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Mojarad N, Doyle D, Garmo LG, Graff R, Reed K, Wolbert PA, Uprety A, Stewart B, Rossignol J, Dunbar GL. Sex and Strain-Specific Variations in Motor Recovery Following Compression Spinal Cord Injury: Comparison of Sprague-Dawley and Wistar Rats. Brain Sci 2025; 15:191. [PMID: 40002524 PMCID: PMC11852505 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci15020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2025] [Revised: 02/03/2025] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Prior studies have noted varied, spontaneous motor recovery in rat strains after spinal cord injury (SCI), but systematic comparisons of different locomotor measurements across different severity and sexes are lacking. Hence, we quantified hindlimb utilization in male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar rats following moderate and severe SCI. Methods: Compression SCI was induced using a 15-g clip for 180 s for moderate SCI or a 50-g aneurysm clip for 60 s for severe SCI in male and female SD and Wistar rats. Measures of locomotor performance using the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB), CatWalk gait analysis, and horizontal ladder tests were taken postoperatively and weekly for seven weeks. Results: BBB scores indicated greater spontaneous recovery in SD rats, with females showing higher scores than males following moderate and severe SCI. No sex or strain differences were observed in the horizontal ladder test. The CatWalk results indicated greater average hindlimb swing speed in SD rats following moderate SCI, but greater print area was observed in Wistar rats after severe SCI, although female SD rats had greater print area than either male SD or female Wistar rats following moderate SCI. Conclusions: The findings that SD rats, especially females, exhibited greater spontaneous motor recovery following moderate SCI indicate the need to consider the sex and strain of rats when conducting therapeutic testing following moderate SCI. The significance of these findings is that they should facilitate the use of appropriate rat models for translational research in SCI that can be applied to future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Mojarad
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (D.D.); (L.G.G.); (R.G.); (K.R.); (P.A.W.); (A.U.); (B.S.); (J.R.)
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - David Doyle
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (D.D.); (L.G.G.); (R.G.); (K.R.); (P.A.W.); (A.U.); (B.S.); (J.R.)
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Lucas Gorial Garmo
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (D.D.); (L.G.G.); (R.G.); (K.R.); (P.A.W.); (A.U.); (B.S.); (J.R.)
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Ryan Graff
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (D.D.); (L.G.G.); (R.G.); (K.R.); (P.A.W.); (A.U.); (B.S.); (J.R.)
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Kayla Reed
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (D.D.); (L.G.G.); (R.G.); (K.R.); (P.A.W.); (A.U.); (B.S.); (J.R.)
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Payton Andrew Wolbert
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (D.D.); (L.G.G.); (R.G.); (K.R.); (P.A.W.); (A.U.); (B.S.); (J.R.)
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Anusha Uprety
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (D.D.); (L.G.G.); (R.G.); (K.R.); (P.A.W.); (A.U.); (B.S.); (J.R.)
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Brynn Stewart
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (D.D.); (L.G.G.); (R.G.); (K.R.); (P.A.W.); (A.U.); (B.S.); (J.R.)
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Julien Rossignol
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (D.D.); (L.G.G.); (R.G.); (K.R.); (P.A.W.); (A.U.); (B.S.); (J.R.)
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Gary L. Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA; (N.M.); (D.D.); (L.G.G.); (R.G.); (K.R.); (P.A.W.); (A.U.); (B.S.); (J.R.)
