPEBi-20 (20 wt% Bi2O3-), HDPEBi-30 (30 wt% Bi2O3), HDPEBi-40 (40 wt% Bi2O3), and HDPEBi-50 (50 wt% Bi2O3). The values of the linear attenuation coefficients of the experimental results (calculated in the lab using HPGe) were compared with the theoretical results (obtained using Phy-X software) at 0.060, 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333 MeV energies. To ensure the accurateness of the experimental results, this comparison was made. It was crystal clear that for energy values from 0.06 MeV to 1.333 MeV, all the experimental values were in line with Phy-X software data, which demonstrated the research setup's reliability. Here, the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), and mean free path (MFP) shielding parameters were assessed. At the energy of 1.333 MeV, sample HDPEBi-0 showed an HVL value 1.7 times greater than that of HDPEBi-50, yet it was 23 times greater at 0.0595 MeV. That means that for proper radiation protection, very-low-energy HDPE systems containing 10-50% Bi2O3 could be used; however, the thickness of the HDPE system must be increased according to the energy of incident radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljawhara H. Almuqrin
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Elsafi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt
| | - Sabina Yasmin
- Department of Physics, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram 4349, Bangladesh
| | - M. I. Sayyed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan
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Hernandez-Murillo CG, Escalera-Velasco LA, Asael de Leon-Martínez H, Vega-Carrillo HR, Molina Contreras JR, Moreira del Río D, Acevedo DJ. Characteristics, as a shield against ionizing photons, of concrete blocks used in the construction industry. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 187:110343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Effect of iron and ferrosilicon materials to enhance the radiation shielding ability of bentonite clay. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Agrawal V, Paulose R, Arya R, Rajak G, Giri A, Bijanu A, Sanghi SK, Mishra D, N P, Khare AK, Parmar V, Khan MA, Bhisikar A, Srivastava AK, Thankaraj Salammal S. Green conversion of hazardous red mud into diagnostic X-ray shielding tiles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127507. [PMID: 34879512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Red mud is a solid hazardous alumina industrial waste, which is rich in iron, titanium, aluminum, silicon, calcium, etc. The red mud contains 30-60% of hematite, which is suitable for shielding high energy X- and gamma rays. So, the iron rich red mud was converted into diagnostic X-ray shielding tiles through ceramic route by adding a certain weight percentage of BaSO4 and binders (kaolin clay or sodium hexametaphosphate) with it. The kaolin clay tile possess sufficient impact strength (failure point is 852 mm for 19 mm steel ball) and flexural strength of ~25 N/mm2, which is suitable for wall applications. The 10.3 mm and 14.7 mm thick red mud:BaSO4:kaolin clay tile possess the attenuation equivalent to 2 mm and 2.3 mm lead at 125 kVp and 140 kVp, respectively. No heavy elements were found to leach out except chromium and arsenic from the sintered tiles. However, the leaching of Cr (0.6 ppm) and As (0.015 ppm) was found to be well below the permissible limit. These tiles can be used in the X-ray diagnosis, CT scanner, bone densitometry, and cath labs instead of toxic lead sheet and thereby to protect the operating personnel, public, and environment from radiation hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Agrawal
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR-AMPRI), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rini Paulose
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR-AMPRI), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Arya
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR-AMPRI), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Gaurav Rajak
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR-AMPRI), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Abhishek Giri
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR-AMPRI), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit Bijanu
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR-AMPRI), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sunil K Sanghi
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR-AMPRI), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Deepti Mishra
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR-AMPRI), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Prasanth N
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR-AMPRI), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anup Kumar Khare
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR-AMPRI), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Varsha Parmar
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR-AMPRI), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mohammed Akram Khan
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR-AMPRI), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Abhay Bhisikar
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore, India
| | - Avanish Kumar Srivastava
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR-AMPRI), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shabi Thankaraj Salammal
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR-AMPRI), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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Al-Hadeethi Y, Sayyed MI, Barasheed AZ, Ahmed M, Elsafi M. Fabrication of Lead Free Borate Glasses Modified by Bismuth Oxide for Gamma Ray Protection Applications. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030789. [PMID: 35160735 PMCID: PMC8836671 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, bismuth borate glass samples with the composition of (99-x) B2O3 + 1Cr2O3 + (x) Bi2O3 (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt %) were prepared using the melt quenching technique. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of the prepared glass samples was measured through a narrow beam technique using a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. Four point sources were used (241Am, 133Ba, 152Eu, and 137Cs) to measure the MAC for the prepared glasses. The experimental data were compared with the theoretical results obtained from the XCOM, and it was shown that for all samples at all tested energies, the relative deviation between the samples is less than 3%. This finding signifies that the experimental data can adequately be used to evaluate the shielding ability of the glasses. The MAC of the sample with x = 25 wt % was compared with different lead borate glasses and the results indicated that the present sample has high attenuation which is very close to commercial lead borate glasses. We determined the transmission factor (TF), and found that it is small at low energies and increases as the energy increases. The addition of Bi2O3 leads to reduction in the TF values, which improves the shielding performance of the glass system. The half value layer (HVL) of the BCrBi-10 sample was 0.400 cm at 0.595 MeV, 1.619 cm at 0.2447 MeV, and 4.946 cm at 1.4080 MeV. Meanwhile, the HVL of the BCrBi-20 sample is equal to 0.171 and 4.334 cm at 0.0595 and 1.4080 MeV, respectively. The HVL data emphasize that higher energy photons tend to penetrate through the glasses with greater ease than lower energy photons. Furthermore, the fast neutron removable cross section (FNRC) was determined for the present samples and compared with lead borate glass and concrete, and the results showed a remarkable superiority of the bismuth borate glass samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yas Al-Hadeethi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.Z.B.); (M.A.)
