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Xiao YQ, Long J, Zhang SS, Zhu YY, Gu SX. Non-peptidic inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 main protease: A review. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107380. [PMID: 38636432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose a threat to global health, and sounds the alarm for research & development of effective anti-coronavirus drugs, which are crucial for the patients and urgently needed for the current epidemic and future crisis. The main protease (Mpro) stands as an essential enzyme in the maturation process of SARS-CoV-2, playing an irreplaceable role in regulating viral RNA replication and transcription. It has emerged as an ideal target for developing antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2 due to its high conservation and the absence of homologous proteases in the human body. Among the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors, non-peptidic compounds hold promising prospects owing to their excellent antiviral activity and improved metabolic stability. In this review, we offer an overview of research progress concerning non-peptidic SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors since 2020. The efforts delved into molecular structures, structure-activity relationships (SARs), biological activity, and binding modes of these inhibitors with Mpro. This review aims to provide valuable clues and insights for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents as well as broad-spectrum coronavirus Mpro inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qi Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jiao Long
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Shuang-Xi Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
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2
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Martin ALAR, Pereira RLS, Rocha JE, Farias PAM, Freitas TS, Caldas FRDL, Figueredo FG, Sampaio NFL, Oliveira-Tintino CDDM, Tintino SR, da Hora GCA, Lima MCP, de Menezes IRA, Carvalho DT, Coutinho HDM, Fonteles MMF. Unlocking bacterial defense: Exploring the potent inhibition of NorA efflux pump by coumarin derivatives in Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2024; 190:106608. [PMID: 38503396 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of bacterial resistance has been increasing, compromising the treatment of various infections. The high virulence of Staphylococcus aureus allows for the maintenance of the infectious process, causing many deaths and hospitalizations. The MepA and NorA efflux pumps are transporter proteins responsible for expelling antimicrobial agents such as fluoroquinolones from the bacterial cell. Coumarins are phenolic compounds that have been studied for their diverse biological actions, including against bacteria. A pharmacokinetic in silico characterization of compounds C10, C11, C13, and C14 was carried out according to the principles of Lipinski's Rule of Five, in addition to searching for similarity in ChemBL and subsequent search for publications in CAS SciFinder. All compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial and modulatory activity against standard and multidrug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. The effect of coumarins C9, C10, C11, C13, and C14 as efflux pump inhibitors in Staphylococcus aureus strains was evaluated using the microdilution method (MepA or NorA) and fluorimetry (NorA). The behavior of coumarins regarding the efflux pump was determined from their interaction properties with the membrane and coumarin-protein using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Only the isolated coumarin compound C13 showed antibacterial activity against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. However, the other tested coumarins showed modulatory capacity for fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside antibacterials. Compounds C10, C13, and C14 were effective in reducing the MIC of both antibiotics for both multidrug-resistant strains, while C11 potentiated the effect of norfloxacin and gentamicin for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and only norfloxacin for Gram-negative. Only coumarin C14 produced synergistic effects when associated with ciprofloxacin in MepA-carrying strains. All tested coumarins have the ability to inhibit the NorA efflux pump present in Staphylococcus aureus, both in reducing the MIC and inducing increased ethidium bromide fluorescence emission in fluorimetry. The findings of this study offer an atomistic perspective on the potential of coumarins as active inhibitors of the NorA pump, highlighting their specific mode of action mainly targeting protein inhibition. In molecular docking, it was observed that coumarins are capable of interacting with various amino acid residues of the NorA pump. The simulation showed that coumarin C10 can cross the bilayer; however, the other coumarins interacted with the membrane but were unable to cross it. Coumarins demonstrated their potentiating role in the effect of norfloxacin through a dual mechanism: efflux pump inhibition through direct interaction with the protein (C9, C10, C11, and C13) and increased interaction with the membrane (C10 and C13). In the context of pharmacokinetic prediction studies, the studied structures have a suitable chemical profile for possible oral use. We suggest that coumarin derivatives may be an interesting alternative in the future for the treatment of resistant bacterial infections, with the possibility of a synergistic effect with other antibacterials, although further studies are needed to characterize their therapeutic effects and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luíza A R Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, 60430-160, Fortaleza, Brazil; Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA. 63105-000, Crato, Brazil; School of Medicine, Medical Education Institute - IDOMED, 63048-080, Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Janaína Esmeraldo Rocha
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA. 63105-000, Crato, Brazil
| | - Pablo A M Farias
- School of Medicine, Medical Education Institute - IDOMED, 63048-080, Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil; CECAPE College, 63024-015, Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Freitas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA. 63105-000, Crato, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando G Figueredo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA. 63105-000, Crato, Brazil; School of Medicine, Medical Education Institute - IDOMED, 63048-080, Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil
| | - Nadghia Figueiredo Leite Sampaio
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA. 63105-000, Crato, Brazil; School of Medicine, Medical Education Institute - IDOMED, 63048-080, Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Saulo Relison Tintino
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA. 63105-000, Crato, Brazil
| | | | | | - Irwin Rose A de Menezes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA. 63105-000, Crato, Brazil
| | - Diogo T Carvalho
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL, 37130-001, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA. 63105-000, Crato, Brazil.
