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Akbari M, Asadi P, Sadowski T. A Review on Friction Stir Welding/Processing: Numerical Modeling. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5890. [PMID: 37687582 PMCID: PMC10489212 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a manufacturing process that many industries have adopted to join metals in a solid state, resulting in unique properties. However, studying aspects like temperature distribution, stress distribution, and material flow experimentally is challenging due to severe plastic deformation in the weld zone. Therefore, numerical methods are utilized to investigate these parameters and gain a better understanding of the FSW process. Numerical models are employed to simulate material flow, temperature distribution, and stress state during welding. This allows for the identification of potential defect-prone zones. This paper presents a comprehensive review of research activities and advancements in numerical analysis techniques specifically designed for friction stir welding, with a focus on their applicability to component manufacturing. The paper begins by examining various types of numerical methods and modeling techniques used in FSW analysis, including finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, and other simulation approaches. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed, providing insights into their suitability for FSW simulations. Furthermore, the paper delves into the crucial variables that play a significant role in the numerical modeling of the FSW process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Akbari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran 14357-61137, Iran;
| | - Parviz Asadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin 34148-96818, Iran
| | - Tomasz Sadowski
- Department of Solid Mechanics, The Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40 Str., 20-216 Lublin, Poland
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Fydrych D, Kubit A, Slota J, Kowalczyk A. Technologies for Joining and Forming Thin-Walled Structures in the Construction of Transportation Vehicles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4594. [PMID: 37444908 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The pursuit of COx reduction has progressed the construction of transport systems produced using various types of materials to ensure weight reduction while maintaining sufficient functional and quality features [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Fydrych
- Institute of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kubit
- Department of Manufacturing and Production Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Ján Slota
- Institute of Technology and Materials Engineering, Technical University of Košice, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Agnieszka Kowalczyk
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland
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Das D, Bag S, Pal S, Sharma A. Material Defects in Friction Stir Welding through Thermo-Mechanical Simulation: Dissimilar Materials with Tool Wear Consideration. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:ma16010301. [PMID: 36614639 PMCID: PMC9821955 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable capabilities of friction stir welding (FSW) in joining dissimilar materials, the numerical simulation of FSW is predominantly limited to the joining of similar materials. The material mixing and defects' prediction in FSW of dissimilar materials through numerical simulation have not been thoroughly studied. The role of progressive tool wear is another aspect of practical importance that has not received due consideration in numerical simulation. As such, we contribute to the body of knowledge with a numerical study of FSW of dissimilar materials in the context of defect prediction and tool wear. We numerically simulated material mixing and defects (surface and subsurface tunnel, exit hole, and flash formation) using a coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. The model predictions are validated with the experimental results on FSW of the candidate pair AA6061 and AZ31B. The influence of tool wear on tool dimensions is experimentally investigated for several sets of tool rotations and traverse speeds and incorporated in the numerical simulation to predict the weld defects. The developed model successfully predicted subsurface tunnel defects, surface tunnels, excessive flash formations, and exit holes with a maximum deviation of 1.2 mm. The simulation revealed the substantial impact of the plate position, on either the advancing or retreating side, on the defect formation; for instance, when AZ31B was placed on the AS, the surface tunnel reached about 50% of the workpiece thickness. The numerical model successfully captured defect formation due to the wear-induced changes in tool dimensions, e.g., the pin length decreased up to 30% after welding at higher tool rotations and traverse speeds, leading to surface tunnel defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debtanay Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Swarup Bag
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Sukhomay Pal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Abhay Sharma
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