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
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Vlad SV, Ghitea TC, Manole F, Nutiu A, Lupsa AO, Ghiurau NA, Blaga FN. Addressing Knee Osteoarthritis Pathology Through Platelet-Rich Plasma Treatment: A Comprehensive Review. Adv Orthop 2024; 2024:6551525. [PMID: 39606697 PMCID: PMC11599444 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6551525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 09/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is gaining popularity across various medical fields, including orthopedics, for its potential in tissue regeneration and wound healing. As intra-articular treatments evolve, PRP has emerged as a promising option for managing knee osteoarthritis, meniscus, and ligament injuries. This review aims to provide an update on the current applications of PRP in treating knee osteoarthritis and its clinical implications in orthopedic and sports medicine. We reviewed 180 eligible studies, and our findings suggest that PRP injections significantly improve knee joint function compared to alternative treatments. The use of PRP across various medical fields has been growing in popularity recently. PRP is a biological product derived from the plasma portion of a patient's own blood, containing a higher concentration of platelets than normal. Its potential for tissue regeneration and wound healing has drawn significant attention from orthopedic surgeons, especially as intra-articular treatment options continue to evolve. The benefits of PRP in treating various osteoarticular conditions have sparked considerable interest within the orthopedic community, particularly for managing knee osteoarthritis, meniscus tears, and ligament injuries. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the current applications of PRP in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis and to offer clinical insights into its use in orthopedic and sports medicine practices. We reviewed 180 relevant titles and abstracts that met the inclusion criteria. Compared to other treatment options, PRP injections significantly enhance knee joint function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviu Valentin Vlad
- Traumatology and Orthopedics Department, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Oradea, 65 Gheorghe Doja Street, Oradea 410169, Romania
- Department of Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1st Decembrie Street, Oradea 410073, Romania
| | - Timea Claudia Ghitea
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1st Decembrie Street, Oradea 410073, Romania
| | - Felicia Manole
- Department of Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1st Decembrie Street, Oradea 410073, Romania
| | - Alexandru–Stefan Nutiu
- Traumatology and Orthopedics Department, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Oradea, 65 Gheorghe Doja Street, Oradea 410169, Romania
- Department of Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1st Decembrie Street, Oradea 410073, Romania
| | - Alex Octavian Lupsa
- Traumatology and Orthopedics Department, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Oradea, 65 Gheorghe Doja Street, Oradea 410169, Romania
- Department of Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1st Decembrie Street, Oradea 410073, Romania
| | - Nicu Adrian Ghiurau
- Traumatology and Orthopedics Department, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Oradea, 65 Gheorghe Doja Street, Oradea 410169, Romania
- Department of Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1st Decembrie Street, Oradea 410073, Romania
| | - Florin Nicolae Blaga
- Traumatology and Orthopedics Department, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Oradea, 65 Gheorghe Doja Street, Oradea 410169, Romania
- Department of Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1st Decembrie Street, Oradea 410073, Romania
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Blaga FN, Nutiu AS, Lupsa AO, Ghiurau NA, Vlad SV, Ghitea TC. Exploring Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: An In-Depth Analysis. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:221. [PMID: 39194659 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15080221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in all medical fields is currently gaining popularity (1). PRP is a biological product that can be defined as a segment of the plasma fraction of autologous blood with a platelet concentration level above the baseline (2). The fact that it has uses in tissue regeneration and wound healing has caught the eye of orthopedic surgeons as well, as intra-articular treatments have continued to evolve. Its benefits in the treatment of different osteoarticular pathologies are of great interest in the evolving orthopedic community, targeting mostly knee osteoarthritis, meniscus and ligament injuries (3). The purpose of this review is to update the reader on the current uses of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis pathology and to provide clinical feedback on its uses in the fields of orthopedic and sports medicine practice (4). We proceeded in studying 180 titles and abstracts eligible for inclusion. Compared to alternative treatments, PRP injections greatly improve the function of the knee joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Nicolae Blaga
- County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Oradea, 65 Gheorghe Doja Street, 410169 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1st Decembrie Street, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Alexandru Stefan Nutiu