- Lithography in Devices Fabrication and Development Research Group, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - M. I. Sayyed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Z. Barasheed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.Z.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Moustafa Ahmed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.Z.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohamed Elsafi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt;
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Al-Buriahi M, Tamam N, Somaily H, Alrowaili Z, Saleh H, Olarinoye I, Alwadai N, Mutuwong C, Tonguc B. Estimation of radiation protection ability of borate glass system doped with CdO, PbO, and TeO2. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.109996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Enhancement of Ceramics Based Red-Clay by Bulk and Nano Metal Oxides for Photon Shielding Features. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247878. [PMID: 34947471 PMCID: PMC8703634 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We prepared red clays by introducing different percentages of PbO, Bi2O3, and CdO. In order to understand how the introduction of these oxides into red clay influences its attenuation ability, the mass attenuation coefficient of the clays was experimentally measured in a lab using an HPGe detector. The theoretical shielding capability of the material present was obtained using XCOM to verify the accuracy of the experimental results. We found that the experimental and theoretical values agree to a very high degree of precision. The effective atomic number (Zeff) of pure red clay, and red clay with the three metal oxides was determined. The pure red clay had the lowest Zeff of the tested samples, which means that introducing any of these three oxides into the clay will greatly enhance its Zeff, and consequently its attenuation capability. Additionally, the Zeff for red clay with 10 wt% CdO is lower than the Zeff of red clay with 10 wt% Bi2O3 and PbO. We also prepared red clay using 10 wt% CdO nanoparticles and compared its attenuation ability with the red clay prepared with 10 wt% PbO, Bi2O3, and CdO microparticles. We found that the MAC of the red clay with 10 wt% nano-CdO was higher than the MAC of the clay with microparticle samples. Accordingly, nanoparticles could be a useful way to enhance the shielding ability of current radiation shielding materials.
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Elsafi M, Koraim Y, Almurayshid M, Almasoud FI, Sayyed MI, Saleh IH. Investigation of Photon Radiation Attenuation Capability of Different Clay Materials. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216702. [PMID: 34772229 PMCID: PMC8588141 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to experimentally report the radiation attenuation factors for four different clays (red, ball, kaolin and bentonite clays) at four selected energies (emitted from Am-241, Cs-137, and Co-60). The highest relative difference in the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) is equal to −3.02%, but most of the other results are much smaller than this value, proving that the experimental and theoretical data greatly agree with each other. From the MAC results, the shielding abilities of the clay samples at 0.060 MeV follow the order of: bentonite > red > ball > kaolin. Thus, at low energies, the bentonite clay sample provides the most effective attenuation capability out of the tested clays. The half value layer (HVL) increases as energy increases, which suggests that, only a thin clay sample is needed to sufficiently absorb the radiation at low energies, while at higher energies a thicker sample is needed to shield the same amount of high energy radiated. Furthermore, bentonite clay has the lowest HVL, while the kaolin clay has the greatest HVL at all energies. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) values at 0.060 MeV are equal to 97.982%, 97.137%, 94.242%, and 93.583% for bentonite clay, red clay, ball clay, and kaolin clay, respectively. This reveals that at this energy, the four clay samples can absorb almost all of the incoming photons, but the bentonite clay has the greatest attenuation capability at this energy, while kaolin clay has the lowest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsafi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Yousry Koraim
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt; (Y.K.); (I.H.S.)
| | - Mansour Almurayshid
- Nuclear Science Research Institute (NSRI), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); or (F.I.A.)
| | - Fahad I Almasoud
- Nuclear Science Research Institute (NSRI), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); or (F.I.A.)
- Department of Soil Sciences, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. I. Sayyed
- Department of physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - I. H. Saleh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt; (Y.K.); (I.H.S.)
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Implementation of waste silicate glass into composition of ordinary cement for radiation shielding applications. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gamma-Ray Attenuation and Exposure Buildup Factor of Novel Polymers in Shielding Using Geant4 Simulation. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14175051. [PMID: 34501139 PMCID: PMC8434600 DOI: 10.3390/ma14175051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymers are often used in medical applications, therefore, some novel polymers and their interactions with photons have been studied. The gamma-ray shielding parameters for Polymethylpentene (PMP), Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), Polyoxymethylene (POM), Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF), and Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) polymers were determined using the Geant4 simulation and discussed in the current work. The mass attenuation coefficients (μ/ρ) were simulated at low and high energies between 0.059 and 1.408 MeV using different radionuclides. The accuracy of the Geant4 simulated results were checked with the XCOM software. The two different methods had good agreement with each other. Exposure buildup factor (EBF) was calculated and discussed in terms of polymers under study and photon energy. Effective atomic number (Zeff) and electron density (Neff) were calculated and analyzed at different energies. Additionally, the half-value layer (HVL) of the polymers was evaluated, and the results of this parameter showed that PCTFE had the highest probability of interaction with gamma photons compared to those of the other tested polymers.
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