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Huang CH, Hou CH, Hsieh TS, Tsai L, Chiang CC. Investigation of distinct welding parameters on mechanical and corrosion properties of dissimilar welded joints between stainless steel and low carbon steel. Sci Prog 2022; 105:368504221126795. [PMID: 36222014 PMCID: PMC10450606 DOI: 10.1177/00368504221126795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The tensile strength and corrosion behavior of dissimilar welded joints are currently a subject of concern. In this work, gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and distinct welding parameters (welding current, arc voltage, and welding speed) were used to join 304 stainless steel (SUS304) and SS400 low carbon steel, and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the dissimilar welded joints was investigated. A corrosion test was conducted by immersion in 3.5 wt.% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution for 7, 14, and 21 days. Based on tensile strength and Tafel testing, the welding parameters "Item 4" (welding current: 170 A, arc voltage: 20 V, welding speed: 40 cm/min) yielded good mechanical strength and low corrosion characteristics. The microstructure characterization showed that the area around the welded joints and SUS304 had more granular corrosion and corrosion tubercles with increasing immersion time. The chromium content gradually decreased. When exposed to the chloride environment, these welded joints easily underwent corrosion due to the loss of passivity. However, high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spray used on the welded joints reduced the corrosion current density. Compared with the non-thermal spray sample (corrosion current density:7.49e - 05 A/cm2) while the corrosion current density (7.89e - 10 A/cm2) is five orders of magnitude lower. This spray effectively slowed down the corrosion rate of the welded joints and gave the structural objects good protection in the sodium chloride solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsing Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsiang Hou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Sheng Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Liren Tsai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chin Chiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Fydrych D, Tomków J. Underwater Processing of Materials. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144902. [PMID: 35888369 PMCID: PMC9321041 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abd Elnabi MM, El Mokadem A, Osman T. Optimization of process parameters for friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys using different Taguchi arrays. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY 2022; 121:3935-3964. [DOI: 10.1007/s00170-022-09531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractA statistical optimization based on experimental work was conducted to consider ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation of dissimilar joints between AA5454 and AA7075 by friction stir weld (FSW). The goal of this work is to develop a comparative study of the optimization of FSW parameters using different orthogonal arrays, i.e., L12 and L16. Four parameters correlated to softening and forging requirements (rotational speed, traverse speed, tilt angle, and plunge depth), one parameter associated with the location of base metal in the dissimilar joint, and two parameters related to an FSW tool (pin profile and Dshoulder/dpin ratio) were considered and arranged in the employed arrays. Moreover, the investigation explored the microstructure and fractography of dissimilar joints and base metals by using optical and scanning electron microscopes. The results showed that the L16OA is more accurate than L12OA for the optimization of seven parameters due to the small statistical errors. For UTS, the errors range from 0.78 to 24% for L16OA and from 27.23 to 44.14% for L12OA. For elongation, the errors run from 11 to 12.9% for L16OA and from 33.77 to 49.73% for L12OA. The accuracies of generated models range from 50 to 99.5% for L16OA and range from 30.7 to 94.9% for L12OA. Tightening the levels (narrow domain) is the main reason for switching some optimum levels between both arrays. The highest UTS obtained is 221 MPa based on the optimum levels attained from L16OA, and the highest elongation is 12.83% according to the optimum levels acquired from L12OA. Despite the deficiency of effective intermixing, the study revealed that FSW acceptably could assemble joints between AA5454 and AA7075, presenting the proficiency of FSW with welding dissimilar aluminum alloys.
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Al-Sabur R, Khalaf HI, Świerczyńska A, Rogalski G, Derazkola HA. Effects of Noncontact Shoulder Tool Velocities on Friction Stir Joining of Polyamide 6 (PA6). MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124214. [PMID: 35744273 PMCID: PMC9228684 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of the traverse and rotational velocities of the noncontact shoulder tool on the heat generation and heated flux during the friction stir joining of high-density polyamide 6 (PA6) polymer were investigated. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was employed to simulate the thermomechanical phenomena during the friction stir joining (FSJ) process of PA6. A developed model was used to consider the void formation and thermochemical properties of PA6. The surface and internal heat flow, material flow, and geometry of the joint were simulated, and an experimental study evaluated the simulation results. The simulation results indicated that the stir zone formed was smaller than regular joints with a noncontact shoulder tool. Despite the polymer's traditional FSJ, heat generation and material flow do not differ significantly between advancing and retreating sides. On the other hand, the surface flow is not formed, and the surface temperature gradient is in a narrow line behind the tool. The material velocity increased at higher rotational speed and lower transverse velocity and in the stir zone with more giant geometry forms. The maximum generated heat was 204 °C, and the maximum material velocity was predicted at 0.44 m/s in the stir zone, achieved at 440 rpm and 40 mm/min tool velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheem Al-Sabur
- Mechanical Department, Engineering College, University of Basrah, Basrah 6100, Iraq;
- Correspondence: (R.A.-S.); (H.A.D.)
| | - Hassanein I. Khalaf
- Mechanical Department, Engineering College, University of Basrah, Basrah 6100, Iraq;
| | - Aleksandra Świerczyńska
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Institute of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.Ś.); (G.R.)
| | - Grzegorz Rogalski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Institute of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.Ś.); (G.R.)
| | - Hesamoddin Aghajani Derazkola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Nour Branch, Nour 21655432, Iran
- Correspondence: (R.A.-S.); (H.A.D.)