- County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Oradea, 65 Gheorghe Doja Street, 410169 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1st Decembrie Street, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Alex Octavian Lupsa
- County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Oradea, 65 Gheorghe Doja Street, 410169 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1st Decembrie Street, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Nicu Adrian Ghiurau
- County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Oradea, 65 Gheorghe Doja Street, 410169 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1st Decembrie Street, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Silviu Valentin Vlad
- County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Oradea, 65 Gheorghe Doja Street, 410169 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1st Decembrie Street, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Timea Claudia Ghitea
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1st Decembrie Street, 410073 Oradea, Romania
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Gherle A, Nistor-Cseppento CD, Iovanovici DC, Cevei IR, Cevei ML, Vasileva D, Deac S, Stoicanescu D. Secondary Sarcopenia and Spinal Cord Injury: Clinical Associations and Health Outcomes. J Clin Med 2024; 13:885. [PMID: 38337578 PMCID: PMC10856498 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Sarcopenia and spinal cord injury (SCI) often coexist, but little is known about the associations. This study aimed to assess the impact of SCI on muscle and bone mass and the correlations between the clinical characteristics of SCI patients and sarcopenia. Methods: A total of 136 patients with SCI admitted to rehabilitation hospital were included in this study. The type and severity of injury (AIS), level of spasticity (MAS), bone mineral density and Appendicular Lean Muscle Mass (ALM) were assessed. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to EWGSOP2 cut-off points for ALM. Results: Subjects were divided into two groups: Group S-SCI (N = 66, sarcopenia group) and Group NS-SCI (N = 70, without sarcopenia). Mean ALM values in the two groups were 0.49 and 0.65, respectively. A total of 75% of women and 42.9% of men developed sarcopenia. The mean age was 35.8 years in the sarcopenic patients and 41.5 in the non-sarcopenia group. Over 55% of AIS Grades A and B cases, 69.7% of MAS level 0 cases and 51.6% of the patients with osteoporosis had sarcopenia. The mean number of comorbidities was 2.7 in the sarcopenia group. Conclusions: Gender, type of injury, presence of multiple comorbidities and age were directly associated with sarcopenia; meanwhile, surprisingly, spasticity level and the presence of immobilization osteoporosis were not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Gherle
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.G.); (S.D.)
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Carmen Delia Nistor-Cseppento
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.G.); (S.D.)
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Diana-Carina Iovanovici
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.G.); (S.D.)
| | - Iulia Ruxandra Cevei
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Mariana Lidia Cevei
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Danche Vasileva
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Goce Delcev University, P5MX+HP6, 2000 Stip, North Macedonia;
| | - Stefania Deac
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.G.); (S.D.)
| | - Dorina Stoicanescu
- Microscopic Morphology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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Liu T, Liu X. Perspectives in Wearable Systems in the Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) Field. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8315. [PMID: 37837147 PMCID: PMC10575189 DOI: 10.3390/s23198315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the advantages of ease of use, less motion disturbance, and low cost, wearable systems have been widely used in the human-machine interaction (HRI) field. However, HRI in complex clinical rehabilitation scenarios has further requirements for wearable sensor systems, which has aroused the interest of many researchers. However, the traditional wearable system has problems such as low integration, limited types of measurement data, and low accuracy, causing a gap with the actual needs of HRI. This paper will introduce the latest progress in the current wearable systems of HRI from four aspects. First of all, it introduces the breakthroughs of current research in system integration, which includes processing chips and flexible sensing modules to reduce the system's volume and increase battery life. After that, this paper reviews the latest progress of wearable systems in electrochemical measurement, which can extract single or multiple biomarkers from biological fluids such as sweat. In addition, the clinical application of non-invasive wearable systems is introduced, which solves the pain and discomfort problems caused by traditional clinical invasive measurement equipment. Finally, progress in the combination of current wearable systems and the latest machine-learning methods is shown, where higher accuracy and indirect acquisition of data that cannot be directly measured is achieved. From the evidence presented, we believe that the development trend of wearable systems in HRI is heading towards high integration, multi-electrochemical measurement data, and clinical and intelligent development.