| | - Marta M F Fonteles
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, 60430-160, Fortaleza, Brazil
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3
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Rodrigues Dos Santos Barbosa C, Macêdo NS, de Sousa Silveira Z, Rocha JE, Freitas TS, Muniz DF, Araújo IM, Datiane de Morais Oliveira-Tintino C, Marinho ES, Nunes da Rocha M, Marinho MM, Bezerra AH, Ribeiro de Sousa G, Barbosa-Filho JM, de Souza-Ferrari J, Melo Coutinho HD, Silva Dos Santos H, Bezerra da Cunha FA. Evaluation of the antibacterial and inhibitory activity of the MepA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus by riparins I, II, III, and IV. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 748:109782. [PMID: 37839789 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The efflux pump mechanism contributes to the antibiotic resistance of widely distributed strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, in the present work, the ability of the riparins N-(4-methoxyphenethyl)benzamide (I), 2-hydroxy-N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]benzamide (II), 2, 6-dihydroxy-N-[ 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]benzamide (III), and 3,4,5-trimethoxy-N-[2-(4-methoxyphenethyl)benzamide (IV) as potential inhibitors of the MepA efflux pump in S. aureus K2068 (fluoroquinolone-resistant). In addition, we performed checkerboard assays to obtain more information about the activity of riparins as potential inhibitors of MepA efflux and also analyzed the ability of riparins to act on the permeability of the bacterial membrane of S. aureus by the fluorescence method with SYTOX Green. A molecular coupling assay was performed to characterize the interaction between riparins and MepA, and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties were analyzed. We observed that I-IV riparins did not show direct antibacterial activity against S. aureus. However, combination assays with substrates of MepA, ciprofloxacin, and ethidium bromide (EtBr) revealed a potentiation of the efficacy of these substrates by reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Furthermore, increased EtBr fluorescence emission was observed for all riparins. The checkerboard assay showed synergism between riparins I, II, and III, ciprofloxacin, and EtBr. Furthermore, riparins III and IV exhibited permeability in the S. aureus membrane at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. Molecular docking showed that riparins I, II, and III bound in a different region from the binding site of chlorpromazine (standard pump inhibitor), indicating a possible synergistic effect with the reference inhibitor. In contrast, riparin IV binds in the same region as the chlorpromazine binding site. From the in silico ADMET prediction based on MPO, it could be concluded that the molecules of riparin I-IV present their physicochemical properties within the ideal pharmacological spectrum allowing their preparation as an oral drug. Furthermore, the prediction of cytotoxicity in liver cell lines showed a low cytotoxic effect for riparins I-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nair Silva Macêdo
- Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Cariri Regional University (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Zildene de Sousa Silveira
- Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Cariri Regional University (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Janaína Esmeraldo Rocha
- Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Cariri Regional University (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Sampaio Freitas
- Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Cariri Regional University (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Débora Feitosa Muniz
- Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Cariri Regional University (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Isaac Moura Araújo
- Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Cariri Regional University (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | | | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- State University of Ceará, Graduate Program in Natural Sciences, Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Nunes da Rocha
- State University of Ceará, Graduate Program in Natural Sciences, Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Machado Marinho
- Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | | | - Gabriela Ribeiro de Sousa
- Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - José Maria Barbosa-Filho
- Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO-Nucleadora UECE), Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú (UVA), Sobral, CE, Brazil.
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4
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Martin ALAR, Pereira RLS, Rocha JE, Farias PAM, Freitas TS, de Lemos Caldas FR, Figueredo FG, Sampaio NFL, Ribeiro-Filho J, Menezes IRDA, Brancaglion GA, de Paulo DC, Carvalho DT, Lima MA, Coutinho HDM, Fonteles MMF. In vitro and in silico evidences about the inhibition of MepA efflux pump by coumarin derivatives. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106246. [PMID: 37454945 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics has significantly transformed the outcomes of bacterial infections in the last decades. However, the development of antibiotic resistance mechanisms has allowed an increasing number of bacterial strains to overcome the action of antibiotics, decreasing their effectiveness against infections they were developed to treat. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of synthetic coumarins Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and analyze their interaction with the MepA efflux pump in silico. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) determination showed that none of the test compounds have antibacterial activity. However, all coumarin derivatives decreased the MIC of the standard efflux inhibitor ethidium bromide, indicating antibacterial synergism. On the other hand, the C14 derivative potentiated the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin against the resistant strain. In silico analysis showed that C9, C11, and C13 coumarins showed the most favorable interaction with the MepA efflux pump. Nevertheless, due to the present in silico and in vitro investigation limitations, further experimental research is required to confirm the therapeutic potential of these compounds in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luíza A R Martin
- Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine Estácio Juazeiro do Norte - Estácio Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pablo A M Farias
- Faculty of Medicine Estácio Juazeiro do Norte - Estácio Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernando G Figueredo
- Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine Estácio Juazeiro do Norte - Estácio Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil
