1
|
Imtiaz A, Othman MHD, Jilani A, Khan IU, Kamaludin R, Iqbal J, Al-Sehemi AG. Challenges, Opportunities and Future Directions of Membrane Technology for Natural Gas Purification: A Critical Review. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070646. [PMID: 35877848 PMCID: PMC9321681 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Natural gas is an important and fast-growing energy resource in the world and its purification is important in order to reduce environmental hazards and to meet the required quality standards set down by notable pipeline transmission, as well as distribution companies. Therefore, membrane technology has received great attention as it is considered an attractive option for the purification of natural gas in order to remove impurities such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) to meet the usage and transportation requirements. It is also recognized as an appealing alternative to other natural gas purification technologies such as adsorption and cryogenic processes due to its low cost, low energy requirement, easy membrane fabrication process and less requirement for supervision. During the past few decades, membrane-based gas separation technology employing hollow fibers (HF) has emerged as a leading technology and underwent rapid growth. Moreover, hollow fiber (HF) membranes have many advantages including high specific surface area, fewer requirements for maintenance and pre-treatment. However, applications of hollow fiber membranes are sometimes restricted by problems related to their low tensile strength as they are likely to get damaged in high-pressure applications. In this context, braid reinforced hollow fiber membranes offer a solution to this problem and can enhance the mechanical strength and lifespan of hollow fiber membranes. The present review includes a discussion about different materials used to fabricate gas separation membranes such as inorganic, organic and mixed matrix membranes (MMM). This review also includes a discussion about braid reinforced hollow fiber (BRHF) membranes and their ability to be used in natural gas purification as they can tackle high feed pressure and aggressive feeds without getting damaged or broken. A BRHF membrane possesses high tensile strength as compared to a self-supported membrane and if there is good interfacial bonding between the braid and the separation layer, high tensile strength, i.e., upto 170Mpa can be achieved, and due to these factors, it is expected that BRHF membranes could give promising results when used for the purification of natural gas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniqa Imtiaz
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia; (A.I.); (R.K.)
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia; (A.I.); (R.K.)
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.H.D.O.); or (A.J.)
| | - Asim Jilani
- Centre of Nanotechnology, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (M.H.D.O.); or (A.J.)
| | - Imran Ullah Khan
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Pak-Austria Fachhochshule, Institute of Applied Sciences & Technology, Khanpur Road, Mang, Haripur 22650, Pakistan;
| | - Roziana Kamaludin
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia; (A.I.); (R.K.)
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Centre of Nanotechnology, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Matter F, Niederberger M. The Importance of the Macroscopic Geometry in Gas-Phase Photocatalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105363. [PMID: 35243811 PMCID: PMC9069382 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis has the potential to make a major technological contribution to solving pressing environmental and energy problems. There are many strategies for improving photocatalysts, such as tuning the composition to optimize visible light absorption, charge separation, and surface chemistry, ensuring high crystallinity, and controlling particle size and shape to increase overall surface area and exploit the reactivity of individual crystal facets. These processes mainly affect the nanoscale and are therefore summarized as nanostructuring. In comparison, microstructuring is performed on a larger size scale and is mainly concerned with particle assembly and thin film preparation. Interestingly, most structuring efforts stop at this point, and there are very few examples of geometry optimization on a millimeter or even centimeter scale. However, the recent work on nanoparticle-based aerogel monoliths has shown that this size range also offers great potential for improving the photocatalytic performance of materials, especially when the macroscopic geometry of the monolith is matched to the design of the photoreactor. This review article is dedicated to this aspect and addresses some issues and open questions that arise when working with macroscopically large photocatalysts. Guidelines are provided that could help develop novel and efficient photocatalysts with a truly 3D architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Matter
- Laboratory for Multifunctional MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichVladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 5Zurich8093Switzerland
| | - Markus Niederberger
- Laboratory for Multifunctional MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichVladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 5Zurich8093Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thiel TA, Obata K, Abdi FF, van de Krol R, Schomäcker R, Schwarze M. Photocatalytic hydrogenation of acetophenone on a titanium dioxide cellulose film. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7055-7065. [PMID: 35424704 PMCID: PMC8982184 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09294d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously developed sustainable immobilization concept for photocatalysts based on cellulose as a renewable support material was applied for the photocatalytic hydrogenation of acetophenone (ACP) to 1-phenyl ethanol (PE). Four different TiO2 modifications (P25, P90, PC105, and PC500) were screened for the reaction showing good performance for PC25 and PC500. PC500 was selected for a detailed kinetic study to find the optimal operating conditions, and to obtain a better understanding of the photocatalytic pathway in relation to conventional and transfer hydrogenation. The kinetic data were analyzed using the pseudo-first-order reaction rate law. A complete conversion was obtained for ACP concentrations below 1 mM using a 360 nm filter and argon as the purge gas within 2-3 hours. High oxygen concentrations slow down or prevent the reaction, and wavelengths below 300 nm lead to side-products. By investigating the temperature dependency, an activation energy of 22 kJ mol-1 was determined which is lower than the activation energies for conventional and transfer hydrogenation, because the light activation of the photocatalyst turns the endothermic to an exothermic reaction. PC500 was immobilized onto the cellulose film showing a 37% lower activity that remains almost constant after multiple use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tabea A Thiel
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Multiphase Reaction Engineering Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC8 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Keisuke Obata
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Fatwa F Abdi
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Roel van de Krol
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Multiphase Reaction Engineering Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC8 10623 Berlin Germany
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Reinhard Schomäcker
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Multiphase Reaction Engineering Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC8 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Michael Schwarze
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Multiphase Reaction Engineering Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC8 10623 Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fabrication of Polyvinylidene Difluoride Membrane with Enhanced Pore and Filtration Properties by Using Tannic Acid as an Additive. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14010186. [PMID: 35012208 PMCID: PMC8747121 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential use of tannic acid (TA) as an additive for fabrication of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane was investigated. The TA was introduced by blending into the dope solution with varying concentrations of 0, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt%. The prepared membranes were characterized and evaluated for filtration of humic acid (HA) solution. The stability of the membrane under harsh treatment was also evaluated by one-week exposure to acid and alkaline conditions. The results show that TA loadings enhanced the resulting membrane properties. It increased the bulk porosity, water uptake, and hydrophilicity, which translated into improved clean water flux from 15.4 L/m2.h for the pristine PVDF membrane up to 3.3× for the TA-modified membranes with the 2 wt% TA loading. The flux recovery ratio (FRR) of the TA-modified membranes (FRRs = 78–83%) was higher than the pristine one (FRR = 58.54%), with suitable chemical stability too. The improved antifouling property for the TA-modified membranes was attributed to their enhanced hydrophilicity thanks to improved morphology and residual TA in the membrane matric.
Collapse
|