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Torres A, Soto C, Carmona J, Comesaña-Gandara B, de la Viuda M, Palacio L, Prádanos P, Simorte MT, Sanz I, Muñoz R, Tena A, Hernández A. Gas Permeability through Polyimides: Unraveling the Influence of Free Volume, Intersegmental Distance and Glass Transition Temperature. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:13. [PMID: 38201678 PMCID: PMC10780579 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationships between gas permeability and free volume fraction, intersegmental distance, and glass transition temperature, are investigated. They are analyzed for He, CO2, O2, CH4, and N2 gases and for five similar polyimides with a wide range of permeabilities, from very low to extremely high ones. It has been established here that there is an exponential relationship between permeability and the free volume fraction, and between permeability and the most probable intersegmental distance as measured by WAXS; in both cases, with an exponential coefficient that depends on the kinetic gas diameter as a quadratic polynomial and with a preexponential positive constant. Moreover, it has been proven that the intersegmental distance increases linearly with the free volume fraction. Finally, it has been established that the free volume fraction increases with the glass transition temperature for the polymers tested, and that they depend on each other in an approximate linear way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Torres
- Surface and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.T.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (M.d.l.V.); (L.P.); (P.P.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Cenit Soto
- Surface and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.T.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (M.d.l.V.); (L.P.); (P.P.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Javier Carmona
- Surface and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.T.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (M.d.l.V.); (L.P.); (P.P.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Bibiana Comesaña-Gandara
- Department of Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
- UI Cinquima, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mónica de la Viuda
- Surface and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.T.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (M.d.l.V.); (L.P.); (P.P.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Laura Palacio
- Surface and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.T.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (M.d.l.V.); (L.P.); (P.P.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Pedro Prádanos
- Surface and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.T.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (M.d.l.V.); (L.P.); (P.P.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - María Teresa Simorte
- FCC Medio Ambiente, Avenida Camino de Santiago 40, Edificio 2–Planta 2, E-28050 Madrid, Spain; (M.T.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Inmaculada Sanz
- FCC Medio Ambiente, Avenida Camino de Santiago 40, Edificio 2–Planta 2, E-28050 Madrid, Spain; (M.T.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Alberto Tena
- Surface and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.T.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (M.d.l.V.); (L.P.); (P.P.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Antonio Hernández
- Surface and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.T.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (M.d.l.V.); (L.P.); (P.P.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
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Soto C, Comesaña-Gandara B, Marcos Á, Cuadrado P, Palacio L, Lozano ÁE, Álvarez C, Prádanos P, Hernandez A. Thermally Rearranged Mixed Matrix Membranes from Copoly(o-hydroxyamide)s and Copoly(o-hydroxyamide-amide)s with a Porous Polymer Network as a Filler-A Comparison of Their Gas Separation Performances. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:998. [PMID: 36295757 PMCID: PMC9609112 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Copoly(o-hydroxyamide)s (HPA) and copoly(o-hydroxyamide-amide)s (PAA) have been synthesized to be used as continuous phases in mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). These polymeric matrices were blended with different loads (15 and 30 wt.%) of a relatively highly microporous porous polymer network (PPN). SEM images of the manufactured MMMs exhibited good compatibility between the two phases for all the membranes studied, and their mechanical properties have been shown to be good enough even after thermal treatment. The WAX results show that the addition of PPN as a filler up to 30% does not substantially change the intersegmental distance and the polymer packing. It seems that, for all the membranes studied, the free volume that determines gas transport is in the high end of the possible range. This means that gas flow occurs mainly between the microvoids in the polymer matrix around the filler. In general, both HPA- and PAA-based MMMs exhibited a notable improvement in gas permeability, due to the presence of PPN, for all gases tested, with an almost constant selectivity. In summary, although the thermal stability of the PAA is limited by the thermal stability of the polyamide side chain, their mechanical properties were better. The permeability was higher for the PAA membranes before their thermal rearrangement, and these values increased after the addition of moderate amounts of PPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cenit Soto
- Surfaces and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Ángel Marcos
- Institute for Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Purificación Cuadrado
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Laura Palacio
- Surfaces and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ángel E. Lozano
- Surfaces and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Institute for Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- IU CINQUIMA, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 5, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Cristina Álvarez
- Institute for Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Prádanos
- Surfaces and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Surfaces and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Free Volume and Permeability of Mixed Matrix Membranes Made from a Terbutil-M-terphenyl Polyamide and a Porous Polymer Network. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153176. [PMID: 35956689 PMCID: PMC9371232 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of thermally rearranged mixed matrix membranes (TR-MMMs) was manufactured and tested for gas separation. These membranes were obtained through the thermal treatment of a precursor MMM with a microporous polymer network and an o-hydroxypolyamide,(HPA) created through a reaction of 2,2-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)-hexafluoropropane (APAF) and 5′-terbutil-m-terfenilo-3,3″-dicarboxylic acid dichloride (tBTmCl). This HPA was blended with different percentages of a porous polymer network (PPN) filler, which produced gas separation MMMs with enhanced gas permeability but with decreased selectivity. The thermal treatment of these MMMs gave membranes with excellent gas separation properties that did not show the selectivity decreasing trend. It was observed that the use of the PPN load brought about a small decrease in the initial mass losses, which were lower for increasing PPN loads. Regarding the glass transition temperature, it was observed that the use of the filler translated to a slightly lower Tg value. When these MMMs and TR-MMMs were compared with the analogous materials created from the isomeric 5′-terbutil-m-terfenilo-4,4″-dicarboxylic acid dichloride (tBTpCl), the permeability was lower for that of tBTmCl, compared with the one from tBTpCl, although selectivity was quite similar. This fact could be attributed to a lower rigidity as roughly confirmed by the segmental length of the polymer chain as studied by WAXS. A model for FFV calculation was proposed and its predictions compared with those evaluated from density measurements assuming a matrix-filler interaction or ideal independence. It turns out that permeability as a function of FFV for TR-MMMs follows an interaction trend, while those not thermally treated follow the non-interaction trend until relatively high PPN loads were reached.
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