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Soni M, Kapoor G, Perumal N, Chaurasia D. Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital of Central India: Is Colistin Resistance Still a Distant Threat? Cureus 2023; 15:e39243. [PMID: 37342731 PMCID: PMC10277209 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms are being increasingly reported from India. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NF-GNB) isolated from all the clinical samples to estimate the prevalence of MDR MDR NF-GNB and to screen for colistin-resistance genes among all colistin-resistant strains. Materials and methods This prospective study conducted from January 2021 to July 2022 at a tertiary care teaching hospital in central India identified MDR NF-GNB from clinical samples using standard procedures and antimicrobial susceptibility testing conducted as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Colistin-resistant strains identified by broth microdilution were further subjected to detection of plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant genes (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results A total 2,106 NF-GNB were isolated from 21,019 culture positive clinical samples, of which 743 (35%) were MDR. Majority of MDR NF-GNB isolated were from pus (45.50%) followed by blood (20.50%). Out of 743 non-duplicate MDR non-fermenters,the most common were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (51.7%), Acinetobacter baumannii (23.4%),and others (24.9%).Around5.2% Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 2.3% Acinetobacter baumannii were resistant to colistin, and 88.2% were resistant to ceftazidime. Burkholderia cepacia complexwas 100% susceptible to minocycline and least susceptible to ceftazidime (28.6%). Out of 11, 10 (90.9%) Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were susceptible to colistin and least susceptible to ceftazidime and minocycline (27.3%). All 33 colistin-resistant strains (minimal inhibitory concentration ≥ 4 µg/mL) were found to be negative for mcr-1, mcr-2, and mcr-3 genes. Conclusion Our study showed a significantly wide variety of NF-GNB, ranging from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (51.7%), Acinetobacter baumannii (23.4%),to Acinetobacter haemolyticus (4.6%), Pseudomonas putida (0.9%), Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (0.7%), Pseudomonas luteola (0.5%), and Ralstonia pickettii (0.4%), which have not been commonly reported in literature. Of all the non-fermenters isolated in the present study, 35.28% were MDR, raising the concern for rationalizing antibiotic use and improving infection control measures to avert or slow the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitisha Soni
- Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, IND
| | - Garima Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, IND
| | - Nagaraj Perumal
- State Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, IND
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Max BL, Angolile CM, Raymond VG, Mashauri HL. The dawn of repurposing vitamins as potential novel antimicrobial agents: A call for global emergency response amidst AMR crisis. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1276. [PMID: 37216052 PMCID: PMC10199457 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Amidst, the global pandemic of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the rate at which AMR increases overwhelms the increased efforts to discover new effective antimicrobials. There is a persistent need for alternative treatment modalities so as to keep up with the pace. AMR is the leading cause of death in the world and its health and economic consequences suggest the urgent need for sustainable interventions. Vitamins have consistently proven to have antimicrobial activity as well as slowing down the AMR rate by influencing the AMR genes even towards extensive multidrug resistant strains. Evidences suggest that the use of some vitamins on their own or in combination with existing antimicrobial agents could be a breakthrough towards combating AMR. This will widen the antimicrobial agents' options in the treatment arena, preserve the antimicrobial agents susceptible to develop resistant so that they can be used in severe infections only, reduce the tension and burden of the AMR crisis significantly and give enough room for development of new antimicrobial agents. Moreover, almost all viral, fungal, parasitic and bacterial resistant strains of concern as listed by World Health Organization have been found to be sensitive to several vitamins either synergistically with other antimicrobials or independently. Considering their widened spectrum of immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effect, some vitamins can further be repositioned as prophylactic antimicrobial agents in clinical situations like in presurgeries prophylaxis so as to avoid unnecessary use of antimicrobials especially antibiotics. Various relevant AMR stakeholders should invest in clinical trials and systematic reviews with available data to enable quick repositioning of some potential vitamins as antimicrobial agents as an emergency rapid response towards AMR Crisis. This includes the preparation of guidelines containing specificity of which vitamin to be used for treatment of which type of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baraka L. Max
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public HealthKilimanjaro Christian Medical University CollegeMoshiTanzania
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Public HealthKilimanjaro Christian Medical University CollegeMoshiTanzania
| | - Cornel M. Angolile
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public HealthKilimanjaro Christian Medical University CollegeMoshiTanzania
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Public HealthKilimanjaro Christian Medical University CollegeMoshiTanzania
- Department of PhysiologyKilimanjaro Christian Medical University CollegeMoshiTanzania
| | - Vicky G. Raymond
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public HealthKilimanjaro Christian Medical University CollegeMoshiTanzania
- Department of Internal MedicineKilimanjaro Christian Medical University CollegeMoshiTanzania
| | - Harold L. Mashauri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public HealthKilimanjaro Christian Medical University CollegeMoshiTanzania
- Department of PhysiologyKilimanjaro Christian Medical University CollegeMoshiTanzania
- Department of Internal MedicineKilimanjaro Christian Medical University CollegeMoshiTanzania
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Aman Mohammadi M, Farshi P, Ahmadi P, Ahmadi A, Yousefi M, Ghorbani M, Hosseini SM. Encapsulation of Vitamins Using Nanoliposome: Recent Advances and Perspectives. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:48-68. [PMID: 36721823 PMCID: PMC9871282 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays the importance of vitamins is clear for everyone. However, many patients are suffering from insufficient intake of vitamins. Incomplete intake of different vitamins from food sources due to their destruction during food processing or decrease in their bioavailability when mixing with other food materials, are factors resulting in vitamin deficiency in the body. Therefore, various lipid based nanocarriers such as nanoliposomes were developed to increase the bioavailability of bioactive compounds. Since the function of nanoliposomes containing vitamins on the body has a direct relationship with the quality of produced nanoliposomes, this review study was planned to investigate the several aspects of liposomal characteristics such as size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency on the quality of synthesized vitamin-loaded nanoliposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Aman Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Nutritional and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,These authors contributed equally in this Article