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Ghorbel R, Ktari A, Haddar N. On the Origin of the Local Hardening Zone on Welded Stainless Clad Steel Plates. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2022.2051923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rami Ghorbel
- Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, Laboratoire Génie des Matériaux et Environnement, Sfax, B.P.1173-3038, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Ktari
- Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, Laboratoire Génie des Matériaux et Environnement, Sfax, B.P.1173-3038, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Mechanics, Surface and Materials Processing, MSMP-EA7350, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, 2 cours des Arts et Métiers, 13617, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Nader Haddar
- Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, Laboratoire Génie des Matériaux et Environnement, Sfax, B.P.1173-3038, Tunisia
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Effect of Tool Positioning Factors on the Strength of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded Joints of AA7075-T6 and AA6061-T6. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072463. [PMID: 35407798 PMCID: PMC8999929 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state bonding technique. There are many direct and indirect factors affecting the mechanical and microstructural properties of the FSW joints. Tool offset, tilt angle, and plunge depth are determinative tool positioning in the FSW process. Investigating the effect of these factors simultaneously with other parameters such as process speeds (rotational speed and translational speed) and tool geometry leads to a poor understanding of the impact of these factors on the FSW process. Because the three mentioned parameters have the same origin, they should be studied separately from other process parameters. This paper investigates the effects of tilt angle, plunge depth, and tool offset on Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS) of joints between AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6. To design the experiments, optimization, and statistical analysis, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been used. Experimental tests were carried out to find the maximum achievable UTS of the joint. The optimum values were determined based on the optimization procedure as 0.7 mm of tool offset, 2.7 degrees of tilt angle, and 0.1 mm of plunge depth. These values resulted in a UTS of 281 MPa. Compared to the UTS of base metals, the joint efficiency of the optimized welded sample was nearly 90 percent.
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Effects of Underwater Friction Stir Welding Heat Generation on Residual Stress of AA6068-T6 Aluminum Alloy. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062223. [PMID: 35329680 PMCID: PMC8948893 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to study water-cooling effects on residual stress friction stir welding (FSW) of AA6068-T6 aluminum alloy. For this reason, the FSW and submerged FSW processes are simulated by computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method to study heat generation. The increment hole drilling technique was used to measure the residual stress of welded samples. The simulation results show that materials softening during the FSW process are more than submerged. This phenomenon caused the residual stress of the joint line in the submerged case to be lower than in the regular FSW joint. On the other hand, the results revealed that the maximum residual stresses in both cases are below the yielding strength of the AA6068-T6 aluminum alloy. The results indicated that the residual stress along the longitudinal direction of the joint line is much larger than the transverse direction in both samples.
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Investigation of the Effects of Tool Positioning Factors on Peak Temperature in Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding of AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 Aluminum Alloys. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030702. [PMID: 35160648 PMCID: PMC8837093 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Among the emerging new welding techniques, friction stir welding (FSW) is used frequently for welding high-strength aluminum alloys that are difficult to weld by conventional fusion-welding techniques. This paper investigated the effects of tool-positioning factors on the maximum temperature generated in the dissimilar FSW joint of AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 aluminum alloys. Three factors of plunge depth, tool offset, and tilt angle were used as the input parameters. Numerical simulation of the FSW process was performed in ABAQUS software using the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) approach. Central composite design (CCD) based on response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze and design the experiments. Comparison of the numerical and experimental results showed that numerical simulations were in good agreement with the experimental ones. Based on the statistical model results, plunge depth, tilt angle, and tool offset were the most significant factors on maximum process temperature, respectively. It was found that increasing the plunge depth caused a sharp increase in the maximum process temperature due to increased contact surfaces and the frictional interaction between the tool and workpiece.
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