ROS-Based Nanoparticles for Atherosclerosis Treatment

Transcription Factor Blimp-1: A Central Regulator of Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Reprogramming in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1) is a transcription factor that, among other functions, modulates metabolism and helps to regulate antioxidant pathways, which is important in the context of chronic inflammatory diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune disease. In immune cell function, Blimp-1 has a modulatory role in the orchestration of metabolic reprogramming and as a promoter of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10, responsible for modulating oxidative stress and immune homeostasis. Moreover, Blimp-1 also modulates key metabolic aspects, such as glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, which regulate reactive oxygen species levels, as well as tissue protection. This review depicts Blimp-1 as an important regulator of antioxidant defenses and anti-inflammation and suggests that the protein could serve as a therapeutic target in chronic inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation conditions. The modulation of Blimp-1 in diseases such as diabetic coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis could alleviate oxidative stress, augment the protection of tissues, and improve disease outcomes. The therapeutic potential for the development of new treatments for these chronic conditions lies in the synergy between the regulation of Blimp-1 and antioxidant therapies, which are future directions that may be pursued. This review emphasizes Blimp-1's emerging importance as a novel regulator in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, providing new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.

Current targeting strategies and advanced nanoplatforms for atherosclerosis therapy

Atherosclerosis is one of the major causes of death worldwide, and it is closely related to many cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, myocardial infraction and angina. Although traditional surgical and pharmacological interventions can effectively retard or slow down the progression of atherosclerosis, it is very difficult to prevent or even reverse this disease. In recent years, with the rapid development of nanotechnology, various nanoagents have been designed and applied to different diseases including atherosclerosis. The unique atherosclerotic microenvironment with signature biological components allows nanoplatforms to distinguish atherosclerotic lesions from normal tissue and to approach plaques specifically. Based on the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation, this review summarises the nanodrug delivery strategies for atherosclerotic therapy, trying to provide help for researchers to understand the existing atherosclerosis management approaches as well as challenges and to reasonably design anti-atherosclerotic nanoplatforms.

A ROS-responsive multifunctional targeted prodrug micelle for atherosclerosis treatment

Atherosclerosis is a chronic multifactorial cardiovascular disease. To combat atherosclerosis effectively, it is necessary to develop precision and targeted therapy in the early stages of plaque formation. In this study, a simvastatin (SV)-containing prodrug micelle SPCPV was developed by incorporating a peroxalate ester bond (PO). SPCPV could specifically target VCAM-1 overexpressed at atherosclerotic lesions. SPCPV contains a carrier (CP) composed of cyclodextrin (CD) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). At the lesions, CP and SV exerted multifaceted anti-atherosclerotic effects. In vitro studies demonstrated that intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) could induce the release of SV from SPCPV. The uptake of SPCPV was higher in inflammatory cells than in normal cells. Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that SPCPV effectively reduced ROS levels, possessed anti-inflammatory properties, inhibited foam cell formation, and promoted cholesterol efflux. In vivo studies using atherosclerotic rats showed that SPCPV reduced the thickness of the vascular wall and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). This study developed a drug delivery strategy that could target atherosclerotic plaques and treat atherosclerosis by integrating the carrier with SV. The findings demonstrated that SPCPV possessed high stability and safety and had great therapeutic potential for treating early-stage atherosclerosis.

ROS-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Various signaling pathways are regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are radical oxygen intermediates under normal physiological conditions. However, when the buffering capacity of antioxidant enzymes is exceeded by the accumulation of ROS, oxidative stress, and endothelial cell dysfunction occur, which have been recognized as key contributors to the development of atherosclerosis. In this review, an overview is provided on mechanisms underlying ROS generation in endothelial cells and the involved regulatory pathways. Further, we discuss the ROS induced endothelial cell dysfunction and its relationship with atherosclerosis. Current knowledge on ROS-induced endothelial impairment is presented, characterized by decreased NO bioavailability, intracellular dysfunction and ox-LDL accumulation. Furthermore, biomarkers such as oxidative products of lipid, protein, and nucleotide are discussed as measurements for ROS levels. Novel interventions targeting oxidative stress are listed as potential pharmacotherapies in clinical practice. In conclusion, this review presents a systematic analysis of the mechanisms underlying ROS generation and elucidates how manipulation of these mechanisms can safeguard endothelial cell function.