| | - Parastou Farshi
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS, USA.,These authors contributed equally in this Article
| | - Parisa Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azam Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousefi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marjan Ghorbani
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Corresponding Authors: Marjan Ghorbani, Tel: +98 41 33378165, Fax: +98 41 33378165, , and Seyede Marzieh Hosseini, Tel: +98 21 22622322, Fax: +98 21 22622322,
| | - Seyede Marzieh Hosseini
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding Authors: Marjan Ghorbani, Tel: +98 41 33378165, Fax: +98 41 33378165, , and Seyede Marzieh Hosseini, Tel: +98 21 22622322, Fax: +98 21 22622322,
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Pasandideh NK, Tahmasebi H, Dehbashi S, zeyni B, Arabestani MR. Inhibitory activities of vitamins K2 against clinical isolates of quinolone-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (QR-MRSA) with different multi-locus sequence types (MLST), SCCmec, and spa types. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:295. [PMID: 36528637 PMCID: PMC9758948 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inhibitory activities of vitamins K2 against clinical isolates of quinolone-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (QR-MRSA) are unclear. The main aim is to better understand of inhibitory activities of vitamins K2, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), SCCmec, and spa typing in clinical isolates of QR-MRSA on those mutation and gene expressions. MATERIALS AND METHODS After collecting S. aureus clinical isolates and detecting QR-MRSA, the genes encoding norA, grlA, grlB, gyrA, and gyrB were sequenced. After treating isolates by vitamin K2, isolates were prepared to measure norA, grlA, grlB, gyrA, and gyrB gene expression. The quantitative-real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of efflux pump genes. RESULTS QR-MRSA, MDR, and XDR strains were reported in 59.4%, 73.9%, and 37.6% of isolates, respectability. SCCmecIV (36.5%) and SCCmecV (26.8%) had the highest frequency. Thirty-nine spa types were identified, t021, t044, and t267 types most prevalent in QR-MRSA isolates. ST22 and ST30 dominated the invasive, drug-resistant isolates and QR-MRSA. In 24 h incubated isolates, the most noticeable change of gene expression with vitamin K2 was that the norA, gyrA, and grlB genes were highly repressed. However, the down-regulation of grlA at 24 h after being treated by vitamin K2 was more than another gene. Further, a significant decrease was observed in QR-MRSA-treated isolates compared to un-treated isolates. In other words, norA, grlA, grlB, gyrA, and gyrB genes were less suppressed by QR-MRSA (p ≤ 0.01, p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION Vitamin K2 has significant inhibitory effects on the genes responsible for resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics. However, a subminimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) level of vitamin K2 was delayed but did not completely inhibit norA, grlA, grlB, gyrA, and gyrB genes in MRSA strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naime Kashefi Pasandideh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran ,grid.411950.80000 0004 0611 9280Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hamed Tahmasebi
- grid.444858.10000 0004 0384 8816School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran ,grid.411950.80000 0004 0611 9280Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sanaz Dehbashi
- grid.513395.80000 0004 9048 9072Department of Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,grid.411950.80000 0004 0611 9280Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Behrouz zeyni
- grid.513395.80000 0004 9048 9072Department of Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,grid.411950.80000 0004 0611 9280Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- grid.513395.80000 0004 9048 9072Department of Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,grid.411950.80000 0004 0611 9280Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Modulation of Drug Resistance by Furanochromones in NorA Overexpressing Staphylococcus Aureus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9244500. [PMID: 36164399 PMCID: PMC9509268 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9244500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Khellin and visnagin are natural furanochromones that photoreact with DNA. Khellin has been used in the treatment of vitiligo and psoriasis, as well as in the treatment of angina pectoris and asthma due to its potent action as a coronary vasodilator and antispasmodic agent. The present study aimed to investigate whether the compounds khellin and visnagin act as inhibitors of NorA protein, an efflux pump overproduced by the strain of Staphylococcus aureus SA-1199B that confers resistance to the fluoroquinolones, such as norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. These substances alone did not show antibacterial activity against the strain tested. On the other hand, when these compounds were added to the culture medium at subinhibitory concentration, they were able to reduce the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of norfloxacin, ethidium bromide, as well as berberine, suggesting that these compounds are modulating agents of norfloxacin resistance, possibly due to NorA inhibition. Molecular docking analysis showed that both khellin and visnagin form hydrogen bonds with Arg310, an important residue in the interaction between NorA and its substrates, supporting the hypothesis that these compounds are NorA inhibitors. These results suggest a possible application of khellin and visnagin as adjuvants to norfloxacin in the treatment of infections caused by strains of S. aureus that overproduce NorA.
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10
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Pinheiro PG, Santiago GMP, da Silva FEF, de Araújo ACJ, de Oliveira CRT, Freitas PR, Rocha JE, Neto JBDA, da Silva MMC, Tintino SR, Siyadatpanah A, Norouzi R, Dashti S, Wilairatana P, Coutinho HDM, da Costa JGM. Ferulic acid derivatives inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus tetK and MsrA efflux pumps. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 34:e00717. [PMID: 35284249 PMCID: PMC8914127 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
FA and derivatives presented a significant capacity for reducing the MIC of the antibiotic; The inhibition of an efflux pump mechanism by FA and derivatives could not be proven; Structural and/or functional damage to the cytoplasmic membrane can be related with tis result; Propyl ferulate is a promising compound to be used as EPI against the TetK efflux pump.