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Ram PR, Jeyaraman M, Jeyaraman N, Yadav S, Venkatasalam R. Revolutionizing Orthopedic Healthcare: The Role of Robotics. Cureus 2023; 15:e44820. [PMID: 37809251 PMCID: PMC10559174 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrating robotics into orthopedic healthcare represents a transformative paradigm shift driven by technological advancements. This editorial explores the profound impact of robotics on the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal conditions. Robotics redefines precision in orthopedic surgery through advanced imaging and real-time feedback, resulting in minimized disruption to tissues and faster recovery. Personalized treatment plans leverage robotics' capabilities to tailor procedures to individual anatomical characteristics, enhancing outcomes and reducing complications. Minimally invasive procedures, facilitated by robotics, mitigate trauma and expedite patient recovery. This collaboration between surgeons and robotic systems enhances precision without supplanting human expertise. Moreover, robotics extends to postoperative rehabilitation, utilizing exoskeletons and motion-capture systems to optimize mobility and strength recovery. While challenges of cost and training exist, proactive collaborations are shaping the future of robotics in orthopedic care. Ethical considerations underline the importance of balancing human intervention with robotic assistance. As robotics evolves, orthopedic healthcare embraces a future where technology and human expertise synergize, ultimately conquering musculoskeletal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pothuri R Ram
- Orthopaedics and Trauma, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Bengaluru, IND
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, IND
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, IND
| | - Sankalp Yadav
- Medicine, Shri Madan Lal Khurana Chest Clinic, New Delhi, IND
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Moldovan AF, Moga I, Moga T, Ghitea EC, Babes K, Ghitea TC. Assessing the Risk of Stroke in the Elderly in the Context of Long-COVID, Followed Through the Lens of Family Medicine. In Vivo 2023; 37:2284-2295. [PMID: 37652474 PMCID: PMC10500484 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Patients infected with COVID-19 may experience a range of acute and chronic neurological disorders. While severe neurological complications like strokes and seizures were less common during the acute or post-COVID period, the long-term effects of COVID-19, known as long COVID, have received limited attention. This study aimed to examine the lasting consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection and establish potential connections with related diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS We followed a group of 157 patients for one year, predominantly from urban areas (61.8%), divided into three groups based on the presence of associated diseases that pose health risks: the control (43 patients), low-risk (67 patients), and high-risk (47 patients) groups. RESULTS We observed an inverse relationship between oxygen saturation and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, as well as a direct relationship between varicose disease and dyslipidemia, and gastrointestinal disease. Additionally, we noticed a less significant improvement in oxygen saturation and increased prevalence of psychoanxiety disorders in individuals undergoing anticoagulant treatment. CONCLUSION The impact of long COVID and its secondary effects, which persist for an extended period and are influenced by associated diseases, can be effectively monitored and addressed by primary care physicians. These findings can serve as a basis for developing more efficient approaches to managing the long-term consequences of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioana Moga
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicine Department, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Titus Moga
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicine Department, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Katalin Babes
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicine Department, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Timea Claudia Ghitea
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Monroy GR, Murguiondo Pérez R, Weintraub Ben Zión E, Vidal Alcántar-Garibay O, Loza-López EC, Tejerina Marion E, Blancarte Hernández E, Navarro-Torres L, Ibarra A. Immunization with Neural-Derived Peptides in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030919. [PMID: 36979898 PMCID: PMC10046177 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are a major health problem worldwide. Statistics suggest that in America in 2030 there will be more than 12 million people suffering from a neurodegenerative pathology. Furthermore, the increase in life expectancy enhances the importance of finding new and better therapies for these pathologies. NDDs could be classified into chronic or acute, depending on the time required for the development of clinical symptoms and brain degeneration. Nevertheless, both chronic and acute stages share a common immune and inflammatory pathway in their pathophysiology. Immunization with neural-derived peptides (INDP) is a novel therapy that has been studied during the last decade. By inoculating neural-derived peptides obtained from the central nervous system (CNS), this therapy aims to boost protective autoimmunity, an autoreactive response that leads to a protective phenotype that produces a healing environment and neuroregeneration instead of causing damage. INDP has shown promising findings in studies performed either in vitro, in vivo or even in some pre-clinical trials of different NDDs, standing as a potentially beneficial therapy. In this review, we will describe some of the studies in which the effect of INDP strategies have been explored in different (chronic and acute) neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Rivera Monroy
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico
| | - Renata Murguiondo Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico
| | - Efraín Weintraub Ben Zión
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico
| | - Oscar Vidal Alcántar-Garibay
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico
| | - Ericka Cristina Loza-López
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico
| | - Emilio Tejerina Marion
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico
| | - Enrique Blancarte Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico
| | - Lisset Navarro-Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico
- Neuroimmunology Department, Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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