Advances in treatment strategies based on scavenging reactive oxygen species of nanoparticles for atherosclerosis

The development of atherosclerosis (AS) is closely linked to changes in the plaque microenvironment, which consists primarily of the cells that form plaque and the associated factors they secrete. The onset of inflammation, lipid deposition, and various pathological changes in cellular metabolism that accompany the plaque microenvironment will promote the development of AS. Numerous studies have shown that oxidative stress is an important condition that promotes AS. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is oxidative stress's most important pathological change. In turn, the effects of ROS on the plaque microenvironment are complex and varied, and these effects are ultimately reflected in the promotion or inhibition of AS. This article reviews the effects of ROS on the microenvironment of atherosclerotic plaques and their impact on disease progression over the past five years and focuses on the progress of treatment strategies based on scavenging ROS of nanoparticles for AS. Finally, we also discuss the prospects and challenges of AS treatment.

Ultrasound-assisted biomimetic nanobubbles for targeted treatment of atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis remains the main reason of death in the worldwide scale. Although oxidative stress plays a key role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, current antioxidant drugs have limited efficacy. To resolve this problem, we constructed Nox2 siRNA-loaded nanobubbles (PNBs-siNox2) coated with platelet membranes to utilize their antioxidant stress activity and targeting effect for atherosclerosis treatment. After platelet membranes modification, the capacity of PNB to target collagen, foam cells, or human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was significantly increased. Moreover, our study demonstrated that under ultrasonic irradiation, biomimetic nanobubbles were more effective at targeting atherosclerotic plaques and delivering genes into cells. In the present study, we provided a biomimetic gene loading strategy based on nanoplatform for noninvasive, precise and efficient therapy of atherosclerosis, which further improved the efficiency of gene transfection and effectively slowed the progression of atherosclerotic plaques when combined with ultrasound.

Mapping research performance and hotspots on nanoparticles in cardiovascular diseases

Nanoparticles have broad prospects and profound academic significance in cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to comprehensively summarize the global scientific achievements of nanoparticles in cardiovascular diseases research. Articles on the application of nanoparticles in cardiovascular diseases published from 2002 to 2021 were retrieved from the science citation index expanded of the Web of Science Core Collection, and knowledge maps were generated by Cite Space, VOS viewer, and Hist Cite for further bibliometric analysis. A total of 4321 records were retrieved, and only reviews and articles were retained with a total of 4258 studies. The number of publications on nanoparticles in the cardiovascular field has steadily increased from 2002 to 2021. China and the US contribute the most to this field, producing nearly all the most influential authors and institutions in the top 10 list. The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Harvard University have obtained many high-quality research results. Targeted drug delivery via nanoparticles, myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis are research hotspots. This is the first time to analyze the application of nanoparticles in the cardiovascular field by using multiple bibliometric software. This study provides evidence for researchers to understand the hotspots and directions in this area.

Latest advances in biomimetic nanomaterials for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease remains one of the leading causes of death in China, with increasingly serious negative effects on people and society. Despite significant advances in preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases, such as atrial fibrillation/flutter and heart failure over the last few years, much more remains to be done. Therefore, developing innovative methods for identifying and managing cardiovascular disorders is critical. Nanomaterials provide multiple benefits in biomedicine, primarily better catalytic activity, drug loading, targeting, and imaging. Biomimetic materials and nanoparticles are specially combined to synthesize biomimetic nanoparticles that successfully reduce the nanoparticles' toxicity and immunogenicity while enhancing histocompatibility. Additionally, the biological targeting capability of nanoparticles facilitates the diagnosis and therapy of cardiovascular disease. Nowadays, nanomedicine still faces numerous challenges, which necessitates creating nanoparticles that are highly selective, toxic-free, and better clinically applicable. This study reviews the scientific accomplishments in this field over the past few years covering the classification, applications, and prospects of noble metal biomimetic nanozymes and biomimetic nanocarriers.