Background Method Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Gonçalves Pinheiro
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Programa de Pos-Graduação em Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri
| | | | | | | | | | - Priscilla Ramos Freitas
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Programa de Pos-Graduação em Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri
| | - Janaína Esmeraldo Rocha
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Programa de Pos-Graduação em Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri
| | - José Bezerra de Araújo Neto
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Programa de Pos-Graduação em Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri
| | - Maria Milene Costa da Silva
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Programa de Pos-Graduação em Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri
| | - Saulo Relison Tintino
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Programa de Pos-Graduação em Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri
| | - Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
- Ferdows School of Paramedical and Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| | - Roghayeh Norouzi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeid Dashti
- Ferdows School of Paramedical and Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Corresponding author.
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Programa de Pos-Graduação em Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri
- Corresponding author.
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11
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Antibacterial Activity of the Pyrogallol against Staphylococcus aureus Evaluated by Optical Image. BIOLOGICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/biologics2020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is used to define the lowest concentration at which a substance can inhibit bacterial growth. This study aimed to evaluate the MIC of pyrogallol against Staphylococcus aureus and to propose a method for building growth inhibition curves of bacterial strains from MIC assays. S. aureus strains 1199B (NorA) and 1199 (wild type) were used for the assays. Pyrogallol MIC tests were performed by the broth microdilution method. The proposed method uses RGB images of the microdilution plate using the R (Red), G (Green), and B (Blue) channels to extract information for the construction of the bacterial growth inhibition curve (GIC). Pyrogallol demonstrated a MIC of 512 µg/mL against the two S. aureus strains tested. The GIC was calculated and the MIC point of pyrogallol was identified against the tested strains. The proposed method suggested the same MIC point for pyrogallol when using microplate images before and after the addition of resazurin. Through this methodology, the subjectivity of visual analysis in MIC tests can be eliminated.
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12
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de Araújo-Neto JB, da Silva MMC, Oliveira-Tintino CDDM, Begnini IM, Rebelo RA, da Silva LE, Mireski SL, Nasato MC, Krautler MIL, Ribeiro-Filho J, Siyadatpanah A, Wilairatana P, Coutinho HDM, Tintino SR. Enhancement of Antibiotic Activity by 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives against Multi-Resistant Bacterial Strains. Molecules 2021; 26:7400. [PMID: 34885981 PMCID: PMC8659213 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new antibacterial agents has become urgent due to the exponential growth of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Nitrogen-containing heterocycles such as 1,8-naphthyridine derivatives have been shown to have excellent antimicrobial properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiotic-modulating activities of 1,8-naphthyridine derivatives against multi-resistant bacterial strains. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the following compounds: 7-acetamido-1,8-naphthyridin-4(1H)-one and 3-trifluoromethyl-N-(5-chloro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)-benzenesulfonamide. The antibiotic-modulating activity was analyzed using subinhibitory concentrations (MIC/8) of these compounds in combination with norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and lomefloxacin. Multi-resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were used in both tests. Although the compounds had no direct antibacterial activity (MIC ≥ 1.024 µg/mL), they could decrease the MIC of these fluoroquinolones, indicating synergism was obtained from the association of the compounds. These results suggest the existence of a structure-activity relationship in this group of compounds with regard to the modulation of antibiotic activity. Therefore, we conclude that 1,8-naphthyridine derivatives potentiate the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics against multi-resistant bacterial strains, and thereby interesting candidates for the development of drugs against bacterial infections caused by multidrug resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- José B. de Araújo-Neto
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Regional University of Cariri—URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (J.B.d.A.-N.); (M.M.C.d.S.); (C.D.d.M.O.-T.); (S.R.T.)
| | - Maria M. C. da Silva
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Regional University of Cariri—URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (J.B.d.A.-N.); (M.M.C.d.S.); (C.D.d.M.O.-T.); (S.R.T.)
| | - Cícera D. de M. Oliveira-Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Regional University of Cariri—URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (J.B.d.A.-N.); (M.M.C.d.S.); (C.D.d.M.O.-T.); (S.R.T.)
| | - Iêda M. Begnini
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau—FURB, Itoupava Seca, Blumenau 89012-900, SC, Brazil; (I.M.B.); (R.A.R.); (S.L.M.); (M.C.N.); (M.I.L.K.)
| | - Ricardo A. Rebelo
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau—FURB, Itoupava Seca, Blumenau 89012-900, SC, Brazil; (I.M.B.); (R.A.R.); (S.L.M.); (M.C.N.); (M.I.L.K.)
| | - Luiz E. da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Sustainable Territorial Development—Coastal Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80060-000, PR, Brazil;
| | - Sandro L. Mireski
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau—FURB, Itoupava Seca, Blumenau 89012-900, SC, Brazil; (I.M.B.); (R.A.R.); (S.L.M.); (M.C.N.); (M.I.L.K.)
| | - Michele C. Nasato
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau—FURB, Itoupava Seca, Blumenau 89012-900, SC, Brazil; (I.M.B.); (R.A.R.); (S.L.M.); (M.C.N.); (M.I.L.K.)
| | - Maria I. L. Krautler
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau—FURB, Itoupava Seca, Blumenau 89012-900, SC, Brazil; (I.M.B.); (R.A.R.); (S.L.M.); (M.C.N.); (M.I.L.K.)
| | - Jaime Ribeiro-Filho
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil;
| | - Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
- Ferdows School of Paramedical and Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Henrique D. M. Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Regional University of Cariri—URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (J.B.d.A.-N.); (M.M.C.d.S.); (C.D.d.M.O.-T.); (S.R.T.)
| | - Saulo R. Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Regional University of Cariri—URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (J.B.d.A.-N.); (M.M.C.d.S.); (C.D.d.M.O.-T.); (S.R.T.)
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13
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Millanao AR, Mora AY, Villagra NA, Bucarey SA, Hidalgo AA. Biological Effects of Quinolones: A Family of Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:7153. [PMID: 34885734 PMCID: PMC8658791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad antibacterial spectrum, high oral bioavailability and excellent tissue penetration combined with safety and few, yet rare, unwanted effects, have made the quinolones class of antimicrobials one of the most used in inpatients and outpatients. Initially discovered during the search for improved chloroquine-derivative molecules with increased anti-malarial activity, today the quinolones, intended as antimicrobials, comprehend four generations that progressively have been extending antimicrobial spectrum and clinical use. The quinolone class of antimicrobials exerts its antimicrobial actions through inhibiting DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV that in turn inhibits synthesis of DNA and RNA. Good distribution through different tissues and organs to treat Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have made quinolones a good choice to treat disease in both humans and animals. The extensive use of quinolones, in both human health and in the veterinary field, has induced a rise of resistance and menace with leaving the quinolones family ineffective to treat infections. This review revises the evolution of quinolones structures, biological activity, and the clinical importance of this evolving family. Next, updated information regarding the mechanism of antimicrobial activity is revised. The veterinary use of quinolones in animal productions is also considered for its environmental role in spreading resistance. Finally, considerations for the use of quinolones in human and veterinary medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Millanao
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Farmacia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Aracely Y. Mora
- Programa de Doctorado en Bioquímica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile;
| | - Nicolás A. Villagra
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile;
| | - Sergio A. Bucarey
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
| | - Alejandro A. Hidalgo
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile
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14
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Faraag AHI, Shafaa MW, Elkholy NS, Abdel-Hafez LJM. Stress impact of liposomes loaded with ciprofloxacin on the expression level of MepA and NorB efflux pumps of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int Microbiol 2021; 25:427-446. [PMID: 34822035 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
One mechanism of ciprofloxacin resistance is attributed to chromosomal DNA-encoded efflux pumps such as the MepA and NorB proteins. The goal of this research is to find a way to bypass Staphylococcus aureus' efflux pumps. Because of its high membrane permeability and low association with NorB and MepA efflux proteins, a liposome-encapsulating antibiotic is one of the promising, cost-effective drug carriers and coating mechanisms for overcoming active transport of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) multidrug-resistant efflux protein . The calculated "Log Perm RRCK" membrane permeability values of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) ciprofloxacin liposome-encapsulated (CFL) showed a lower negative value of - 4,652 cm/s and greater membrane permeability than ciprofloxacin free (CPF). The results of RT-qPCR showed that cationic liposomes containing ciprofloxacin in liposome-encapsulated form (CFL) improved CPF antibacterial activity and affinity for negatively charged bacterial cell surface membrane in comparison to free drug and liposome, as it overcame several resistance mechanisms and reduced the expression of efflux pumps. Ciprofloxacin liposome-encapsulated (CFL) is therefore more effective than ciprofloxacin alone. Liposomes can be combined with a variety of drugs that interact with bacterial cell efflux pumps to maintain high sustained levels of antibiotics in bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Medhat W Shafaa
- Medical Biophysics Division, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nourhan S Elkholy
- Medical Biophysics Division, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lina Jamil M Abdel-Hafez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6 October City, Giza, Egypt
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15
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Singh RB, Das S, Chodosh J, Sharma N, Zegans ME, Kowalski RP, Jhanji V. Paradox of complex diversity: Challenges in the diagnosis and management of bacterial keratitis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 88:101028. [PMID: 34813978 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial keratitis continues to be one of the leading causes of corneal blindness in the developed as well as the developing world, despite swift progress since the dawn of the "anti-biotic era". Although, we are expeditiously developing our understanding about the different causative organisms and associated pathology leading to keratitis, extensive gaps in knowledge continue to dampen the efforts for early and accurate diagnosis, and management in these patients, resulting in poor clinical outcomes. The ability of the causative bacteria to subdue the therapeutic challenge stems from their large genome encoding complex regulatory networks, variety of unique virulence factors, and rapid secretion of tissue damaging proteases and toxins. In this review article, we have provided an overview of the established classical diagnostic techniques and therapeutics for keratitis caused by various bacteria. We have extensively reported our recent in-roads through novel tools for accurate diagnosis of mono- and poly-bacterial corneal infections. Furthermore, we outlined the recent progress by our group and others in understanding the sub-cellular genomic changes that lead to antibiotic resistance in these organisms. Finally, we discussed in detail, the novel therapies and drug delivery systems in development for the efficacious management of bacterial keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Bir Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333, ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sujata Das
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneshwar, India
| | - James Chodosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Namrata Sharma
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Michael E Zegans
- Department of Ophthalmology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Regis P Kowalski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Charles T Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Charles T Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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16
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Microbial Efflux Pump Inhibitors: A Journey around Quinoline and Indole Derivatives. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226996. [PMID: 34834098 PMCID: PMC8618814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex threat to human health and, to date, it represents a hot topic in drug discovery. The use of non-antibiotic molecules to block resistance mechanisms is a powerful alternative to the identification of new antibiotics. Bacterial efflux pumps exert the early step of AMR development, allowing the bacteria to grow in presence of sub-inhibitory drug concentration and develop more specific resistance mechanisms. Thus, efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) offer a great opportunity to fight AMR, potentially restoring antibiotic activity. Based on our experience in designing and synthesizing novel EPIs, herein, we retrieved information around quinoline and indole derivatives reported in literature on this topic. Thus, our aim was to collect all data around these promising classes of EPIs in order to delineate a comprehensive structure–activity relationship (SAR) around each core for different microbes. With this review article, we aim to help future research in the field in the discovery of new microbial EPIs with improved activity and a better safety profile.
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17
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Cytotoxic and Antifungal Amides Derived from Ferulic Acid: Molecular Docking and Mechanism of Action. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3598000. [PMID: 34761004 PMCID: PMC8575619 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3598000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Amides derived from ferulic acid have a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antitumor and antifungal activity. In the present study, a series of ten amides were obtained by coupling reactions using the reagents (benzotriazol-1-yloxy) tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP) and N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). All the compounds were identified on the basis of their IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, HRMS data, and with yields ranging from 43.17% to 91.37%. The compounds were subjected to cytotoxic tests by the alamar blue technique and antifungal screening by the broth microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The amides 10 and 11 displayed the best result in both biological evaluations, and compound 10 was the most potent and selective in HL-60 cancer cells, with no cytotoxicity on healthy cells. This amide had antifungal activity in all strains and had the lowest MIC against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. The possible mechanism of antifungal action occurs via the fungal cell wall. Molecular modeling suggested that compounds 10 and 11 interact with the enzymes GWT1 and GSC1, which are essential for the development of C. albicans. The findings of the present study demonstrated that compounds 10 and 11 may be used as a platform in drug development in the future.
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18
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Kaur B, Gupta J, Sharma S, Sharma D, Sharma S. Focused review on dual inhibition of quorum sensing and efflux pumps: A potential way to combat multi drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:33-43. [PMID: 34480904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of skin infections, food poisoning and severe life-threatening infections. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is known to cause chronic nosocomial infections by virtue of its multidrug resistance and biofilm formation mechanisms. The antimicrobial resistance owned by S. aureus is primarily due to efflux pumps and formation of microbial biofilms. These drug resistant, sessile and densely packed microbial communities possess various mechanisms including quorum sensing and drug efflux. Quorum sensing is a cooperative physiological process which is used by bacterial cells for social interaction and signal transduction in biofilm formation whereas efflux of drugs is derived by efflux pumps. Apart from their significant role in multidrug resistance, efflux pumps also contribute to transporting cell signalling molecules and due to their occurrence; we face the frightening possibility that we will enter the pre-antibiotic era soon. Compounds that modulate efflux pumps are also known as efflux pump inhibitors (EPI's) that act in a synergistic manner and potentiate the antibiotics efficacy which has been considered as a promising approach to encounter bacterial resistance. EPIs inhibit the mechanism of drug efflux s as well as transport of quorum sensing signalling molecules which are the supreme contributors of miscellaneous virulence factors. This review presents an accomplishments of the recent investigations allied to efflux pump inhibitors against S. aureus and also focus on related correspondence between quorum sensing system and efflux pump inhibitors in terms of S. aureus and MRSA biofilms that may open a new avenue for controlling MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawandeep Kaur
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Jeena Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Sarika Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, Arni University, Indora, Kangra, H.P. 176402, India
| | - Divakar Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi 110002, India.
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India.
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19
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Zulueta Díaz YDLM, Arnspang EC. Special Issue: Dynamics and Nano-Organization in Plasma Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110828. [PMID: 34832057 PMCID: PMC8621330 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell membranes develop extraordinarily complex lipids and proteins geared to perform functions required by cells [...].
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20
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Inhibition of the MepA efflux pump by limonene demonstrated by in vitro and in silico methods. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 67:15-20. [PMID: 34417720 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance is a natural process carried out by bacteria, which has been considered a public health problem in recent decades. This process can be triggered through the efflux mechanism, which has been extensively studied, mainly related to the use of natural products to inhibit this mechanism. To carry out the present study, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests of the compound limonene were performed, through the microdilution methodology in sterile 96-well plates. Tests were also carried out with the association of the compound with ethidium bromide and ciprofloxacin, in addition to the ethidium bromide fluorimetry, and later the molecular docking. From the tests performed, it was possible to observe that the compound limonene presented significant results when associated with ethidium bromide and the antibiotic used. Through the fluorescence emission, it was observed that when associated with the compound limonene, a greater ethidium bromide fluorescence was emitted. Finally, when analyzing the in silico study, it demonstrated that limonene can efficiently fit into the MepA structure. In this way, it is possible to show that limonene can contribute to cases of bacterial resistance through an efflux pump, so that it is necessary to carry out more studies to prove its effects against bacteria carrying an efflux pump and assess the toxicity of the compound.
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21
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dos Santos JF, Macêdo NS, de Sousa Júnior DL, dos Santos CR, Tintino SR, da Hora GC, Lima MC, Coutinho HD, da Cunha FA. Indirect inhibitory activity of pyrogallol against the Tet(K) efflux pump by a membrane effect: In vitro and in silico approach. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Coexistence of Virulence Factors and Efflux Pump Genes in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Analysis of Biofilm-Forming Strains from Iran. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:5557361. [PMID: 34093708 PMCID: PMC8163533 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5557361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biofilm formation and efflux pumps (EPs) correlation play a critical role in the pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this study, biofilm formation and EP's collaborative role in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa infection were investigated. Methods Eighty-six (86) P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from different clinical specimens and were confirmed using different biochemical tests. The formation of biofilm was investigated by using a crystal violet assay. Also, EP genes were identified by the PCR method. Results Based on the results, gentamicin-resistant (n = 50, 66.29%) and ciprofloxacin-resistant (n = 61, 69.66%) strains were the most frequent and colistin (n = 1, 1.12%) and ceftazidime (n = 12, 7.86%) resistant strains were the least prevalent. Furthermore, 22 isolates (31.42%) were MDR, and 11 isolates (12.35%) were XDR strains. Also, 19 isolates (22.47%) were classified as strong biofilm, 29 isolates (21.34%) as moderate biofilm, and 3 (11.23%) isolates as weak biofilm producers. The distribution of the EP genes was as follows: mexA (n = 44, 34.83%), mexB (n = 33, 32.58%), oprM (n = 59, 29.21%), oprD (n = 61, 30.33%), tetA (n = 22, 25.58%), tetR (n = 19, 22.09%), and emrE (n = 21, 24.41%). However, there was a strong significant association between biofilm formation and EPs in P. aeruginosa. Conclusions. In this study, we suggested that the presence of a multidrug resistance efflux pump, MexEF-OprN, significantly reduced P. aeruginosa pathogenicity. In contrast, the presence of the MexAB-OprM and MexCD-OprJ pumps did not affect virulence.
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de Menezes IA, Coutinho HM, Pinheiro P, Santiago GP, da Silva FF, de Araújo AJ, de Oliveira CT, Freitas P, Rocha J, de Araújo Neto J, da Silva MC, Tintino S, da Costa JM. Antibacterial activity and inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus NorA efflux pump by ferulic acid and its esterified derivatives. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/2221-1691.321130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Elhidar N, Nafis A, Goehler A, Abbad A, Hassani L, Mezrioui NE, Bohnert JA. Novel DiOC 3 96-well real-time efflux assay for discovery of NorA efflux pump inhibitors in Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 181:106128. [PMID: 33347918 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The NorA efflux pump is one of the most studied efflux systems in Staphylococcus aureus and confers multidrug resistance to a variety of dyes and antimicrobial compounds. Hence, inhibition of the NorA efflux pump might be a viable option for restoring susceptibility to antibiotics like fluoroquinolones. Fluorescent real-time efflux assays are important tools to identify putative efflux pump inhibitors. Nevertheless, the number of available compounds for usage in Staphylococcus aureus is limited. Previously, a 3-dipropyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC3) efflux assay was published that circumvented problems associated with the usage of ethidium bromide, namely slow efflux and suggested mutagenicity. However, the DiOC3 assay protocol was cuvette - based and therefore needs to be adapted to the 96-well plate format. Hence, we optimized this assay for usage with 96-well plates. The new assay allows for rapid high-throughput efflux pump inhibitor screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Elhidar
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Nafis
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - André Goehler
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Abdelaziz Abbad
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Lahcen Hassani
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Nour-Eddine Mezrioui
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco.
| | - Jürgen A Bohnert
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Medicine Greifswald, Germany
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Muniz DF, Dos Santos Barbosa CR, de Menezes IRA, de Sousa EO, Pereira RLS, Júnior JTC, Pereira PS, de Matos YMLS, da Costa RHS, de Morais Oliveira-Tintino CD, Coutinho HDM, Filho JMB, Ribeiro de Sousa G, Filho JR, Siqueira-Junior JP, Tintino SR. In vitro and in silico inhibitory effects of synthetic and natural eugenol derivatives against the NorA efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus. Food Chem 2020; 337:127776. [PMID: 32777574 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium responsible for a number of diseases and has demonstrated resistance to conventional antibiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of eugenol and its derivatives allylbenzene, 4-allylanisole, isoeugenol and 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol against the S. aureus NorA efflux pump (EP) in association with norfloxacin and ethidium bromide. The antibacterial activity of the compounds was assessed using the broth microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). A reduction in the MIC of ethidium bromide (a substrate for several efflux pumps) or norfloxacin was used as a parameter of EP inhibition. Molecular modeling studies were used to predict the 3D structure and analyze the interaction of selected compounds with the binding pocket of the NorA efflux pump. Except for 4-allylanisole and allylbenzene, the compounds presented clinically effective antibacterial activity. When associated with norfloxacin against the SA 1199B strain, 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol eugenol and isoeugenol caused significant reduction in the MIC of the antibiotic, demonstrating synergistic effects. Similar effects were observed when 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol, allylbenzene and isoeugenol were associated with ethidium bromide. Together, these findings indicate a potential inhibition of the NorA pump by eugenol and its derivatives. This in vitro evidence was corroborated by docking results demonstrating favorable interactions between 4-allyl-2,6-dimetoxypheno and the NorA pump mediated by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. In conclusion, eugenol derivatives have the potential to be used in antibacterial drug development in strains carrying the NorA efflux pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Feitosa Muniz
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry/CCBS/URCA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Erlânio Oliveira de Sousa
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry/CCBS/URCA, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Luiz Silva Pereira
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry/CCBS/URCA, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Silvino Pereira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry/CCBS/URCA, Brazil
| | - Yedda M L S de Matos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry/CCBS/URCA, Brazil
| | - Roger H S da Costa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry/CCBS/URCA, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Maria Barbosa Filho
- Laboratory of Phamaceutical Tecnology Federal, University of João Pessoa (UFPB), CCBS/URCA, Brazil
| | | | - Jaime Ribeiro Filho
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Brazil
| | | | - Saulo Relison Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry/CCBS/URCA, Brazil
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